With the advent of the 80's there has been an increasing need for analytic and numerical techniques, based on a thorough understanding of microstructural processes, that express in a manner suitable for practicing engineers the reliability of components and structures that are being subjected to degradation situations. Such situations fall within the framework offracture mechanics, fatigue, corrosion fatigue and pitting corrosion. Luckily, such techniques are now being developed and it was felt timely to combine in one volume reports by the leaders in this field who are currently making great strides towards solving these problems. Hence the idea of this monograph was born and I am pleased to be associated both with it and the contributors whose chapters are included in this volume. A very large part of the credit for this monograph must go to the authors who have taken time out from their busy schedules to prepare their submissions. They have all worked diligently over the last few months in order to get their manuscripts to me on time and I sincerely thank them for their help throughout the preparation of this volume.

This volume is a collection of the papers given at the workshop on Fracture Scaling, held at the University of Maryland, USA, 10-12 June 1999, under the sponsorship of the Office of Naval Research, Arlington, VA, USA. These papers can be grouped under five major themes: Micromechanical analysis Size effects in fiber composites Scaling and heterogeneity Computational aspects and nonlocal or gradient models Size effects in concrete, ice and soils . This workshop is the result of a significant research effort, supported by the Office of Naval Research, into the problems of scaling of fracture in fiber composites, and generally into the problems of scaling in solid mechanics. These problems, which are of interest for many materials, especially all quasibrittle materials, share similar characteristics. Thus, progress in the understanding of scaling problems for one material may help progress for another material. This makes it clear that a dialogue between researchers in various fields of mechanics is highly desirable and should be promoted. In view of this, this volume should be of interest to researchers and advanced graduate students in materials science, solid mechanics and civil engineering.

This text presents the most recent research on fracture and damage of concrete and rock. It provides an improved understanding of the basic physical and mechanical principles of fracture mechanics in these materials with a strong view towards applications in construction engineering and mining engineering. It forms the proceedings of the international conference held in Vienna in November 1992. The background to the book comes from three main areas: fatigue and ageing of complex concrete structures have been responsible both for loss of life and for expenditure running into billions of dollars in recent decades; lack of virgin building land and high property values in cities and urban areas have led to more demolition and recycling of concrete structures, and related environmental problems; and more engineering structures are being built on and in rock mass of low quality and difficult terrain. Rock fracture mechanics has matured to a fully recognized discipline and is now being applied to problems of excavation, tunnelling, blasting and anchoring. FDCR Conferences provide a forum for international, interdisciplinary co-operation and exchange of ideas and experience between scienti

Following Volumes III and IV that dealt with the fracture mechanics of concrete emphasizing both material testing and structural application in general, it was felt that specimen size and loading rate effects for concrete require further attention. The only criterion that has thus far successfully linearized the highly nonlinear crack growth data of concrete is the strain energy density theory. In particular, the crack growth resistance curves plotting the strain energy density factor versus crack growth known as the SR.curves are straight lines as specimen size and loading steps or rates are altered. This allows the extrapolation of data and provides a useful design methodology. This book is unique in that it is devoted specifically to the application of the strain energy density theory to civil engineering structural members made of concrete. Analyzed in detail is the strain softening behavior of concrete for a variety of different components including the influence of steel reinforcement. Permanent damage of the material is accounted for each increment of loading by invoking the mechanism of elastic unloading. This assumption is justified in concrete structures where the effective stiffness depends primarily on the crack growth rate and load history. Crack growth data are presented in terms of SR-curves with emphases placed on scaling specimen size which alone can change the mode of failure from plastic collapse to brittle fracture. Loading rate effects can also be scaled to control failure by yielding and fracture."

This volume emphazises the most early 1990s advances in fracture mechanics as specifically applied to steel bar reinforced concrete. Fracture mechanics has been applied to plain and fibre reinforced concrete with increasing success over recent years. This workshop extended these concepts to steel bar reinforced and pre-stressed concrete design. Particularly for high strength concrete, which is a very brittle material, and in the case of large structural members, the application of fracture mechanics appears to be very useful for improving the present design rules. The participants at the Turin workshop contributed expert opinions in four selected areas for which a rational approach, using fracture mechanics, could introduce variations into the concrete design codes: size effects; anchorage and bond; minimum reinforcement for elements in flexure; and shear resistance. The 23 chapters logically address these themes and demonstrate the unique ability of fracture mechanics to capture all the experimentally observed characteristics.

