Questions on SA Tax 21st edition is the second publication in the Questions on SA Tax series designed to provide comprehensive tutorial coverage to taxation students. This book covers foundational topics and those typically dealt with in the study of tax at an undergraduate level.

This tutorial book includes questions and selected solutions on South African income tax, estate duty and value-added tax. Up-to-date questions are graded, allowing students to develop their abilities from an introductory to an advanced level. A selection of tutorial solutions is included in the book, and solutions to all questions are provided to lecturers at prescribing institutions.

Mark plans are allocated to solutions.

Advanced Questions on SA Tax 6th edition is the third and final publication in the Question on SA Tax series designed to provide comprehensive tutorial coverage to taxation students. This book covers advanced topics and integrated questions.

Its complementary publications, Introductory Questions on SA Tax and Questions on SA Tax, cover foundational topics and those typically dealt with in the study of tax at an undergraduate level. This tutorial book includes questions and selected solutions on South African income tax, estate duty and value-added tax. Up-to-date questions are graded, allowing students to develop their abilities from an introductory to an advanced level.

A selection of tutorial solutions is included in the book, and solutions to all questions are provided to lecturers at prescribing institutions. Mark plans are allocated to solutions.

Advanced Questions on SA Tax is the third and final publication in the Question on SA Tax series designed to provide comprehensive tutorial coverage to taxation students. This book covers advanced topics and integrated questions. Its complementary publications, Introductory Questions on SA Tax and Questions on SA Tax, cover foundational topics and those typically dealt with in the study of tax at an undergraduate level.

Recommended for Postgraduate taxation students at universities, universities of technology, and private HE institutions.

The purpose of this book is to set out the basic principles and conceptual issues of the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS).

This book is extracted from the main work, Silke: SA Income Tax, mainly for use by second-year students seeing that they do not study all the topics addressed in the main Silke.

This textbook examines the economic problems of military organizations from an institutional perspective. It discusses the efficiency and effectiveness of military performance, using a capability-based conceptualization. Constitutional, historical and economic considerations complement the analysis. Neither the analysis nor the conclusions depend on any specific armed force, culture, organization, or language. On the contrary, the challenge of defense economics analysis and armed forces management is reduced to a fundamental economic problem, and solutions to this problem are offered. This book is a must-read for students, scholars and practitioners interested in a better understanding of defense economics.

This book explores the interaction between business and the system of taxation in Greece, from the mid-1950s up to 2008, the year that marked the eve of the economic crisis the country faced in the aftermath of the international financial crisis of 2007. The evidence presented confirms William Baumol's point about how taxation affects entrepreneurship. That is, it is shown that Baumol was right when indicating that problematic tax rules can lead to unproductive forms of entrepreneurship, such as tax evasion. However, the focus here is on aspects of the system of taxation that Baumol's model, examining solely tax rates and levels of taxation, neglected. This book shows that, as far as Greek entrepreneurship is concerned, the adverse effects of the system of taxation came mostly from a series of issues that increased its perceived unfairness and illegitimacy. The way that the tax system functioned also increased uncertainty, which was anything but beneficial for investing in business. This book contributes to the current debates about the Greek economy and the causes of the crisis affecting the country. In this respect, it also throws light on the big issue of tax evasion burdening the country's fiscal system. However, the research also belongs to the wider literature examining entrepreneurship from a business history perspective, to that focusing on the relation between entrepreneurship and institutions, to the debates regarding the ways entrepreneurship is affected by the socio-political and economic environment but also to institutional analyses about taxation.

Value-added tax (VAT) dominates tax systems around the world. But should every country have a VAT? Is VAT always as good as it could be in economic, equity and administrative terms? In developing and transitional countries the answers to such questions are critical to stability, growth and development. VAT is a critical fiscal tool in most countries. But VAT can sometimes be better designed and almost always better administered. The key questions that must be answered in designing and implementing VAT are essentially the same in all countries. But different tax designs may best suit different countries facing different circumstances. This book reviews experiences with VATs around the world and assesses how the choice of particular design features may affect outcomes in particular contexts.

This book highlights China's engagement with Africa through trade, investment and financial linkages. Its three main goals are as follows: firstly, to provide insights into Chinese FDI in Africa, by exploring a range of infrastructural projects and several countries' historical, geographical, socio-political, cultural and economic backgrounds; secondly, to present the main double taxation treaties with Beijing and country profiles of the African economies; and lastly, to provide a valuable business guide for recognizing and capitalizing on new opportunities in Afro-Eurasia.

