- self-contained and well illustrated - complete and comprehensive derivation of mechanical/mathematical results with enphasis on issues of practical importance - combines classical subjects of fracture mechanics with modern topics such as microheterogeneous materials, piezoelectric materials, thin films, damage - mechanically and mathematically clear and complete derivations of results

This thesis contains three breakthrough results in condensed matter physics. Firstly, broken reflection symmetry in the hidden-order phase of the heavy-fermion material URu2Si2 is observed for the first time. This represents a significant advance in the understanding of this enigmatic material which has long intrigued the condensed matter community due to its emergent long range order exhibited at low temperatures (the so-called "hidden order"). Secondly and thirdly, a novel collective mode (the chiral spin wave) and a novel composite particle (the chiral exciton) are discovered in the three dimensional topological insulator Bi2Se3. This opens up new avenues of possibility for the use of topological insulators in photonic, optoelectronic, and spintronic devices. These discoveries are facilitated by using low-temperature polarized Raman spectroscopy as a tool for identifying optically excited collective modes in strongly correlated electron systems and three-dimensional topological insulators.

This book focuses on the importance of mobile ions presented in oxide structures, what significantly affects the metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) properties. The reading starts with the definition of the MOS structure, its various aspects and different types of charges presented in their structure. A review on ionic transport mechanisms and techniques for measuring the mobile ions concentration in the oxides is given, special attention being attempted to the Charge Pumping (CP) technique associated with the Bias Thermal Stress (BTS) method. Theoretical approaches to determine the density of mobile ions as well as their distribution along the oxide thickness are also discussed. The content varies from general to very specific examples, helping the reader to learn more about transport in MOS structures.

The present volume presents six chapters, two of them fairly brief, covering both fundamental and applied electrochemistry. The latter aspect has, of course, historical significance in the subject as well as a major technological profile in recent decades, while intimate connections between these complementary facets of the subject have always been a driving force for its earlier and continu ing development. In the Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry series we have periodically included contributions from the several schools of Russi n electrochemistry. This approach is continued in the present volume by inclusion of the chapter by Benderskii, Brodskii, Daikhin, and Velichko from the Frumkin Institute, Moscow, on phase transitions among molecules adsorbed in the double-layer interphase at electrodes. This topic has attracted attention for some years through the works of the Russian school and of Gierst and Buess-Herman. Such behavior is also related to the important phenomenon of self-assembly of molecules in films at interfaces. In Chapter 1, these authors give an account of the factors associated with two-dimensional phase transitions and associated orientation effects with polar adsorbates at electrode interfaces. The theoretical interpretation of these effects are also treated in some detail. Chapter 2, by Rusling, deals with electrochemistry and electro catalysis in microemulsions, thus connecting aspects of electrode kinetics, adsorption at electrode interfaces, and colloid chemistry."

In recent years, global metallurgical industries have experienced fast and prosperous growth. High-temperature metallurgical technology is the backbone to support the technical, environmental, and economical needs for this growth. This collection features contributions covering the advancements and developments of new high-temperature metallurgical technologies and their applications to the areas of processing of minerals; extraction of metals; preparation of refractory and ceramic materials; sintering and synthesis of fine particles; treatment and recycling of slag and wastes; and saving of energy and protection of environment. The volume will have a broad impact on the academics and professionals serving the metallurgical industries around the world.

The series Advances in Polymer Science presents critical reviews of the present and future trends in polymer and biopolymer science. It covers all areas of research in polymer and biopolymer science including chemistry, physical chemistry, physics, material science.The thematic volumes are addressed to scientists, whether at universities or in industry, who wish to keep abreast of the important advances in the covered topics.Advances in Polymer Science enjoys a longstanding tradition and good reputation in its community. Each volume is dedicated to a current topic, and each review critically surveys one aspect of that topic, to place it within the context of the volume. The volumes typically summarize the significant developments of the last 5 to 10 years and discuss them critically, presenting selected examples, explaining and illustrating the important principles, and bringing together many important references of primary literature. On that basis, future research directions in the area can be discussed. Advances in Polymer Science volumes thus are important references for every polymer scientist, as well as for other scientists interested in polymer science - as an introduction to a neighboring field, or as a compilation of detailed information for the specialist.Review articles for the individual volumes are invited by the volume editors. Single contributions can be specially commissioned.Readership: Polymer scientists, or scientists in related fields interested in polymer and biopolymer science, at universities or in industry, graduate students.

