This volume of essays explores the history of the US tax mission to Japan during the occupation following World War II. Under General MacArthur, economist Carl S. Shoup led the mission with the charge of framing a tax system for Japan designed to strengthen democracy and accelerate economic recovery. The volume examines the sources, conduct and effects of the mission and situates the mission within the history of international financial and fiscal reform. The book begins by establishing the context of progressive social investigations of taxation, including Shoup's earlier tax missions to France and Cuba. It then goes on to explore the Japanese background to the Shoup mission and the process by which American and Japanese tax experts shaped their recommendations. The book then assesses and explains the mission's accomplishments in the context of the political economies of the United States and Japan. It concludes by analyzing the global implications of the mission, which became iconic among international tax reformers.

Tax Staff Essentials, Level 2: Experienced Staff (49 CPE Credits) is designed for junior tax staff who want to take on a wider variety of firm engagements and establish a supervisory role within the firm. Level 2 will broaden your tax knowledge in the areas of multistate taxation, C Corporations, accounting methods and periods and choice of entity. Key subject matters covered include Inventory Valuation and Property Transactions which will be essential for servicing more complex clients. The Tax Staff Essentials courses establish a strong set of skills necessary to grow the abilities and confidence of junior and senior level staff, allowing them to work with greater independence and expand their role in your firm. Note: This course has been updated for the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) of 2017 (Tax Reform). Included with your course, you will have free access to a specially-prepared Course Supplement that provides an explanation of the key provisions of TCJA (including topics not covered in your course). Courses Included: Tax Research II Multistate Taxation Tax Accounting for Inventories Taxation of Property Transactions Intermediate Individual Taxation Taxation of Corporations Accounting Methods and Periods Choice of & Formation of Entity This comprehensive, integrated curriculum provides tax training for four different experience levels and is available in four different formats: Online, On-site, Tax Schools and Webcasts. Key Topics New individual income tax rates New corporate tax rates New pass-through income rules The qualified business income (QBI) deduction New rules for certain credits and deductions C Corporation formation and Section 1244 Stock Corporate net operating losses Salaries, employee benefits, and retirement plans Taxation of property transactions under IRC sections 1231, 1245, 1250 LLC formation and Check-the-Box rules Partnership and LLC profit and loss allocations Multistate Income apportionment and allocation Nexus, UDITPA, MTC Section 263A, Inventory methods Choosing an Accounting Method Accounting Method changes Learning Objectives Identify the benefits of forming a corporation Understand reasonable compensation issues with respect to a Closely Held Business Analyze the best retirement plan recommendation for a corporation Describe how partnerships and LLCs opting to be treated as partnerships will report their federal taxable income to the IRS Determine the tax basis of assets transferred to a partnership or LLC at formation Explain the deferral of realized gain or loss on a like-kind property exchange Recognize the potential impact of depreciation recapture Explain the allowable inventory valuation methods for tax purposes and how to choose the most beneficial in various scenarios Estimate the tax value of ending inventory under the chosen method Understand and apply the basic rules for a change in accounting method Prepare the Federal Form 3115 - Application for Change in Accounting Method and understand how and when this form should be filed by the taxpayer Understand the key principles of multistate taxation Distinguish differences between apportionment and allocation of income Develop basic approaches to state income tax planning with emphasis on the latest developments in economic nexus Credit Info CPE CREDITS: Online: 49.0 (CPE credit info) NASBA FIELD OF STUDY: Taxes LEVEL: Intermediate PREREQUISITES: Tax Staff with 1-3 years of experience ADVANCE PREPARATION: None DELIVERY METHOD: QAS Self-Study COURSE ACRONYM: TSE.Level 2 Online Access Instructions A personal pin code is enclosed in the physical packaging that may be activated online upon receipt. Once activated, you will gain immediate online access to the product. System Requirements AICPA's online CPE courses will operate in a variety of configurations, but only the configuration described below is supported by AICPA technicians. A stable and continuous internet connection is required. In order to record your completion of the online learning courses, please ensure you are connected to the internet at all times while taking the course. It is your responsibility to validate that CPE certificate(s) are available within your account after successfully completing the course and/or exam. Supported Operating Systems: Macintosh OS X 10.10 to present Windows 7 to present Supported Browsers: Apple Safari Google Chrome Microsoft Internet Explorer Mozilla Firefox Required Browser Plug-ins: Adobe Flash Adobe Acrobat Reader Technical Support: Please contact [email protected].