Tax practitioners are unfamiliar with tax theory. Tax economists remain unfamiliar with tax law and tax administration. Most textbooks relate mainly to the US, UK or European experiences. Students in emerging economies remain unfamiliar with their own taxation history. This textbook fills those gaps. It covers the concept of taxes in regards to their rationale, principles, design, and common errors. It addresses distortions in consumer choices and production decisions caused by tax and redressals. The main principles of taxation-efficiency, equity, stabilization, revenue productivity, administrative feasibility, international neutrality-are presented and discussed. The efficiency principle requires the minimisation of distortions in the market caused by tax. Equity in taxation is another principle that is maintained through progressivity in the tax structure. Similarly, other principles have their own ramifications that are also addressed. A country's constitutional specification of tax assignment to different levels of government-central, state, municipal-are elaborated. The UK is more centralised than the US and India. India has amended its constitution to introduce a goods and services tax (GST) covering both central and state governments. Drafting of tax law is crucial for clarity and this aspect is addressed. Furthermore, the author illustrates different types of taxes such as individual income tax, corporate income tax, wealth tax, retail sales/value added/goods and services tax, selective excises, property tax, minimum taxes such as the minimum alternate tax (MAT), cash-flow tax, financial transactions tax, fringe benefits tax, customs duties and export taxes, environment tax and global carbon tax, and user charges. An emerging concern regarding the inadequacy of international taxation of multinational corporations is covered in some detail. Structural aspects of tax administration are given particular attention.

This book explores current digitalization issues in finance and accounting with particular focus on emerging and transitioning markets. It features models, empirical studies and cases studies on topics such as Fintech, blockchain technology, financing renewable energy, and XBRL usage from sectors such health care, pharmacology, transportation, and education. Such a complex view of current economic phenomena makes the volume attractive not only for academia, but also for regulators and policy-makers, when deliberating the potential outcome of competing regulatory mechanisms.

This book focuses on the legal and social aspects of corporate governance through doctrinal and empirical research papers presented at the 9th International Conference on Governance Fraud Ethics and Social Responsibility held at National Law University Delhi in 2018. The papers encompass the internal and external factors that affect the interests of a company's stakeholders, including shareholders, customers, suppliers, government regulators and management, and several other important players. The book provides better clarity on the concept of corporate governance and how it is intertwined with factors such as sustainability, social responsibility and the role of government, taxation and audit, and shareholder engagement.

Evan Lieberman's analysis focuses on the politics of taxation as a way of understanding the development of governments. He compares Brazil and South Africa because of their similarities: They are upper-middle-income countries, and highly unequal--both in terms of income and racial status. Lieberman argues that different constitutional approaches to race (whether or not to grant equal citizenship to blacks) and federalism (whether to have it or not) shaped the organization of politics in the two countries, leading to the development of very different tax systems. The findings are based on extensive field research, large-scale national surveys, macroeconomic data, and various archival and secondary sources.

This book examines the role of tax policy in the incidence of socio-economic inequality. With a focus on Latin American, the author demonstrates that while inequality has decreased remarkably in the last decade - during the very period in which inequality was increasing almost everywhere else in the world - this reduction cannot be attributed to a better use of tax policy. Offering both quantitative and qualitative reviews of tax policies pursued by Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Peru over the last two decades, Reducing Inequality in Latin America contends that these countries continue to make insufficient use taxation measures in combating startlingly high levels of inequality. Drawing on legal texts, interviews with researchers and experts in the field, and official monetary statistics to obtain a complete picture of how discretionary tax policy has been pursued in the region, this volume engages with a range of recent economic theories to argue for the importance of using the tax system to reduce inequalities, whilst also offering new methods for measuring tax policy in subsequent research. As such, it will appeal both to scholars of social science and policy makers with interests in economics, social inequality, public policy and international political economy.

