This book is the resuh of a research project commissioned by the "IBC BAK In- ternational Benchmark Club"(R), an initiative by BAK Basel Economics, and car- ried out by Zentrum fiir Europaische Wirtschaftsforschung (ZEW - Centre for European Economic Research), Mannheim. It contributes to the IBC's effort to evaluate and compare economic performance and location factors across European regions. The report provides the background to the headline figures presented at the International Benchmark Forum on June 11* and 12*, 2003, in Basel, as well as a large number of additional results. This work has benefited from the help of many institutions and individuals. Above all, we are indebted to the sponsors for financing the project in times of limited fiscal resources. We also would like to thank the members of the Steering Committee of the IBC module on taxation for their enduring support. Special thanks go to Kurt Diitschler of the Swiss Federal Tax Administration who was al- ways ready to provide information on detailed aspects of the Swiss tax system. We are grateful to Christoph Koellreuter and Martin Eichler from BAK Basel for or- ganising and promoting research on taxation inside the IBC. Our colleagues Christina Elschner and Gerd Gutekunst, ZEW, gave many detailed and very help- ful comments. Finally, we owe thanks to Ulrike Nicolaus and Monika Jackmann who provided able help in preparing the final draft of this report. Of course, all remaining errors are our sole responsibility.

This is an open access publication, available online and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-Share Alike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-ND 3.0 IGO). It is free to read at Oxford Scholarship Online and offered as a free PDF download from OUP and selected open access locations. As their Millennium Development Goals, world leaders have pledged by 2015 to halve the number of people living in extreme poverty and hunger, to achieve universal primary education, to reduce child mortality, to halt the spread of HIV/AIDS, and to halve the number of people without safe drinking water. Achieving these goals requires a large increase in the flow of financial resources to developing countries - double the present development assistance from abroad. Examining innovative ways to secure these resources, this book sets out a framework for the economic analysis of different sources of funding, applying the tools of modern public economics to identify the key issues. It examines the role of new sources of overseas aid, considers the fiscal architecture and the lessons that can be learned from federal fiscal systems, asks how far increased transfers impose a burden on donors, and investigates how far one can separate raising resources from their use. In turn, the book examines global environmental taxes (such as a carbon tax) the taxation of currency transactions (the Tobin tax), a development-focused allocation of Special Drawing Rights by the IMF, the UK Government proposal for an International Finance Facility, increased private donations for development purposes, a global lottery (or premium bond), and increased remittances by emigrants. In each case, it considers the feasibility of the proposal and the resources that it can realistically raise. In each case, it offers new perspectives and insights into these new and controversial proposals.

Since 1992, new issues have arisen in international taxation - for example, taxation of electronic commerce, novel means of shielding passive income, the World Trade Organization (WTO) debate over the foreign sales corporation and subsequent passage of the American Jobs Creation Act of 2004, the problem of corporate inversions, and alleged earnings stripping by foreign-based multinational enterprises (MNEs) operating in the United States. In the meantime, US-based MNEs operating abroad have used a variety of methods to cut the effective US tax rate on repatriated foreign source income to around 2 percent. This revised study analyzes the impact of taxes on industry location and profit shifting using new panel econometric studies. It also discusses and evaluates new paradigms that have been suggested for the international tax system.

Das Furstentum Liechtenstein ist das einzige kontinentaleuropaische Land, das eine ausdruckliche Regelung des Trust (Treuhanderschaft/Treuunternehmen) und der privatrechtlichen Anstalt in sein Rechtssystem aufgenommen hat. Einen Schwerpunkt dieser Untersuchung bildet die gesellschaftsrechtliche Darstellung der unterschiedlichen Rechtsformen. Dabei sollen die Vorteile der liechtensteinischen Besteuerung von Sitz- und Holdinggesellschaften erlautert werden. In dieser steuerlichen Privilegierung liegt ein wesentlicher Grund fur die Attraktivitat des Standortes Liechtenstein. Von besonderer Bedeutung fur die Beurteilung der finanziellen und wirtschaftlichen Vorteilhaftigkeit fur deutsche Kapitalanleger ist die zivil- und steuerrechtliche Behandlung in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland.

