Value-added tax (VAT) dominates tax systems around the world. But should every country have a VAT? Is VAT always as good as it could be in economic, equity and administrative terms? In developing and transitional countries the answers to such questions are critical to stability, growth and development. VAT is a critical fiscal tool in most countries. But VAT can sometimes be better designed and almost always better administered. The key questions that must be answered in designing and implementing VAT are essentially the same in all countries. But different tax designs may best suit different countries facing different circumstances. This book reviews experiences with VATs around the world and assesses how the choice of particular design features may affect outcomes in particular contexts.

In diesem essential erhalt der Leser einen UEberblick uber gangige Hotelbetreibervertrage wie Miete, Pacht, Management, Franchise und deren jeweilige Wirkweise. Die Vertragsinhalte werden pragnant und praxisnah erlautert und bildlich dargestellt.

"Taxation in Colonial America" examines life in the thirteen original American colonies through the revealing lens of the taxes levied on and by the colonists. Spanning the turbulent years from the founding of the Jamestown settlement to the outbreak of the American Revolution, Alvin Rabushka provides the definitive history of taxation in the colonial era, and sets it against the backdrop of enormous economic, political, and social upheaval in the colonies and Europe.

Rabushka shows how the colonists strove to minimize, avoid, and evade British and local taxation, and how they used tax incentives to foster settlement. He describes the systems of public finance they created to reduce taxation, and reveals how they gained control over taxes through elected representatives in colonial legislatures. Rabushka takes a comprehensive look at the external taxes imposed on the colonists by Britain, the Netherlands, and Sweden, as well as internal direct taxes like poll and income taxes. He examines indirect taxes like duties and tonnage fees, as well as county and town taxes, church and education taxes, bounties, and other charges. He links the types and amounts of taxes with the means of payment--be it gold coins, agricultural commodities, wampum, or furs--and he compares tax systems and burdens among the colonies and with Britain.

This book brings the colonial period to life in all its rich complexity, and shows how colonial attitudes toward taxation offer a unique window into the causes of the revolution.

Die Zinsbuchsteuerung mittelstandischer Kreditinstitute stoesst in Zeiten sehr niedriger bzw. negativer Zinssatze an Grenzen. Ein nachhaltiger Zinsanstieg ist aktuell nicht zu erwarten und auch die Prognosen vieler Experten gehen von einem nachhaltig niedrigen Zinsniveau aus. Es wird bereits von japanischen Verhaltnissen mit einem Zinssatz nahe Null uber Jahrzehnte gesprochen. In diesem Kontext erfolgt eine Analyse, in welchem Umfang dieses Szenario Auswirkungen auf das Betriebsergebnis vor Bewertung eines mittelstandischen Kreditinstituts hat. UEber das Basisszenario Japan erfolgt auf Grundlage von Echtdaten ein Forecast bis in das Jahr 2031. Mit dem Extremszenario Europa werden die entsprechenden Daten zudem gestresst. Hierbei werden methodische Schwachen der klassischen Zinsbuchsteuerung offengelegt und daruber hinaus Loesungsansatze und Denkanstoesse geliefert. Durch diese Zukunftsanalysen kommt der Autor zu dem Ergebnis, dass ein Handeln zwingend notwendig ist.

Die gGmbH ist als Gestaltungsform im Bereich des Gemeinnutzigkeitsrechts seit Jahren von zunehmender Bedeutung. Obgleich sie keine eigenstandige Rechtsform darstellt, sondern auf der klassischen GmbH aufbaut, ist die gGmbH ein Gestaltungsmittel besonderer Art: Sie verbindet die Flexibilitat der Kapitalgesellschaft mit der dauerhaften Absicherung der Satzungszwecke und der gemeinnutzigen Mittelverwendung, wie sie sonst von der Stiftung bekannt ist. Die vorliegende vollstandig uberarbeitete Neuauflage dieses Handbuchs berucksichtigt die letzten AEnderungen des Gemeinnutzigkeitsrechts durch die UEberarbeitung des Anwendungserlasses zur Abgabenordnung sowie aktuelle Rechtsprechung zu wichtigen Teilbereichen des Gemeinnutzigkeitsrechts.