What constitutes a good life? For most people, well-being involves more than a high income or material prosperity alone. Many non-material aspects, such as health, family life, living environment, job quality and the meaningful use of time are at least as important. Together, these factors also influence the degree to which people are satisfied with their lives, and help to determine how happy they feel. This book argues that happiness and life satisfaction do not form a good basis for measuring well-being, and proposes an alternative method that not only considers the various aspects of well-being, but also the fact that people have their own views on what is important in life. Not limited just to theory, the book also presents a large-scale, representative survey involving more than 3000 adults from over 2000 Belgian families, which charted the various aspects of the individual well-being of Belgians. Focusing on the unequal distribution of these various aspects of well-being within families, the survey showed that some Belgians are more likely to suffer from cumulative deprivation in multiple dimensions. Based on this innovative study, the book describes which people in society are worst off - and these are not necessarily only people on low incomes or those who feel unhappy - and proposes that policymakers prioritise these individuals.

Nachhaltiges Handeln gewinnt vor allem durch den Klimawandel stark an Bedeutung. Das Human Resources Management ubernimmt in diesem Zusammenhang die Verantwortung, Personalprozesse so zu gestalten, dass eine Win-win-Situation fur Unternehmen, Arbeitnehmende und die Umwelt generiert wird. Diese Studie stellt den Menschen in das Zentrum des betrieblichen Handelns. Auf dieser Basis werden Personalprozesse nach oekonomischen, sozialen und oekologischen Faktoren untersucht. Kosten- und Nutzenanalysen zeigen den Mehrwert dieser neu ausgerichteten prozessorientierten Personalfunktionen auf und regen zu pragmatischen Veranderungen an. Als Ergebnis wird ein innovatives Konzept vorgestellt, das fur die nachhaltige Gestaltung operativer Personalmanagementprozesse in der betrieblichen Praxis anwendbar ist.

Das Faszinosum des Kapitals und die Illusion seiner (Selbst-)Vermehrung geben seit jeher zu denken und mehr noch zu erzahlen. Massloser Reichtum und bittere Armut, entfesseltes Begehren und ebensolche Verschwendung befeuern die Einbildungskraft, heben schillernde Protagonisten aus der Taufe und bringen virtuose Sujets, spannende Plots oder effektvolle Motive hervor. Narrative und Narrationen, die sich solcherart der Finanzen annehmen, generieren starke Affekte, extreme Reaktionen und scharfe Kontraste; sie nehmen Subjekte in Beschlag, spornen sie unablassig an, treiben sie aber auch in den Wahnsinn und in den Abgrund. Derlei kapitale Krisen zu diagnostizieren und auf diesem Weg Erzahlmuster, Konfliktherde und Figurenkonstellationen zu analysieren, macht sich der vorliegende Band in einem literarhistorischen Durchgang von Fruher Neuzeit bis in die Gegenwart zur Aufgabe.

Das Verhaltnis zwischen dem Anlegerschutz und Kapitalschutz betrifft den aktienrechtlichen Kapitalerhaltungsgrundsatz und die kapitalmarktrechtliche Emittentenhaftung aufgrund einer Informationspflichtverletzung. Dem Anlegerschutz kommt sowohl im turkischen als auch im deutschen Rechtssystem ein besonderer Stellenwert zu, wobei die Entschadigung der getauschten Anleger durch die Gesellschaft zu einer moeglichen Kollision mit den Kapitalschutzschranken fuhren kann. Diese Arbeit versucht die Zweifelsfragen unter Betrachtung des turkischen und deutschen Rechts zu klaren, ob und inwieweit dem Anlegerschutz ein Vorrang vor dem Kapitalschutz eingeraumt werden soll, und ob die Problemloesung den europaischen Vorschriften entgegenstehen wurde.

This book examines existing mineral fiscal policies covering income taxation, royalties, free carried and participative (community and government) interests and also highlights the impacts of these policies on the feasibility of mineral projects as well as on revenue and other benefits to the State. While publications already exist on the subject matter, they have invariably approached the topic primarily from a Government standpoint rather than the mining industry. This book aims to provide a balance in this debate by comparing the financial outcomes gained or foregone by both Government and industry under different policy regimes. The discussions are supported by quantitative examples to more clearly articulate the potential outcomes and better inform future fiscal policy decisions.

Der Verfasser hinterfragt die verbreitete Annahme, Handelsstreitigkeiten wurden in der Welthandelsorganisation (WTO) im gerichtlichen Verfahren beigelegt, und bietet eine Untersuchung aus Anwaltssicht. Am Beispiel des Handelsstreits Kodak-Fujifilm klart er Strukturelemente, Abschnitte und Funktionen der Verhandlung und ordnet Handlungs- und Ermessensspielraume der Parteien rechtlichen Verhaltens- und Bewertungsmassstaben der WTO zu. Hierbei verwirft er den Gegensatz von Macht und Rechtsnorm. Zudem gibt er Anregungen fur eine objektivierte Verhandlung und den Ausgleich von kooperativer und konfrontativer Streitbeilegung in der WTO. Das Modell bietet insbesondere Rechtsberatern wertvolle Einsichten in die streitbeilegende Verhandlung.