Part of a series dealing with all aspects of taxation, including tax policy and issues at the federal, state, local, or international level. The series primarily publishes empirical studies that address compliance, computer usage, education, legal, planning, or policy issues.

Mit zwei Urteilen vom 04. Juli 2017 erklarte der Bundesgerichtshof eine zwischen Kreditinstituten und Unternehmen vereinbarte Vertragsklausel uber ein "Bearbeitungsentgelt fur Vertragsschluss" fur unwirksam. Aufgrund der verbreiteten Verwendung solcher Klauseln in der Unternehmensfinanzierung und deren langjahriger Billigung durch die Rechtsprechung hat diese Entscheidung weitreichende Konsequenzen. Vor diesem Hintergrund zeigt der Autor, dass weiterhin ein praktisches Bedurfnis fur die rechtssichere Vereinbarung von Bankentgelten besteht. Am Beispiel von Entgeltklauseln stellt er dar, dass die AGB-Kontrolle im unternehmerischen Geschaftsverkehr auf flexible Gestaltungen und einen differenzierten Auslegungsmassstab angewiesen ist.

When thirteen machine shop workers from Ohio won a $295.7 million lotto jackpot, the largest ever, it made headlines. But the real story is that the lottery is a losing proposition for the vast majority who play it.

Hitting the Lottery Jackpot provides the hard truth to the questions everybody asks: What are my chances of winning? Doesn't the money go to education? Isn't it harmless? This concise book explains who really profits from lotteries-advertising agencies, TV stations, and ticket vendors-and that shows only about half the money wagered is returned as prizes, the rest pocketed by state governments. Hitting the Lottery Jackpot also demonstrates who loses: lower-income groups and people of color, who spend a much higher percentage of their income on lotteries than others.

David Nibert connects the rise of lotteries, illegal in every state before the 1960s, to the economic stagnation beginning in the 1970s, when budgetary crises prompted legislatures to seek new revenues. Difficult economic times produced uncertainty and anxiety for the working class, leading many poor and middle-income people, yearning for security, to throw away huge sums on lotteries they stand almost no chance of winning. Finally, Nibert explores the ideological dimensions of the lottery-the get-rich-quick individualism that they promote among the very groups who would be better served by political action and solidarity.

Hitting the Lottery Jackpot is a powerful case for seeing lotteries as a pernicious government tax on the poor, seductively disguised as fun.

The 19 articles in this volume include George Zodrow's most important contributions to the theory and practice of taxation. They are organized into five general areas: (1) Optimal tax reform, or an analysis of the best ways to implement tax reforms taking into account transitional problems; (2) Consumption-based taxes, including the economic effects of replacing the current income tax with a progressive consumption tax; (3) Income tax reform in the United States and in developing countries; (4) State and local tax policy, including especially the effects of the local property tax; and (5) Tax competition, using models that are applicable at both the state/local and international levels.In the words of Peter Mieszkowski, Professor Emeritus of Rice University and one of the world's foremost public finance scholars, 'This volume of important papers is a capstone to George Zodrow's distinguished research career. What they reveal is a thinker who works repeatedly on the analysis of practical and concrete applications. The motivating force behind these articles is the conviction that for government to tax appropriately, systems of taxation must be profoundly understood. This volume is a giant step in that direction.'

The United States faces enormous challenges in the energy area. Climate change, biofuels policy, energy security, and environmental degradation are all intimately bound up with energy production and consumption. Historically, the federal government has relied on tax subsidies to effect energy policy. With mounting federal deficits, policymakers and advocates are increasingly calling for a rethinking of our energy tax policy. How can the federal tax code strengthen environmental policy and reduce security concerns in the area of energy? This book brings together leading tax scholars to answer this question. The authors tackle such difficult problems as climate change, efficient taxation of oil and gas, and optimal oil tax policy in a world with OPEC oil producers dominating world oil supply. This volume presents a number of innovative policy suggestions backed by sophisticated and cutting-edge research carried out by leading scholars in the area of energy taxation. Scholars and policymakers alike will appreciate the incisive analysis and discussion of critical issues that are part of the twenty-first-century energy challenge.

