Fully updated each year, Taxation: Policy and Practice continues to provide coverage of the UK's tax system as it has for 15 years. Written in an accessible style with many examples, activities and questions throughout, this textbook gives the reader a thorough understanding of the UK's taxation principles and current practices. Reader friendly and informative, this text is based on a structured conceptual framework. Updated annually to ensure an accurate reflection of the current tax climate, it avoids unnecessary and confusing detail. It provides an ideal introduction to both macro and micro perspectives of UK taxation, fiscal policy and decision making.

Women who encounter the criminal justice system are far more likely to have experienced domestic or sexual abuse than the wider female population. Despite widespread recognition of the link between a woman's victimisation and her involvement in crime, the relationship between the two is still not well understood. Gendered Justice? illustrates how a woman's involvement in crime can manifest as a by-product of her attempts to cope with, survive, or escape domestic abuse. Referencing the first UK-based research of its kind, Roberts explores how a woman's involvement in crime can be explained or contextualised by her experience of domestic abuse. Drawing on the experiences of women serving community-based sentences, all of whom had been subjected to domestic abuse, the author analyses a variety of situations which illustrate how women can become involved in crime when their abuse perpetrator is not present, after the abusive relationship has ended or even years after the abuse has ceased, yet their actions can still be attributed to their victimisation. She also demonstrates how perpetrators of abuse use women's involvement in the criminal justice system as a further weapon of abuse. Built upon the foundations of women's real-life experiences, which have real-world implications, Gendered Justice? introduces a range of recommendations and implications for both policy and practice in the field of criminal justice.

The 19 articles in this volume include George Zodrow's most important contributions to the theory and practice of taxation. They are organized into five general areas: (1) Optimal tax reform, or an analysis of the best ways to implement tax reforms taking into account transitional problems; (2) Consumption-based taxes, including the economic effects of replacing the current income tax with a progressive consumption tax; (3) Income tax reform in the United States and in developing countries; (4) State and local tax policy, including especially the effects of the local property tax; and (5) Tax competition, using models that are applicable at both the state/local and international levels.In the words of Peter Mieszkowski, Professor Emeritus of Rice University and one of the world's foremost public finance scholars, 'This volume of important papers is a capstone to George Zodrow's distinguished research career. What they reveal is a thinker who works repeatedly on the analysis of practical and concrete applications. The motivating force behind these articles is the conviction that for government to tax appropriately, systems of taxation must be profoundly understood. This volume is a giant step in that direction.'

Volume 4 in the Critical Issues in Environmental Taxation series provides a peer-reviewed selection of papers on environmental taxation written by experts from around the world. Selected from papers delivered at the Annual Global Conference on Environmental Taxation, they cover the theory of environmental taxation, countries' experiences of specific environmental taxes, proposed environmental taxes, and evaluations of the role of taxation compared with other environmental instruments. The book provides an interdisciplinary approach to environmental taxation, drawing on the fields of economics, law, political science, and accounting. Each volume in the series reflects the theme of the conference from which the papers are drawn, as well as other broader themes. Volume 4 will focus on the role of taxation in promoting renewable energy, but also includes a number of papers on other topics related to environmental taxation. Written predominantly by academics, the papers provide in-depth analysis that will provide a valuable resource to people interested in environmental taxation.

It is increasingly argued that bargaining between citizens and governments over tax collection can provide a foundation for the development of responsive and accountable governance in developing countries. However, while intuitively attractive, surprisingly little research has captured the reality and complexity of this relationship in practice. This book provides the most complete treatment of the connections between taxation and accountability in developing countries, providing both new evidence and an invaluable starting point for future research. Drawing on cross-country econometric evidence and detailed case studies from Ghana, Kenya and Ethiopia, Wilson Prichard shows that reliance on taxation has, in fact, increased responsiveness and accountability by expanding the political power wielded by taxpayers. Critically, however, processes of tax bargaining have been highly varied, frequently long term and contextually contingent. Capturing this diversity provides novel insight into politics in developing countries and how tax reform can be designed to encourage broader governance gains.

This annual text aims to provide students and professionals with a comprehensive knowledge of income tax, corporation tax, taxation of chargeable gains, inheritance tax and value added tax.