Evan Lieberman's analysis focuses on the politics of taxation as a way of understanding the development of governments. He compares Brazil and South Africa because of their similarities: They are upper-middle-income countries, and highly unequal--both in terms of income and racial status. Lieberman argues that different constitutional approaches to race (whether or not to grant equal citizenship to blacks) and federalism (whether to have it or not) shaped the organization of politics in the two countries, leading to the development of very different tax systems. The findings are based on extensive field research, large-scale national surveys, macroeconomic data, and various archival and secondary sources.

Refer to this financial management guide to help you gain control of your personal finances from assessment to budgeting to home ownership. The tips included will be beneficial for everyone in your family regarding money and credit issues. You will learn the differences in needs versus wants, creating a manageable budget, saving for future expenditures, paying off debt, and housing related rights and responsibilities.

Helping you from your earliest brainstorms to fully funded projects, this essential directory offers countless resources for anyone seeking funding for research, faculty development, dissertations, internships, scholarships, facility and organization support, conferences, and more. This latest edition of the Directory of Biomedical and Health Care Grants covers over 4,700 funding sources from all levels of government, corporations and foundations. Funding sources includes sponsors in the United States as well as European and Asian NGOs.

The current fiscal crisis faced by the American federal government represents the end of a fiscal regime that began with the financing of World War II. In this volume, an interdisciplinary group of scholars explores the history of American taxation and public finance since 1941 in an attempt to understand the political, social and economic forces that have shaped the current regime. Specifically, they examine the historical context of earlier tax regimes and national crises, explore the ways post-1941 governments used taxation to finance war, social security, and economic stability, and analyze the politics of post-1941 tax reform.

Our small book presents areport which has been prepared in the year 2000 for the Taxation and Custorns Union Directorate General of the European Commission, under contract no. T AXUD / 00 / 312. Some of the results form part of the report "Company Taxation in the Internal Market" of the Commission Services released in autumn 2001. We present estimates of effective average tax rates (EATR) in five EU Member States (France, Germany, Ireland, the Netherlands and the UK) plus the USA based on the European Tax Analyzer approach. The European Tax Analyzer is a computer based model firm approach for the computation and comparison of international company tax burdens. It has been developed in co-operation with the Centre for European Economic Research (ZEW). We would like to thank the ZEW for this co-operation. Furthermore, we gratefully acknowledge the help and advice of Gerd Gutekunst, Rieo A. Hermann and Thorsten Stetter in preparing the report. Special mention must be made of Gerd Gutekunst, who was also responsible for preparing the printed version of this report.

The new Conceptual Framework applicable to IFRS for SAICA students.

Practice Statement 1: Management Commentary

Practice Statement 2: Making Materiality Judgements

This book, a polemical response to the dystopian direction that politics and economics have taken in the United States, is a combination of literary criticism and economic theory. It draws on the Latin poem Psychomachia by Prudentius, a citizen of the Roman Empire who lived through the last half of the fourth century into the beginning of the fifth, and on the 1959 groundbreaking graduate text on Public Finance by Richard Musgrave, which comes closest to infusing the present polemicist with the economic equivalent of what Prudentius called "Worship-of-the-Old-Gods." Kohn's "Old-Gods" are Allocative-Efficiency, Distributional-Equity, Inheritance-Taxation, Progressive-Tax-Rates, Paying-Down-the-Debt-When-the-Economy-Heats, Employment-Stabilization, and Optimal-Debt.

In this book Nobel Laureate Joseph Stiglitz and co-author Raaj Sah address one of development's major issues. Most of today's countries face town versus country tensions of increasing severity, including such issues as who should pay how much in taxes, who should get how much in subsidies, and what forms the taxes and subsidies should take. This volume analyses these tensions and issues, taking into account the great diversity of institutions and economic environments observed in different developing countries.