At the turn of the twentieth century, the US system of public finance underwent a dramatic transformation. The late nineteenth-century regime of indirect, hidden, partisan, and regressive taxes was eclipsed in the early twentieth century by a direct, transparent, professionally administered, and progressive tax system. In Making the American Fiscal State, Ajay K. Mehrotra uncovers the contested roots and paradoxical consequences of this fundamental shift in American tax law and policy. He argues that the move toward a regime of direct and graduated taxation marked the emergence of a new fiscal polity - a new form of statecraft that was guided not simply by the functional need for greater revenue but by broader social concerns about economic justice, civic identity, bureaucratic capacity, and public power. Between the end of Reconstruction and the onset of the Great Depression, the intellectual, legal, and administrative foundations of the modern fiscal state first took shape. This book explains how and why this new fiscal polity came to be.

Transfer Pricing and Valuation in Corporate Taxation analyzes the disparities between both federal statutes and regulations, and r- ulations and administrative practice, in a highly controversial area of corporate tax policy: intra-company transfer pricing for tax p- poses. It addresses issues that often mean millions of dollars to in- vidual corporations, and a significant fraction of the federal gove- ment's revenue base. These disparities between law, regulations, and administrative practice are concerning on a number of grounds. First, they - pose considerable economic costs by inducing corporations to engage in a variety of "rent-seeking" activities designed to reduce their - pected tax liabilities, and by requiring the IRS to devote still more to enforcement efforts that are very often futile. Second, they are in- ; herently undemocratic. Administrative practice is currently ad hoc by relying on dispute resolution procedures that can and do yield very different settlements on disputed tax issues from one case to another, the IRS often ends up treating similarly situated cor- rations very differently. Moreover, to the extent that the disp- ity between statute and implementation reflects the IRS's failure to carry out Congress' will, the laws passed by duly elected officials are effectively being superseded by administrative procedure, developed incrementally by individuals who are not answerable to an electorate.

Tax Insight: For Tax Year 2013 and Beyondwill teach you to take control of life's biggest expensetaxes. In your lifetime, you will spend more money on taxes than on anything else. Despite that fact, you likely know the current prices of movies and milk but don't know what your marginal tax rate is. You know where to get the cheapest gallon of gas to save a buck or two, but you don't give a thought to the tax strategies you should be using right now that would save you thousands. Why? Is it too complicated and confusing? Too unpleasant? In Tax Insight, tax expert Casey Murdock opens up the world of taxes with amazing clarity and simplicity. As you will discover, you have within reachnumerous ways to reduce your taxes. With everyday language and real-life examples, Tax Insight will give you the keysto minimizing your tax burden.

This book contains information you need even if you have a tax advisor or use a program like TurboTax. Tax professionals are busy and sometimes too cautious, and programs often miss opportunities for you to save money.It's also for those of all ages and income levels, including business owners. Tax Insight:
Breaks down the key components of taxes with ease and simplicity. Provides a roadmap to paying as little tax as possible. Helps you know if you should do it yourself or hire a professional. While there are many encyclopedic books on taxeslike J.K. Lasser's Your Taxesthere aren't nearly enough that describe the tax code in plain language. Far more than a rehash of impenetrable IRS help documents, Tax Insights is organized the way most people think and presents ideas in clear, simple language. If you buy this book and take advantage of its advice, you will save money. What you'll learn This book will help you:
Avoid paying even a penny more in taxes than you should. Avoid common tax strategies that could actually cost you more than they save. Capture all of the deductions and credits that you are due. Know whether to file your own return or hire a tax professional. Utilize the entire year to implement tax-reducing strategies. Understand the key components of the tax return and how they work together. Prepare for or survive an audit Use real estate or a small business to reduce your tax bill Who this book is for