This book explores one of the most significant trends in the evolution of global tax systems by asking how, within less than half a century, the value-added tax (VAT) has risen from relative obscurity to become one of the world's most dominant revenue instruments. Despite its significance, very little is known about why so many countries have adopted the VAT and, in particular, why different countries adopt the types of VAT that they do. The popular mythology provides that the merits of the VAT have underpinned its global spread; however, this book contends that much scholarship on the VAT confuses the question of why the VAT has risen to dominance with the issue of what makes a good VAT. This book combines policy and legal analysis to propose a new way of understanding the rise of this important revenue instrument so as to better reflect the realities of the VATs that are actually implemented.

Critical Issues in Environmental Taxation is an internationally refereed publication devoted to environmental taxation issues on a worldwide basis. It seeks to provide insights and analysis for achieving environmental goals through tax policy. By sharing the perspectives of the authors in response to the diverse challenges posed by environmental taxation issues, effective approaches used in one country may be considered and possibly implemented by governmental authorities in other countries. This volume (the third in the series) contains 37 articles written by authors from around the world, with the articles grouped into six categories by topic. Preliminary drafts of the articles were presented at the Fifth Annual Global Conference on Environmental Taxation Issues held on September 9-11 2004 in Pavia, Italy. The articles in this volume were selected after being subjected to a rigorous peer review process. The articles are interesting, thought provoking, and have been written by some of the best environmental taxation scholars in the world.

Dieses Buch will unser Steuerrecht an seine Wurzeln zuruckfuhren, zu einem einfachen, gerechten und fur jeden Burger verstandlichen System. Ausgehend von den gegenwartigen Unzulanglichkeiten erlautert der Autor Schritt fur Schritt seine revolutionare Alternative, die Einfuhrung des Obolus: eine einzige Steuer, die alle anderen Abgaben ersetzen soll. Dabei orientiert sich der Obolus nicht am Ertrag, sondern an den Einnahmen. Querverweise zur aktuellen Besteuerung machen die Vorteile offenkundig. Der Autor demonstriert anhand realer Praxisfalle, wie sich die Umstellung des bisherigen Verfahrens auf den Obolus de facto auswirken und das Steuersystem eine bisher nicht gekannte Transparenz erhalten koennte. Der Leser reibt sich verwundert die Augen und fragt sich, warum der Gesetzgeber selbst noch nicht auf diese geniale Idee gekommen ist. Der Inhalt- Unzulanglichkeiten des jetzigen Steuerrechts- Halbteilungsgrundsatz- Grundsatzliches zum Obolus- Oboluspflichtige Einnahmen- Landes- und Gemeindesteuern- Auswirkungen auf das Preisniveau- Beispielrechnungen

The essential purpose of the tax provisions of the EC Treaty is to contribute to the establishment of a common market that will ensure free trade in goods. The basic principle in this regard is one of non-discrimination between imported and similar or competing domestic goods. This book provides a practical overview of the law in this area and its interpretation and application by the European courts. EU Taxation Law includes detailed analysis of the harmonisation of indirect taxes in the EU, covering principally the substantial body of legislation and case law in the area of value added tax and excise duties, but also discussing company taxation and taxation of savings and royalties. It derives from a section in the looseleaf Law of the EU (Vaughan & Robertson, eds), and is made available here for the benefit of those who don't subscribe to the looseleaf.

This annual text aims to provide students and professionals with a comprehensive knowledge of income tax, corporation tax, taxation of chargeable gains, inheritance tax and value added tax.

Excise taxes on smoking, drinking, gambling, polluting, and driving are always topical and controversial. Not only are these taxes convenient sources of government revenue, they can also be designed to reflect the external costs that consumers or producers of excisable products impose on other people. Global warming, acid rain, traffic congestion, and the economic costs of cigarette and alcohol consumption are problems that can be corrected through selective excise taxes and other regulatory instruments. Excise taxes, moreover, are increasingly looked upon as revenue substitutes for distortionary taxes on capital and labour. Addressing these and other issues, this book by internationally recognized experts analyses the art of excise taxation, providing a systematic, insightful, and often provocative treatment of a major fiscal instrument that policy-makers often neglect, and that gets little attention in the professional literature. It provides a sound understanding, not only of relevant economic theory, but of the myriad institutional details that are crucial for the practical application of that theory.