Taxation in Colonial America examines life in the thirteen original American colonies through the revealing lens of the taxes levied on and by the colonists. Spanning the turbulent years from the founding of the Jamestown settlement to the outbreak of the American Revolution, Alvin Rabushka provides the definitive history of taxation in the colonial era, and sets it against the backdrop of enormous economic, political, and social upheaval in the colonies and Europe. Rabushka shows how the colonists strove to minimize, avoid, and evade British and local taxation, and how they used tax incentives to foster settlement. He describes the systems of public finance they created to reduce taxation, and reveals how they gained control over taxes through elected representatives in colonial legislatures. Rabushka takes a comprehensive look at the external taxes imposed on the colonists by Britain, the Netherlands, and Sweden, as well as internal direct taxes like poll and income taxes. He examines indirect taxes like duties and tonnage fees, as well as county and town taxes, church and education taxes, bounties, and other charges. He links the types and amounts of taxes with the means of payment--be it gold coins, agricultural commodities, wampum, or furs--and he compares tax systems and burdens among the colonies and with Britain. This book brings the colonial period to life in all its rich complexity, and shows how colonial attitudes toward taxation offer a unique window into the causes of the revolution.

The mainstay of federal business taxation, the US corporate income tax, is riddled with distortions and inequities. As a means of taxing the richest Americans ? a popular goal ? the corporate income tax is a hopeless failure. Many companies pay no corporate tax, and among those that do the burden is highly uneven. Meanwhile, the richest Americans command income from numerous sources besides corporate dividends. The distortions and inequities are amazing. Under pressure from business lobbies, Congress legislates deductions and exemptions that twist the corporate tax base far from any plausible financial definition; then Congress enacts ?targeted? tax credits to carry out ersatz industrial policies. Faced with a tax terrain of mountains and ravines, corporations employ armies of lawyers and accountants to devise avoidance strategies. This book proposes to replace the corporate income tax with a tax that has a much broader base at a much lower rate. Two alternatives are explored: the National Retail Sales Tax (NRST) and the Corporate Activity Tax (CAT). To address the issue of regressivity, both alternatives are coupled with measures to preserve the real spending power of households at the lowest income levels.

The challenges of establishing a successful and sustainable property tax in Latin American countries are numerous and varied, yet many jurisdictions are implementing viable reforms. Public officials responsible for its administration often face intense political pressure because the property tax is universal and highly visible. Public dissatisfaction arises because the property tax requires payment independent of a property transaction. Moreover, equitable property tax assessment depends on a variety of factors, including operational efficiency, technical expertise, available data, administrative capacity, and political will.
Certain conditions in Latin America compound these difficulties. Large disparities in income and wealth complicate the setting of equitable property tax rates, and as a result some municipalities are under-resourced to support efficient property tax collection. Limited access to data on property sales prices hampers accurate valuations, as does the great diversity in land tenure and occupation patterns in the region. An added difficulty is the distrust of public authorities by many taxpayers in view of weak governance and corruption.
Widespread informal land occupation also complicates matters. Excluding informal properties limits the universality of the tax and its ability to generate revenue, but including such properties requires significant efforts to update cadastral records (a comprehensive register of real property location, ownership and value). How residents of informal areas perceive the tax is another concern.
Reports on property tax revenues in Latin America are not consistent, the quality of the data is less than satisfactory, and collections vary greatly across jurisdictions and countries. The available evidence indicates that the property tax is of limited importance as a source of revenue to support local expenditures. As a result, it is easy to understand why using fees and charges instead of reforming the property tax might be less influenced by political factors, easier to administer, more efficient, and more capable of generating revenue.
Nevertheless, property taxation remains the best way to support local public expenditures for several reasons, including its familiarity to taxpayers, its progressivity relative to taxes on consumption, and the difficulty of tax avoidance. Indeed, a growing number of municipalities demonstrate the feasibility of operating efficient property tax systems. Based on their experiences, this report presents a comprehensive framework that could help overcome many of the traditional roadblocks to successful property taxation in Latin America. Recommended reforms focus on three areas: Fiscal policy, Tax policies, Assessment practices and collection procedures.