Durch die Schaffung gemeinsamer Wirtschaftsraume kommt es sowohl auf unternehmerischer als auch auf persoenlicher Ebene zu internationalen wirtschaftlichen Verflechtungen. Vermoegen wird in verschiedenen Formen in unterschiedlichen Landern investiert, Wohnsitze und Ansassigkeiten werden verlagert. Es kommt zu grenzuberschreitenden Vermoegensbesitzverhaltnissen. Dadurch entstehen in mehreren Landern gleichzeitig steuerliche Anknupfungsmerkmale, die eine Erbschaft- bzw. Schenkungsteuer ausloesen koennen. Nationale deutsche Regelungen reichen in der Regel nicht aus, um eine drohende Doppelbesteuerung ganzlich aufzuheben. Anders als im Bereich der Ertragsteuern ist das Netz der Doppelbesteuerungsabkommen im Bereich der Erbschaft- bzw. Schenkungsteuern in Deutschland und international nicht stark ausgepragt. Dadurch gibt es selbst innerhalb der EU ein hohes Mass an Doppelbesteuerungsrisiken. Die Relevanz und steuerliche Brisanz dieser Thematik werden oft erst erkannt, wenn tatsachlich eine Doppelbesteuerung eintritt. Die Untersuchung zeigt auf, auf welcher Ebene von der Entstehung der Steuer bis zur Ermittlung der finalen Steuerschuld angesetzt werden kann, um im Verhaltnis von Deutschland zu Frankreich, zu Grossbritannien und zu den Niederlanden das Risiko der Doppelbesteuerung zu minimieren.

Property tax circuit breakers can be used to increase tax equity by reducing the most onerous property tax burdens as measured in relation to income. This is particularly important for households at the lower end of the income distribution, and for households in states with high property taxes. By targeting property tax relief to those most in need, circuit breakers promote tax equity at minimal cost to state and local budgets, while preserving the basic nature and strengths of this tax as a source of local revenue. Although circuit breakers have great potential for improving property tax fairness, many programs fall short of ideal.
This report covers the rationale for providing property tax relief to those who have a high relative tax burden. It compares the fairness of various criteria used by states for eligibility, and illustrates types and key features of property tax circuit breakers. Ten pitfalls with existing tax circuit breakers are described along with solutions to address inadequate property tax relief for those with the highest tax burden. It covers three approaches to administer property tax circuit breaker programs to provide greater relief to those in need. Guidelines for elected representatives and tax policy advocates to improve tax circuit breaker rules are provided. Recommendations for the best design for property tax circuit breakers are included in this policy focus report.
Although circuit breakers have great potential for improving property tax fairness, many programs fall short of ideal. Recommendations for the best design for property tax circuit breakers are included in this policy focus report.

Taxing America provides the first historical study of Wilbur Daigh Mills, chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee from 1958 to 1974. The work of Mills, an extremely influential politician between 1945 and 1975, offers considerable insights into the evolution of income taxation, Social Security and Medicare--three policies at the center of today's political debates. Unlike the existing historical scholarship, Zelizer's book focuses on the role of Congress, rather than the executive branch, in the evolution of the welfare state during this seminal period.

The third edition of Implementing An Offshore Banking Presence offers updates analyzing the complexities of establishing an international banking presence removing the veil of secrecy presiding over escaping high taxation countries and the involvement of respectable business practices in the grey markets serving tax avoidance and money laundering advocates. The book goes into detailed discussion of a wide range of subjects including, among many others: (1) The Current State of Privacy & Taxation (2) A History of Money Laundering (3) Preferred International Financial Havens (4) Implementing an Offshore Banking Presence (5) International Investment Vehicles (6) Establishing an Offshore Corporation (7) Multi-Layered Partnerships (8) International Tax Reduction Techniques (9) Clandestine Communications (10) Digital Cash Transactions (11) Transferring the Corporate Tax Base (12) Expatriation (13) International Tax Structures (14) Offshore Cultural Attractions (15) The Future of Offshore Banking

This volume summarizes the substantial literature on consumption tax policy and the taxation of capital, presents the main theoretical and empirical results of the technical literature on taxation, and extends that literature in a variety of directions with new results. Chapters are self-contained as far as possible, and each uses a variety of models rather than just one to study the issue at hand.

Why were Federalists at the 1787 Philadelphia convention--ostensibly called to revise the Articles of Confederation--so intent on scrapping the old system and drawing up a completely new frame of government?

In "Redeeming the Republic," Roger Brown focuses on state public-policy issues to show how recurrent outbreaks of popular resistance to tax crackdowns forced state governments to retreat from taxation, propelling elites into support for the constitutional revolution of 1787. The Constitution, Brown contends, resulted from upper-class dismay over the state governments' inability to tax effectively for state and federal purposes. The Framers concluded that, without a rebuilt, energized central government, the confederation would experience continued monetary and fiscal turmoil until republicanism itself became endangered.