This is an open access publication, available online and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-Share Alike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-ND 3.0 IGO). It is free to read at Oxford Scholarship Online and offered as a free PDF download from OUP and selected open access locations. As their Millennium Development Goals, world leaders have pledged by 2015 to halve the number of people living in extreme poverty and hunger, to achieve universal primary education, to reduce child mortality, to halt the spread of HIV/AIDS, and to halve the number of people without safe drinking water. Achieving these goals requires a large increase in the flow of financial resources to developing countries - double the present development assistance from abroad. Examining innovative ways to secure these resources, this book sets out a framework for the economic analysis of different sources of funding, applying the tools of modern public economics to identify the key issues. It examines the role of new sources of overseas aid, considers the fiscal architecture and the lessons that can be learned from federal fiscal systems, asks how far increased transfers impose a burden on donors, and investigates how far one can separate raising resources from their use. In turn, the book examines global environmental taxes (such as a carbon tax) the taxation of currency transactions (the Tobin tax), a development-focused allocation of Special Drawing Rights by the IMF, the UK Government proposal for an International Finance Facility, increased private donations for development purposes, a global lottery (or premium bond), and increased remittances by emigrants. In each case, it considers the feasibility of the proposal and the resources that it can realistically raise. In each case, it offers new perspectives and insights into these new and controversial proposals.

Why have Americans severely limited the estate and gift tax - ostensibly targeted at only the very wealthy - but greatly expanded the subsidies to low-wage workers through the Earned Income Tax Credit, now the single largest poverty program in the country? Why do people hate the property tax so much, yet seemingly revolt against it only during periods of economic change? Why are some groups of taxpayers more obedient to the tax authorities than others, even when they face the same enforcement regime? These puzzling questions all revolve around perceptions of tax fairness. Is the public simply inconsistent? A sympathetic and unified explanation for these attitudes is based on understanding the everyday psychology of fairness and how it comes to be applied in taxation. This book demonstrates how a serious consideration of 'folk justice' can deepen our understanding of how tax systems actually function and how they can perhaps be reformed.

At the turn of the twentieth century, the US system of public finance underwent a dramatic transformation. The late nineteenth-century regime of indirect, hidden, partisan, and regressive taxes was eclipsed in the early twentieth century by a direct, transparent, professionally administered, and progressive tax system. This book uncovers the contested roots and paradoxical consequences of this fundamental shift in American tax law and policy. It argues that the move toward a regime of direct and graduated taxation marked the emergence of a new fiscal polity - a new form of statecraft that was guided not simply by the functional need for greater revenue but by broader social concerns about economic justice, civic identity, bureaucratic capacity, and public power. Between the end of Reconstruction and the onset of the Great Depression, the intellectual, legal, and administrative foundations of the modern fiscal state first took shape. This book explains how and why this new fiscal polity came to be.

A timely and incisive look at austerity measures that succeed-and those that don't Fiscal austerity is hugely controversial. Opponents argue that it can trigger downward growth spirals and become self-defeating. Supporters argue that budget deficits have to be tackled aggressively at all times and at all costs. In this masterful book, three of today's leading policy experts cut through the political noise to demonstrate that there is not one type of austerity but many. Looking at thousands of fiscal measures adopted by sixteen advanced economies since the late 1970s, Austerity assesses the relative effectiveness of tax increases and spending cuts at reducing debt. It shows that spending cuts have much smaller costs in terms of output losses than tax increases. Spending cuts can sometimes be associated with output gains in the case of expansionary austerity and are much more successful than tax increases at reducing the growth of debt. The authors also show that austerity is not necessarily the kiss of death for political careers as is often believed, and provide new insights into the recent cases of European austerity after the financial crisis. Bringing needed clarity to one of today's most challenging subjects, Austerity charts a sensible approach based on data analysis rather than ideology.