This work reviews methods for the experimental determination of concrete toughness and presents theories and models suitable for describing cracking and fracturing phenomena in plain and reinforced concrete. Test methods based on classsical linear fracture mechanics cannot be applied to laboratory sized concrete specimens. The book compares the currently used methods and presents recommended test procedures for mode I fracture/toughness using notched beam and other specimens. Crack propagation under mixed-mode loading (Mode II) is discussed and current test methods are extensively reviewed. Effects of loading rate, temperature and humidity effects are treated in a separate chapter. The book concludes with descriptions and recommendations of techniques for detecting the fracture process zone in concrete, in particular, pulse velocity and laser interferometry techniques. The introduction of the concepts of fracture toughness and fracture energy into structural concrete design codes means that the experimental determination of fracture porperties is ceasing to be an academic exercise and is becoming a technical need. This book has been prepared by RILEM Technical committee 89-FMT and

This volume sets out to present recent research findings on the applications of fracture mechanics to concrete structures. Papers from international contributors describe existing and new modelling techniques in the analysis of concrete materials and structures. Topics discussed include structural modelling, bending, shear, bond and anchorage. The book forms the proceedings of a RILEM workshop held in Sweden in 1989. It is dedicated to Professor Arne Hillerborg, whose contribution to fracture mechanics is also reviewed.

This is the first complete overview of the present state of the art of flexible barrier materials such as textile, paper and leather, including methods for barrier evaluation. It will be of interest to readers in industries, consumers, and members of the scientific community. The scope of the field is clearly delineated here for the first time, and it deals with a number of specific topics such as barrier to fire and antibacterial properties.

Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) is already about a billion dollars a year industry and is growing rapidly. So far major emphasis has been placed on the fabrication processes for various devices. There are serious issues related to tribology, mechanics, surfacechemistry and materials science in the operationand manufacturingof many MEMS devices and these issues are preventing an even faster commercialization. Very little is understood about tribology and mechanical properties on micro- to nanoscales of the materials used in the construction of MEMS devices. The MEMS community needs to be exposed to the state-of-the-artoftribology and vice versa. Fundamental understanding of friction/stiction, wear and the role of surface contamination and environmental debris in micro devices is required. There are significantadhesion, friction and wear issues in manufacturing and actual use, facing the MEMS industry. Very little is understood about the tribology of bulk silicon and polysilicon films used in the construction ofthese microdevices. These issues are based on surface phenomenaand cannotbe scaled down linearly and these become increasingly important with the small size of the devices. Continuum theory breaks down in the analyses, e. g. in fluid flow of micro-scale devices. Mechanical properties ofpolysilicon and other films are not well characterized. Roughness optimization can help in tribological improvements. Monolayers of lubricants and other materials need to be developed for ultra-low friction and near zero wear. Hard coatings and ion implantation techniques hold promise.

Within the Solid Mechanics Program at the Office of Naval Research (ONR), our primary mission is to establish a basic research program which addresses the funda mental issues in solid mechanics where a clear scientific understanding is lacking. Our approach involves first identifying the various scales at which material and structural response and failure occur. Within each level of behavior we address the basic mechanical phenomena for which a clear physical description is not available. ONR's program emphasizes experimental research to identify and quantify the interacting behavior and response mechanisms. Theoretical and computational approaches are developed to explain the details of the physical processes and to establish the technology necessary to control the thermomechanical behavior of materials and structures. Within the Department of Defense, it is a natural evolution that all new systems must generally operate in more demanding environments than the systems they replace. Thus, structural designers are pushed towards lighter weight, precision structures utilizing new materials. In such an environment, structural design mar gins simultaneously shrink and become more critical. Such trends make it essential that a well founded scientific base for the nondestructive detection and assessment of subcritical flaws in structural materials and structures exist. Within the ONR Solid Mechanics Program we are interested in both the identification of flaws and assessment of their degree of criticality."