This book introduces novel developments in the field of electromagnetic non-destructive testing and evaluation (NDT/E). The topics include electromagnetic ultrasonic guided wave testing, pulsed eddy current testing, remote field eddy current testing, low frequency eddy current testing, metal magnetic memory testing, and magnetic flux leakage testing. Considering the increasing concern about the safety maintenance of critical structures in various industries and everyday life, these topics presented here will be of particular interest to the readers in the NDT/E field. This book covers both theoretical researches and the engineering applications of the electromagnetic NDT technology. It could serve as a valuable reference for college students and relevant NDT technicians. It is also a useful material for qualification training and higher learning for nondestructive testing professionals.

The Science of Armour Materials comprehensively covers the range of armor materials from steels and light alloys, through glasses and ceramics, to fibers, textiles, and protective apparel. The book also discusses aspects of analytical and numerical modeling, as well as laboratory-based high-strain rate testing and ballistic testing methodologies. Each chapter is written from an international perspective, including reviews of the current global literature, and incorporates case studies that focus upon real life applications, research outcomes, and lessons learned. The threat spectrum is restricted to small arms ammunition, high velocity fragments, and stab and spike attacks, as well as blast loadings.

This volume presents contributions describing the micro- and macro-behaviours, new existence and uniqueness theorems, the formulation of multi-scale problems, etc. and now it is time to ponder again the state of matter and to discuss new trends and applications. The main focus is directed on the following items - Modelling and simulation of materials with significant microstructure, - Generalized continua as a result of multi-scale models, - Multi-field actions on materials resulting in generalized material models, and - Comparison with discrete modelling approaches

This book summarizes the advanced manufacturing technology of original innovations in hot stamping of lightweight car body. A detailed description of the technical system and basic knowledge of sheet metal forming is given, which helps readers quickly understand the relevant knowledge in the field. Emphasis has been placed on the independently developed hot stamping process and equipment, which help describe the theoretical and experimental research on key problems involving stress field, thermal field and phase transformation field in hot stamping process. Also, a description of the formability at elevated temperature and the numerical simulation algorithms for high strength steel hot stamping is given in combination with the experiments. Finally, the book presents some application cases of hot stamping technology such as the lightweight car body design using hot stamping components and gradient hardness components, and the cooling design of the stamping tool. This book is intended for researchers, engineers and graduate students in vehicle engineering, mechanical engineering, especially in the field of advanced manufacturing technology. The book also provides a useful reference for other new technology related temperature and phase transformation, such as aluminum-magnesium alloy hot stamping.

The papers in this volume give the reader focused information on the important extractive metallurgy unit operations of drying, roasting, and calcining

This collection gives broad and up-to-date results in the research and development of materials characterization and processing. Topics covered include characterization methods, ferrous materials, non-ferrous materials, minerals, ceramics, polymer and composites, powders, extraction, microstructure, mechanical behavior, processing, corrosion, welding, solidification, magnetic, electronic, environmental, nano-materials, and advanced materials The book explores scientific processes to characterize materials using modern technologies, and focuses on the interrelationships and interdependence among processing, structure, properties, and performance of materials.

Handbook of Materials Failure Analysis: With Case Studies from the Aerospace and Automotive Industries provides a thorough understanding of the reasons materials fail in certain situations, covering important scenarios, including material defects, mechanical failure as a result of improper design, corrosion, surface fracture, and other environmental causes. The book begins with a general overview of materials failure analysis and its importance, and then logically proceeds from a discussion of the failure analysis process, types of failure analysis, and specific tools and techniques, to chapters on analysis of materials failure from various causes. Later chapters feature a selection of newer examples of failure analysis cases in such strategic industrial sectors as aerospace, oil & gas, and chemicals.

Handbook of Materials Failure Analysis: With Case Studies from the Oil and Gas Industry provides an updated understanding on why materials fail in specific situations, a vital element in developing and engineering new alternatives. This handbook covers analysis of materials failure in the oil and gas industry, where a single failed pipe can result in devastating consequences for people, wildlife, the environment, and the economy of a region. The book combines introductory sections on failure analysis with numerous real world case studies of pipelines and other types of materials failure in the oil and gas industry, including joint failure, leakage in crude oil storage tanks, failure of glass fibre reinforced epoxy pipes, and failure of stainless steel components in offshore platforms, amongst others.