Tax Insight: For Tax Year 2013 and Beyond is for the frustrated taxpayerthe taxpayer who is frustrated by paying too much, frustrated by the complexity of the tax code, or frustrated because their CPA isn't proactively helping them pay fewer taxes. Tax Insight is the perfect book for the person who is looking for a straightforward, simple explanation of the tax-saving strategies that are within reach. In an easy-to-read, easy-to-understand narrative, Tax Insight gives readers a thorough understanding of the tax strategies that apply to them and the information they need to put those strategies to work. Table of Contents The Tax Code Demystified Key Components Defined Income Dependents and Filing Status The Tax Code Is Rigged Employment Income Retirement Income Other Sources of Ordinary Income Tax-Free Unordinary Income from Non-Investment Sources Tax-Free Investment Income Taxable Investment Income Deductions from Investment Income Education Investment Strategies Retirement Investment StrategiesThe Basics Retirement Investment StrategiesAlternatives Business Taxation Business Use of the Home Travel Expenses Meals, Entertainment, and Gifts Employee Benefits Employing Family Members Depreciation Real Estate Losses Real Estate Income and Deductions Second Homes and Vacation Rentals Medical and Dental Expenses Your Residence Your Children Charitable Contributions Education Expenses The Alternative Minimum Tax Penalties and Interest Do It Yourself, or Hire a Professional? Tax Implications of Health Care Reform

Does oil make countries autocratic? Can foreign aid make countries democratic? Does taxation lead to representation? In this book, Kevin M. Morrison develops a novel argument about how government revenues of all kinds affect political regimes and their leaders. Contrary to conventional wisdom, Morrison illustrates that taxation leads to instability, not representation. With this insight, he extends his award-winning work on nontax revenues to encompass foreign aid, oil revenue, and intergovernmental grants and shows that they lead to decreased taxation, increased government spending, and increased political stability. Looking at the stability of democracies and dictatorships as well as leadership transitions within those regimes, Morrison incorporates cross-national statistical methods, formal modeling, a quasi-experiment, and case studies of Brazil, Kenya, and Mexico to build his case. This book upends many common hypotheses and policy recommendations, providing the most comprehensive treatment of revenue and political stability to date.

How does China maintain authoritarian rule while it is committed to market-oriented economic reforms? This book analyzes this puzzle by offering a systematic analysis of the central-local governmental relationship in rural China, focusing on rural taxation and political participation. Drawing on in-depth interviews with Chinese local officials and villagers, and combining them with game-theoretic analyses, it argues that the central government uses local governments as a target of blame for the problems that the central government has actually created. The most recent rural tax reforms, which began in 2000, were a conscious trade-off between fiscal crises and rural instability. For the central government, local fiscal crises and the lack of public goods in agricultural areas were less serious concerns than the heavy financial burdens imposed on farmers and the rural unrest that the predatory extractive behavior of local governments had generated in the 1990s, which threatened both economic reforms and authoritarian rule.

Paying taxes is one of the least popular activities worldwide. Latin America in particular is notorious for having low direct taxes, weak compliance and enforcement, and high levels of inequality. Although fiscal extraction has gained renewed interest among governments in recent years, with the end of the commodity boom adding special urgency, the successful adoption and implementation of tax reforms is easier said than done, even when tax policy prescriptions are widely shared. This volume provides the first comprehensive, region-wide assessment of the role of political factors, including public opinion, democratic institutions, natural resources, interest groups, political ideology, and state capacity. What explains the region's low levels of taxation? What explains the low progressivity in its tax structure? And what explains considerable differences across countries? In addressing these questions, each of the volume's chapters makes original theoretical and empirical contributions toward understanding how to overcome the political challenges to taxation.