Modern Solid Mechanics considers phenomena at many levels, ranging from nano size at atomic scale through the continuum level at millimeter size to large structures at the tens of meter scale. The deformation and fracture behavior at these various scales are inextricably related to interdisciplinary methods derived from applied mathematics, physics, chemistry, and engineering mechanics. This book, in honor of James R. Rice, contains articles from his colleagues and former students that bring these sophisticated methods to bear on a wide range of problems. Articles discussing problems of deformation include topics of dislocation mechanics, second particle effects, plastic yield criterion on porous materials, hydrogen embrittlement, solid state sintering, nanophases at surfaces, adhesion and contact mechanics, diffuse instability in geomaterials, and percolation in metal deformation. In the fracture area, the topics include: elastic-plastic crack growth, dynamic fracture, stress intensity and J-integral analysis, stress-corrosion cracking, and fracture in single crystal, piezoelectric, composite and cementitious materials. The book will be a valuable resource for researchers in modern solid mechanics and can be used as reference or supplementary text in mechanical and civil engineering, applied mechanics, materials science, and engineering graduate courses on fracture mechanics, elasticity, plasticity, mechanics of materials or the application of solid mechanics to processing, and reliability of life predictions.

A complete and comprehensive theory of failure is developed for homogeneous and isotropic materials. The full range of materials types are covered from very ductile metals to extremely brittle glasses and minerals. Two failure properties suffice to predict the general failure conditions under all states of stress. With this foundation to build upon, many other aspects of failure are also treated, such as extensions to anisotropic fiber composites, cumulative damage, creep and fatigue, and microscale and nanoscale approaches to failure.

This book contains an elastic-plastic analysis of accumulate damage and fracture with practical applications with engineering materials and structure fatigue life estimations. Models as well as practical applications are presented, which makes the book interesting for both practitioners and theoretical researchers. Particular emphasis is laid on new approaches to the mixed-mode problem in fatigue and fracture, and especially to the fracture damage zone (FDZ) approach. The results of the demonstrated experimental and theoretical research lead to the presentation of different crack growth models, predicting the crack growth rate and, fatigue life of an initially angled crack under biaxial loads of arbitrary direction. Special attention is paid to the practical applications of the suggested models.

The studies on the phenomena of fatigue in metals, and especially on the formation and growth rate of cracks have been conducted in 1972-1974 with continued intensity. Their results contribute to expanding our knowledge and give us a new insight into the sphere of metal fatigue which is a highly interdiscipline field. This makes the continuous amending and modifying of books on metal fatigue a necessity, unfortunately often related with the not easy task of changing one's opinions and critical analysis of established earlier notions. These aims were my chief concern when preparing the present edition of my book in which I made use of carefully selected new information from 1972-1973 and partly 1974 reports. This new matter has been included in many instances just to signal new facts or findings, since the limited space did not allow me to give them the amount of consideration they deserve. The book has been further supplemented with the results of micrographic studies conducted in co-operation with J. Kozubowski for which lowe him special thanks. I am also indebted to Mr. H. Mughrabi from Stuttgart for allowing me to publish in this book his very interesting micrographs of dislocation structures. Finally I should like to express my sincere thanks to Mr. E. Lepa for his concern in producing a good English translation of my book.

This book is based on the analogy between contact mechanics and fracture mechanics as proposed by the author about twenty years ago. It starts with a chapter devoted to the surface energy and tension of solids and surface thermodynamics, which is followed by a chapter on elastic recall. The methods of Muskhelichvili and Hankel transforms for the resolution of plane and axisymmetric problems are studied. Then the essential conepts of fracture mechanics are presented with emphasis on the thermodynamic aspect of the problem. The reader will find complete analytical results and detailed calculations for cracks submitted to pressure distributions and the Dugdale model, as well as a chapter on contact mechanics. The contact and adherence of rough solids is also studied. This book is intended for advanced students and researchers working in the fields of fracture mechanics or adhesion.