For many decades consumer protection laws have focused on preventing "bad" choices. Though that approach has some value, this book explains we are much more often harmed, even killed, by the needless delay of new inventions that could save lives or vastly improve life quality. Thomas Tacker explains how we can revamp regulation to embrace inventions that save and improve lives while still holding companies accountable for actions that harm consumers. Case studies include price gouging, the FDA approval process, airport passenger screening, and occupational licensing, particularly as it relates to Uber. This book demonstrates that enacting appropriate liability laws and providing information to guide consumers, rather than strictly controlling their choices, will save thousands of lives annually, increase consumer freedom, and make life more enjoyable.

Frederik Born vergleicht die Besteuerung von Kapitalgesellschaften in Australien und Deutschland, wobei er das australische Koerperschaftsteuerrecht aus deutscher Perspektive fur Wissenschaft und Praxis aufbereitet. Der Rechtsvergleich orientiert sich an Problemen, mit denen sich Gesetzgeber weltweit auseinandersetzen mussen, um ein (geschlossenes) Koerperschaftsteuersystem zu erzeugen. Dem jeweiligen Kapitel stellt der Autor international diskutierte Loesungsansatze voran, bevor er das australische und deutsche Recht darstellt und in einer vergleichenden Betrachtung zusammenfuhrt.

This book analyzes the issue of European fiscal State aid in order to provide insights into the related evolution prospects and legal problems. State aid has assumed a central position in the field of taxation, becoming the most important instrument of European legal integration, especially in the area of direct taxes. This is the result of major regulatory and interpretative development, which has altered the initial European and national balances in the face of globalization and the problems of the new economy. In this context, the scope and objectives of State aid have progressively broadened, encompassing a significant level of both positive and negative integration of European national tax systems.

This book is a comprehensive, scholarly account of Hong Kong Public Budgeting, spanning from the pre-1997 British rule to the post-1997 Chinese rule. Transcending the existing comparative budgeting studies which are either central-government focused or symmetric local-government focused, this book presents Hong Kong Public Budgeting as a distinctive case of territorial autonomy. It offers historical and comparative analyses of Hong Kong Public Budgeting, tracing the evolution of budgetary institutions and budgetary decision-making and examining the critical issues of budget openness, budget oversight, and budget allocation. This book will be of key interest to scholars and students of comparative budgeting studies. It will also be an excellent text for public budgeting instructors and students in East Asia and Hong Kong.

This book answers the question: is Polish property tax legislation ready for the upcoming energy transformation? In Poland, real estate tax (property tax) is a material cost for property owners in energy because of the high value assets used by the sector. At the same time, unclear provisions of Polish tax law and variable jurisprudence can make it challenging for entrepreneurs to predict their tax bills. The current provisions of Polish tax law are often not well adjusted to the reality of modern economy, particularly in the case of assets used in the renewable energy sector. The book describes the problems that face taxpayers, tax authorities, and the administrative courts trying to apply current real estate tax provisions to renewable energy assets. The authors also examine the question of whether Polish legislators treat traditional and renewable sources of energy fairly. The readers of this book will be practitioners and researchers who are interested in issues of renewable energy taxation.

This book provides an analysis of the process and outcomes of the tax reform, with a focus on progressivity, redistribution, and inequality. Between 1977 and 1986, Spain underwent a comprehensive tax reform which shaped its fiscal system until today. It was made in connection with the transition to democracy and indeed was understood as a fundamental part of the political change. The book situates the reform both within Spanish history and international trends in tax systems and connects it to the expansion of the welfare state and regional decentralization in Spain. The analysis reveals that the tax system failed to attain progressivity, and significant levels of fraud had a noticeable impact on inequality. Because of this, fiscal redistribution remained limited. In the new political economy of the second globalization, late democratic and fiscal transitioners were unable to emulate the path of the welfare state forerunners.

Tax law is political. This book highlights and explains the major themes and methodologies of a group of scholars who challenge the traditional claim that tax law is neutral and unbiased. The contributors to this volume include pioneers in the field of critical tax theory, as well as key thinkers who have sustained and expanded the investigation into why the tax laws are the way they are and what impacts tax laws have on historically disempowered groups. This volume, assembled by two law professors who work in the field, is an accessible introduction to this new and growing body of scholarship. It is a resource not only for scholars and students in the fields of taxation and economics, but also for those who engage with critical race theory, feminist legal theory, queer theory, class-based analysis, and social justice generally. Tax is the one area of law that affects everyone in our society, and this book is crucial to understanding its impact.