Why are so many trapped in poverty, when others are grossly well-off? Why are house prices continuously rising faster than inflation? Why do people so often find themselves in jobs that give them little sense of fulfilment? Why is a multi-national coffee shop franchise not actually making its money from coffee. These questions have confronted the UK economy for decades without resolution by governments of the right or left. It is the failure of economics, the author argues. Economists have long asserted that three factors of production, land, labour and capital, lie at the root of their subject. Yet in the development of the subject into theories and practical applications there has been a thorough analysis of labour and capital but a grievous omission of the factor of land. This is reflected in the minimal place it holds in modern textbooks, in popular discussion and political debate. Much of the argument about major issues, like industrial policy, the distribution of wealth and income and government policy reverts to a polarised struggle between two antagonists, labour and capital. The third factor, land, hides in the background unacknowledged yet exerting a major influence on the outcome of the whole economic process. What needs to change, the author argues, are deeply embedded features, which have generally been established for a very long time. They are principally the taxation system, the land tenure system, and the banking system. Review copies and media publicity is being sought as the subject matter of the book is very topical - the general recognition that the system isn't working for all.

Contents Foreword, ix I. Introductory, 1 II. The Nature of Protection, 8 III. Critique of Popular, and Fallacious, Arguments for Protection, 17 IV. The Argument for Free Trade, 50 V. Rational Protection, 63 VI. Anti-dumping Legislation and Special Forms of Foreign Trade Control, 89 VII. The Future Commercial Policy of the United States, 107 Appendix I, 134 Appendix II, 150 Originally published in 1942. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

Tax Insight: For Tax Year 2012 will teach you to take control of life's biggest expense--taxes. In your lifetime, you will spend more money on taxes than on anything else. Despite that fact, you likely know the current prices of movies and milk but don't know what your marginal tax rate is. You know where to get the cheapest gallon of gas to save a buck or two, but you don't give a thought to the tax strategies you should be using right now that would save you thousands. Why? Is it too complicated and confusing? Too unpleasant? In Tax Insight, tax expert Casey Murdock opens up the world of taxes with amazing clarity and simplicity. As you will discover, you have within reach numerous ways to reduce your taxes. With everyday language and real-life examples, Tax Insight will give you the keys to minimizing your tax burden. This book contains information you need even if you have a tax advisor or use a program like TurboTax. Tax professionals are busy and sometimes too cautious, and programs often miss opportunities for you to save money. It's also for those of all ages and income levels, including business owners.Tax Insight: * Breaks down the key components of taxes with ease and simplicity. * Provides a roadmap to paying as little tax as possible. * Helps you know if you should do it yourself or hire a professional. While there are many encyclopedic books on taxes--like J.K. Lasser's Your Taxes--there aren't nearly enough that describe the tax code in plain language. Far more than a rehash of impenetrable IRS help documents, Tax Insights is organized the way most people think and presents ideas in clear, simple language. If you buy this book and take advantage of its advice, you will save money. What you'll learn This book will help you: * Avoid paying even a penny more in taxes than you should. * Avoid common tax strategies that could actually cost you more than they save. * Capture all of the deductions and credits that you are due. * Know whether to file your own return or hire a tax professional. * Utilize the entire year to implement tax-reducing strategies. * Understand the key components of the tax return and how they work together.* Prepare for or survive an audit * Use real estate or a small business to reduce your tax bill Who this book is for Tax Insight: For Tax Year 2012 is for the frustrated taxpayer--the taxpayer who is frustrated by paying too much, frustrated by the complexity of the tax code, or frustrated because their CPA isn't proactively helping them pay fewer taxes. Tax Insight is the perfect book for the person who is looking for a straightforward, simple explanation of the tax-saving strategies that are within reach. In an easy-to-read, easy-to-understand narrative, Tax Insight gives readers a thorough understanding of the tax strategies that apply to them and the information they need to put those strategies to work.

Die 16. FORSI-Sicherheitswirtschaftstage knupften an die von Professor Stober begrundete, uber 15-jahrige Tradition des Forschungsinstituts fur Compliance, Sicherheitswirtschaft und Unternehmenssicherheit (FORSI) an und fanden unter dem Leitsatz "Unternehmenssicherheit und Sicherheitswirtschaft - Wachsende Bedeutung, wachsender Anspruch!?" statt. Die Referenten nutzten den Themenkomplex, um kritische Aspekte der aktuellen Entwicklung in der Sicherheitsbranche aufzuzeigen. Der Tagungsband berichtet uber die Ergebnisse der Sicherheitswirtschaftstage 2015 und befasst sich mit aktuellen Sicherheitsfragen aus der Perspektive von staatlichen Aufsichtsbehoerden, Fuhrungskraften der privaten Sicherheitswirtschaft, Polizei, Verbandsvertretern, Rechtsanwalten, Datenschutzern sowie Wissenschaftlern.