This volume contains the edited version of lectures and selected research contributions presented at the NATO ADVANCED STUDY INSTITUTE on MECHANICAL BEHA VI OUR OF MATERIALS AT HIGH TEMPERATURE, held in Sesimbra, Portugal, 12th-22nd September 1995, and organized by 1ST-Lisbon Institute of Technology, PortugaL The Institute was attended by 88 participants, including 15 lecturers from 17 countries including five CP countries. The lecturers were leading scientists and technologists from universities, research institutions and industry. The students were mainly young PhD students and junior academic or research staff with postgraduate qualifications (MSc or PhD). Fourteen students were from the five CP countries. The students presented research papers or posters during the Institute reporting the current progress of their research projects. A total of thirty three lectures, ten research papers and fifty posters were presented. This book does not contain the poster presentations and seven research papers were selected for publication. All the sessions were very active and quite extensive discussions on scientific aspects took place during the Institute. The Advanced Study Institute provided a forum for interaction among scientists and engineers from different areas of research, and young researchers.

The International Conference on Fracture Mechanics in Engineering Applica tion convened at the r ational Aeronautical Laboratory (NAL) in Bangalore, India, March 26-30, 1979, with the presence of approximately 400 scientists and engi neers. The participants included individuals from all parts of India, United States of America, United Kingdom, Japan, Holland, France, Hong Kong, Korea, Sweden and Poland. The Conference was organized jointly by NAL, Bangalore;and Lehigh University, USA. Various organizations in India have also supported the Conference most generously. Professor S. Dhawan, Director of the Indian Institute of Science and Secre tary of Department of Space, delivered the inaugural speech. He said that the advance of science was the precondition of the development and survival of human society in the modern world. "It is true that in recent times, science and tech nology - and their practitioners - have been subjected to much public scrutiny, debate and severe criticism." On the other hand, the depletion of non-renewable resources, degradation of the natural environment and a host of other problems had been laid at the door of technology and science. One cannot deny that funda mental advances in the physics and chemistry of the structure of matter had led to spectacular engineering progress. Advanced technologies like nuclear energy and space exploration were but expression of the central role of computors, elec tronics, optics, polymers, etc., and all of these were heavily dependent on the successful application of material science and technology."

The IUTAM Symposium on "Combustion in Supersonic Flows" was held in Poitiers at Ecole Nationale Superieure de Mecanique et d'Aerotechnique (ENSMA) from 2 to 6 october 1995. The Symposium was hosted by the Laboratoire de Combustion et de Detonique (UPR - CNRS 9028) and was attended by 60 delegates from 10 countries. The formal presentations and invited lectures were focused on four main topics, related to combustion in supersonic streams and practical issues relative to the development of new propulsion system: fundamental studies on premixed and unpremixed combustion, fluid dynamic aspects of supersonic combustion, practical system including Scramjet, Ramaccelerators and Pulsed Detonation Engines, application of detonation to propulsion. Invited lectures presenting the state of the art on these topics as well as available data base were delivered by professors Paul A. Libby from University of California at San Diego, Vladimir Sabel'nikov from TsAGI (Russia), Paul Clavin from IRPHE (Marseille, France) and Drs Shmuel Eidelman from SAlC (USA), Gunter Smeets from the French-German Institut of Saint-Louis and Bruno Deshaies from LCD (poi tiers, France).

This book provides a simple and unified approach to the mechanics of discontinuous-fibre reinforced composites, and introduces readers as generally as possible to the key concepts regarding the mechanics of elastic stress transfer, intermediate modes of stress transfer, plastic stress transfer, fibre pull-out, fibre fragmentation and matrix rupture. These concepts are subsequently applied to progressive stages of the loading process, through to the composite fractures. The book offers a valuable guide for advanced undergraduate and graduate students attending lecture courses on fibre composites. It is also intended for beginning researchers who wish to develop deeper insights into how discontinuous fibre provides reinforcement to composites, and for engineers, particularly those who wish to apply the concepts presented here to design and develop discontinuous-fibre reinforced composites.