A fresh and searching study of the hard questions that divided Americans in these critical years and still do today, "Redeeming the Republic" shows how local failures led to federalist resolve and ultimately to a totally new frame of central government.

Fully updated each year, this, the leading textbook in the field, continues to provide coverage of the UK's tax system as it has for the last 19 years. Written in an accessible style with many examples, activities and questions throughout, this textbook gives the reader a thorough understanding of the UK's taxation principles and current practices.

Volume 25 features eight articles. In the lead article, Savannah Guo, Sabrina Chi, and Kirsten Cook examine short selling as one external determinant of corporate tax avoidance and find that short interest is negatively associated with subsequent tax-avoidance levels and this effect is incremental to other factors identified by prior research. Next, Mark Bauman and Cathalene Rogers Bowler examine the effect of FIN48 on earnings management activity, by focusing on changes in the deferred tax asset valuation allowance. In the third article, Anthony Billings, Cheol Lee, and Jaegul Lee study whether the lowering of dividend taxes as part of the U.S. Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003 resulted in an increase in dividend payouts at the expense of R&D spending. The fourth article by Brian Dowis and Ted Englebrecht examines reasonable compensation in closely-held corporations and the impact of gender, political affiliation, and family makeup on decisions made in the U.S. Tax Court. Then, a practice-related study by Sonja Pippin, Jeffrey Wong, and Richard Mason reports on a survey of Americans living abroad on the impact of tax rules explicitly designed for these individuals. They find that Americans living abroad experience the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act as negatively impacting their lives. The next three articles in this volume have an international focus. Zakir Akhand investigates the effects of the corporate sector on the effectiveness of selected tax compliance instruments in the context of large Bangladesh corporate taxpayers. K-Rine Chong and Murugesh Arunachalam examine the determinants of enforced tax compliance behaviour of Malaysian citizens with trust in the tax agency assumed to be a mediating variable. Lastly, Bitzenis and Vasileios investigate the effect of the economic downturn in Greece on the factors determining the level of tax morale through primary data from a European Union funded research project on the Greek shadow economy.

This volume collects articles from the Symposium series of the National Tax Journal from 1993 to 1998. Leading economists and other scholars discuss and debate current tax policy issues in nontechnical language and illustrate how the principles of tax analysis can be applied to real-world issues. Among the topics addressed are the practical feasibility of consumption tax alternatives to the current income tax, the rationale and implications of devolution of fiscal responsibilities to state and local governments, the effect of tax policy on economic growth, and the value of local tax incentives designed to attract and retain business.

This work examines tax policies and tax systems as they arise from democratic choices, set against the background of a market economy. Professors Hettich and Winer find that democratic institutions yield complex tax systems with features that follow a varied but predictable pattern. In developing their analysis, the authors use formal modelling of voting behavior, emphasizing recent advances in the theory of probabilistic voting. This book differs from the available tax literature by relating fiscal choices directly to voting and by examining tax systems in democratic countries from a variety of perspectives. While the authors primarily focus on explaining observed features of tax systems, they also devote considerable space to the discussion of the welfare and efficiency effects of taxation in the presence of collective choice, and to a review of other models and of the related literature. In addition, they use computational general equilibrium analysis and statistical research on national and state governments in the US and Canada to link theory to empirical data.

All legally enforceable rights cost money. A practical, commonsense notion? Yes, but one ignored by almost everyone, from libertarian ideologues to Supreme Court justices to human rights advocates. The simple insight that rights are expensive reminds us that freedom is not violated by a government that taxes and spends, but requires it - and requires a citizenry vigilant about how money is allocated. Laying bare the folly of some of our most cherished myths about rights, this groundbreaking tract will permanently change the terms of our most critical and contentious political debates.

Tax-benefit models are powerful tools for the analysis of the impact of policy reform, in regular use around the world in government and research organizations. This study focuses on one particular model, POLIMOD. The authors provide an illustration of the type of analysis that can be performed, document the inner layers of data manipulation and model construction that shape its outputs, and examine the reliability of those outputs based on a validation against external sources.