Dieses Buch unterstutzt Sie umfassend bei der Unternehmensnachfolge in allen wichtigen betriebswirtschaftlichen, rechtlichen, organisatorischen, steuerlichen und psychologischen Fragen und bei der Umsetzung Ihrer individuellen Nachfolgestrategie. Hierzu werden u.a. die verschiedenen Formen der Unternehmensnachfolge, etwa familieninterne Loesungen, Verkauf oder die Grundung einer Stiftung dargestellt. Ein weiterer Schwerpunkt ist die Finanzierung der Unternehmensnachfolge, wobei sowohl traditionelle Finanzierungswege als auch alternative Loesungen wie Private Equity-Beteiligungen vorgestellt werden. Fur die 2. Auflage wurde das Werk aktualisiert und erweitert. Thematisch neu aufgenommen wurden v.a. die Rolle von Frauen bei der Unternehmensnachfolge, die Analyse der Entwicklung der Unternehmensnachfolge in der Region Bonn/Rhein-Sieg und UEberlegungen zum Nachfolgecontrolling. Durch seinen klaren Aufbau und eine verstandliche Sprache bietet das Buch in 35 Kapiteln umfassende und praxisnahe Orientierung. Ein besonderes Highlight sind 12 Interviews mit Unternehmern, unter ihnen zahlreiche "Hidden Champions", die persoenliche Einblicke in ihre Erfahrungen gewahren.

Kunstler und Medienschaffende stehen haufig vor scheinbar unloesbaren Problemen mit dem Finanzamt und im Zusammenhang mit der Kunstlersozialkasse. Den Wenigsten gelingt es, im Dschungel aus Gesetzen, Regelungen und Sonderausnahmen den Durchblick zu behalten. In verstandlicher Sprache verschafft dieser Leitfaden einen umfassenden UEberblick uber die Besonderheiten bei der Besteuerung von Medienberufen. Ein praxisnaher und loesungsorientierter Ratgeber fur Journalisten, Musiker, Fotografen, Regisseure, Redakteure, Schauspieler und Autoren aus der Film-, Werbe- und Medienbranche sowie ihre Berater.

Goods and Services Tax (GST) was implemented in India in July 2017, after four decades of protracted deliberations amid critical socio-economic and political challenges. GST is a comprehensive multistage value added tax (VAT) on goods and services where both central and state governments share the same tax base. Finding a suitable design for GST that encompasses taxes from both the centre and the state tax brackets makes the Indian GST unique among GST implemented in other federal countries. This book is a study of the evolution of GST in India since the Report of the Indirect Taxation Enquiry Committee of 1977. It studies the following issues on GST: a) inclusion and exclusion of taxes, b) finding a suitable mechanism to handle inter-state transactions, c) finding revenue neutrality of the tax reform, d) providing compensation to states for any possible loss of revenue due to its adoption, and e) possible scope for coordination in GST administration.

Das Buch beschaftigt sich mit der politischen OEkonomie der Staatsverschuldung und untersucht die Grunde exzessiver Staatshaushaltsdefizite. Mittlerweile hat sich unter Wissenschaftlern die Erkenntnis durchgesetzt, dass das Ausmass der Staatsverschuldung auf jenes institutionelle Gefuge zuruckzufuhren ist, das Einfluss auf die Schuldenaufnahme nimmt. Wahrend die Theorierichtung der electoral institutionalists die Wahlsysteme als ausschlaggebend betrachtet, legen die fiscal institutionalists die Prioritat auf die Regierungsinstitutionen, in denen der jahrliche Staatshaushalt gestaltet wird. Erdem Kilic veranschaulicht den Einfluss von politoekonomischen Prozessen und die Gestaltung von Budgetinstitutionen auf die Hoehe der Staatsverschuldung.