This timely reference analyzes the rationale, impact, and feasibility of taxation of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) as a public health measure to contribute curbing obesity and diabetes rates, specifically in Canada. It presents the pros and cons of taxing soda, with the latest data on adverse health effects of its consumption, plus the various business and political issues surrounding the contentious proposition. Reviewed research is multidisciplinary, spanning health and medicine to ethics, economics, and law. Conclusions and caveats are clear and presented at a comfort level for the general reader. The result is a blueprint for analyzing the relevancy of taxes on sweetened soft drinks or other low-nutrition food products, plus a trove of valuable insights into aspects of government decision-making and consumer food behavior. Included in the coverage: * Reasons for specifically targeting SSBs * SSB taxation as a public health policy instrument * Effects of SSB taxation on energy intakes and population health * Potential undesirable effects relating to SSB taxation * Social and political acceptability of SSB taxation * Evaluability of SSB taxation Taxing Soda for Public Health will interest policymakers, public health professionals, advocacy groups, and researchers at the Canadian and international levels (e.g., in areas such as public health, nutrition, food and health policies, health economics, and evaluation), as well as students and all other parties interested in nutrition policies.

An engaging and enlightening account of taxation told through lively, dramatic, and sometimes ludicrous stories drawn from around the world and across the ages Governments have always struggled to tax in ways that are effective and tolerably fair. Sometimes they fail grotesquely, as when, in 1898, the British ignited a rebellion in Sierra Leone by imposing a tax on huts-and, in repressing it, ended up burning the very huts they intended to tax. Sometimes they succeed astonishingly, as when, in eighteenth-century Britain, a cut in the tax on tea massively increased revenue. In this entertaining book, two leading authorities on taxation, Michael Keen and Joel Slemrod, provide a fascinating and informative tour through these and many other episodes in tax history, both preposterous and dramatic-from the plundering described by Herodotus and an Incan tax payable in lice to the (misremembered) Boston Tea Party and the scandals of the Panama Papers. Along the way, readers meet a colorful cast of tax rascals, and even a few tax heroes. While it is hard to fathom the inspiration behind such taxes as one on ships that tended to make them sink, Keen and Slemrod show that yesterday's tax systems have more in common with ours than we may think. Georgian England's window tax now seems quaint, but was an ingenious way of judging wealth unobtrusively. And Tsar Peter the Great's tax on beards aimed to induce the nobility to shave, much like today's carbon taxes aim to slow global warming. Rebellion, Rascals, and Revenue is a surprising and one-of-a-kind account of how history illuminates the perennial challenges and timeless principles of taxation-and how the past holds clues to solving the tax problems of today.

This book clearly chronicles the evolution of Chinese VAT regulations, with a particular focus on the reforms of recent years. Covering all the provisions of the laws related to VAT, it also provides examples and implementation instructions. Practically structured and easy to consult, it allows readers to quickly find answers to questions that may arise in the course of their work. As such, the book is a valuable tool for accountants, advisors, lawyers, public officials and anyone working in the sector.

Most African countries are in dire need of more tax revenue. In 28 out of 45 countries with a value-added tax (VAT), total tax revenue as a percentage of GDP is around 15% or less, falling short of what is necessary to finance basic human and economic development. Far from being revenue-raising instruments, current African VATs are riddled with exemptions, exclusions, and zero rates on domestic goods and services that depress revenue, are highly distortionary, and greatly complicate the administration of VAT. Modernizing VATs in Africa enables policymakers, professionals, and students to analyse African tax systems to ascertain how they can be modernized. It explains the case for VAT base-broadening over rate-increasing, arguing that exemptions and zero rates mainly accrue benefits for higher-income groups. Even more persuasively, it demonstrates that the net result of fiscal systems can be equalizing if the revenue of broad-based VATs is used to finance in-kind transfers, such as healthcare and education. VAT modernization should be used to enable governments to finance development; Modernizing VATs in Africa puts a compelling case forward for how and why this can be achieved.