Petroleum engineers continue to need cost saving and environmentally sustainable products and methods for today's hydraulic fracturing operations. Hydraulic Fracturing Chemicals and Fluid Technology, Second Edition, continues to deliver an easy-to-use manual of fluid formulations to meet specific job needs. Enhanced with more environmental aspects, this reference helps engineers and fluid specialists select and use the appropriate chemicals for any hydraulic fracturing job. New information concerning nanotechnology applications such as wellbore sealant and proppants are added to enhance operations in a sustainable manner while saving on production costs. Other updates include low recovery of fracturing water in shale, surfactants for waterless hydraulic fracturing, and expanded produced water treatment. Rounding out with updated references and patents for easy reference, Hydraulic Fracturing Chemicals and Fluid Technology, Second Edition, gives engineers a critical guide on selecting better products to boost productions while strengthening environmental enhancement and consideration.

Dislocation Based Crystal Plasticity: Theory and Computation at Micron and Submicron Scale provides a comprehensive introduction to the continuum and discreteness dislocation mechanism-based theories and computational methods of crystal plasticity at the micron and submicron scale. Sections cover the fundamental concept of conventional crystal plasticity theory at the macro-scale without size effect, strain gradient crystal plasticity theory based on Taylar law dislocation, mechanism at the mesoscale, phase-field theory of crystal plasticity, computation at the submicron scale, including single crystal plasticity theory, and the discrete-continuous model of crystal plasticity with three-dimensional discrete dislocation dynamics coupling finite element method (DDD-FEM). Three kinds of plastic deformation mechanisms for submicron pillars are systematically presented. Further sections discuss dislocation nucleation and starvation at high strain rate and temperature effect for dislocation annihilation mechanism.

1. Uses practical industry examples to illustrate key concepts of mechanics and stress analysis 2. Includes worked examples and MATHCAD programs 3. Presents the theory behind stress analysis with reference to multiple disciplines, making this a comprehensive book 4. Covers composite material stress analysis, plate analysis and Finite Element Method

This textbook covers the collision of a moving, falling or flying object on a rigid barrier or a structural element, and the transmission of the transient action to the rest of the structural system. It is the only up-to-date book on this under-researched topic that confronts engineers on a day-to-day basis. The book deals with a range of real-life engineering problems and focuses on the application of knowledge and skillsets from structural analysis and structural dynamics. Fundamental principles and concepts on structural collision are first introduced, followed by their specific applications such as vehicular collision on bridge structures, boulder impact on rockfall barriers and collision by hail and windborne debris. Analytical solutions provided are in the form of closed-form expressions, which can be directly adopted in conventional manual calculations. The use of spreadsheets to simulate the dynamic response behaviour is also covered. The only standalone book covering the topic from a civil engineering perspective Practical guidance on real-life engineering problems, and use of computational and physical methods Conveys methodology validated experimentally The book provides an excellent guide for practitioners and sets out fundamental principles for graduate students in civil, structural and mechanical engineering.

Modern fracture mechanics considers phenomena at many levels, macro and micro; it is therefore inextricably linked to methods of theoretical and mathematical physics. This book introduces these sophisticated methods in a straightforward manner. The methods are applied to several important phenomena of solid state physics which impinge on fracture mechanics: adhesion, defect nucleation and growth, dislocation emission, sintering, the electron beam effect and fractal cracks. The book shows how the mathematical models for such processes may be set up, and how the equations so formulated may be solved and interpreted. The many open problems which are encountered will provide topics for MSc and PhD theses in fracture mechanics, and in theoretical and experimental physics. As a supplementary text, the book can be used in graduate level courses on fracture mechanics, solid matter physics, and mechanics of solids, or in a special course on the application of fracture mechanics methods in solid matter physics.

1) Presents a new type of S-N equation 2) Discusses empirical fracture equations of mixed mode crack 3) Applies the Wohler Curve Methods for a Low/Medium/High cycle fatigue in metallic materials 4) Enables the reader to analyse failure and fracture in metallic materials