This book was first published in 2007. Most countries levy taxes on corporations, but the impact - and therefore the wisdom - of such taxes is highly controversial among economists. Does the burden of these taxes fall on wealthy shareowners, or is it passed along to those who work for, or buy the products of, corporations? Can a country with high corporate taxes remain competitive in the global economy? This book features research by leading economists and accountants that sheds light on these and related questions, including how taxes affect corporate dividend policy, stock market value, avoidance, and evasion. The studies promise to inform both future tax policy and regulatory policy, especially in light of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and other actions by the Securities and Exchange Commission that are having profound effects on the market for tax planning and auditing in the wake of the well-publicized accounting scandals in Enron and WorldCom.

The 41st annual edition of the leading guide to taxation in Britain. This practical and user-friendly guide is a bestseller with students, professionals, accountants and private individuals, explaining in simple terms how the UK tax system works and how best to minimise tax liabilities.

The Constitution grants Congress the power to lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises. From the First Congress until today, conflicts over the size, role, and taxing power of government have been at the heart of national politics. This book provides a comprehensive historical account of federal tax policy that emphasizes the relationship between taxes and other components of the budget. It explains how wars, changing conceptions of the domestic role of government, and beliefs about deficits and debt have shaped the modern tax system. The contemporary focus of this book is the partisan battle over budget policy that began in the 1960s and triggered the disconnect between taxes and spending that has plagued the budget ever since. With the federal government now facing its most serious deficit and debt challenge in the modern era, partisan debate over taxation is almost completely divorced from fiscal realities. Continuing to indulge the public about the true costs of government has served the electoral interests of the parties, but it precludes honest debate about the urgent task of reconnecting taxes and budgets."

This two-volume work by Alexander Rogers (1825 1911), a retired officer of the Bombay Civil Service, first published in 1892, describes the land revenues of the Bombay Presidency (the province which at its greatest extent encompassed much of West and Central India) and also gives a history of the rise and progress of the British administration in the region. The work is organised into eighteen sections, each bearing the name of the Collectorate described therein. It provides an overview of the changes in land revenue administration which culminated in the Bombay Revenue Survey Settlements. Using government records as its sources, the book is meticulously researched and is illustrated with tables, charts and maps. Volume 1 begins with a general sketch of the condition of the Bombay Presidency; Rogers then provides detailed descriptions of the land revenue system of eight Collectorates (Ahmadabad, Kheda, Panch Mahals, Bhauch, Surat, Thana, Colaba and Khandesh).

In Central America, dynamic economic actors have inserted themselves into global markets. Elites atop these sectors attempt to advance a state-building project that will allow them to expand their activities and access political power, but they differ in their internal cohesion and their dominance with respect to other groups, especially previously constituted elites and popular sectors. Differences in resulting state-building patterns are expressed in the capacity to mobilize revenues from the most dynamic sectors in quantities sufficient to undertake public endeavors and in a relatively universal fashion across sectors. Historical, quantitative and qualitative detail on the five countries of Central America are followed by a focus on El Salvador, Honduras, and Guatemala. The greatest changes have occurred in El Salvador, and Honduras has made some advances, although they are almost as quickly reversed by incentives, exemptions and special arrangements for particular producers. Guatemala has raised revenues only marginally and failed to address problems of inequity across sectors and between rich and poor.

This guide is a practical overview for the international businessman to understand the rules, regulations and management issues regarding taxes in China. It is written very much from practical experience. We will help you to understand the implications of what can initially appear be a complicated and contradictory subject. This book tells you the basics of what you need to know, and point you at the structures you should use to enable your China business to be both in compliance and as tax efficient as possible.