A composite sandwich panel is a hybrid material made up of constituents such as a face sheet, a core, and adhesive film for bonding the face sheet and core together. Advances in materials have provided designers with several choices for developing sandwich structures with advanced functionalities. The selection of a material in the sandwich construction is based on the cost, availability, strength requirements, ease of manufacturing, machinability, and post-manufacturing process requirements. Sandwich Composites: Fabrication and Characterization provides insights into composite sandwich panels based on the material aspects, mechanical properties, defect characterization, and secondary processes after the fabrication, such as drilling and repair. FEATURES Outlines existing fabrication methods and various materials aspects Examines composite sandwich panels made of different face sheets and core materials Covers the response of composite sandwich panels to static and dynamic loads Describes parameters governing the drilling process and repair procedures Discusses the applications of composite sandwich panels in various fields Explores the role of 3D printing in the fabrication of composite sandwich panels Due to the wide scope of the topics covered, this book is suitable for researchers and scholars in the research and development of composite sandwich panels. This book can also be used as a reference by professionals and engineers interested in understanding the factors governing the material properties, material response, and the failure behavior under various mechanical loads.

This book highlights the mathematical models and solutions of the generalized dynamics of soft-matter quasicrystals (SMQ) and introduces possible applications of the theory and methods. Based on the theory of quasiperiodic symmetry and symmetry breaking, the book treats the dynamics of individual quasicrystal systems by reducing them to nonlinear partial differential equations and then provides methods for solving the initial-boundary value problems in these equations. The solutions obtained demonstrate the distribution, deformation and motion of SMQ and determine the stress, velocity and displacement fields. The interactions between phonons, phasons and fluid phonons are discussed in some fundamental materials samples. The reader benefits from a detailed comparison of the mathematical solutions for both solid and soft-matter quasicrystals, gaining a deeper understanding of the universal properties of SMQ. The second edition covers the latest research progress on quasicrystals in topics such as thermodynamic stability, three-dimensional problems and solutions, rupture theory, and the photonic band-gap and its applications. These novel chapters make the book an even more useful and comprehensive reference guide for researchers in condensed matter physics, chemistry and materials sciences.

Dipolar Recoupling, by Niels Chr. Nielsen, Lasse A. Strasso and Anders B. Nielsen.-

Solid-State NMR Techniques for the Structural Determination of Amyloid Fibrils, by Jerry C. C. Chan.-

Solid-State 19F-NMR of Peptides in Native Membranes, by Katja Koch, Sergii Afonin, Marco Ieronimo, Marina Berditsch and Anne S. Ulrich.-

Probing Quadrupolar Nuclei by Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy: Recent Advances, by Christian Fernandez and Marek Pruski.-

Solid State NMR of Porous Materials Zeolites and Related Materials, by Hubert Koller and Mark Weiss.-

Solid-State NMR of Inorganic Semiconductors, by James P. Yesinowski.-"

This book introduces the peridynamic (PD) differential operator, which enables the nonlocal form of local differentiation. PD is a bridge between differentiation and integration. It provides the computational solution of complex field equations and evaluation of derivatives of smooth or scattered data in the presence of discontinuities. PD also serves as a natural filter to smooth noisy data and to recover missing data. This book starts with an overview of the PD concept, the derivation of the PD differential operator, its numerical implementation for the spatial and temporal derivatives, and the description of sources of error. The applications concern interpolation, regression, and smoothing of data, solutions to nonlinear ordinary differential equations, single- and multi-field partial differential equations and integro-differential equations. It describes the derivation of the weak form of PD Poisson's and Navier's equations for direct imposition of essential and natural boundary conditions. It also presents an alternative approach for the PD differential operator based on the least squares minimization. Peridynamic Differential Operator for Numerical Analysis is suitable for both advanced-level student and researchers, demonstrating how to construct solutions to all of the applications. Provided as supplementary material, solution algorithms for a set of selected applications are available for more details in the numerical implementation.

A one-stop resource on all aspects of semiconductor wafer bonding for materials scientists and electrical engineers

Semiconductor Wafer Bonding addresses the entire spectrum of mainstream and likely future applications of wafer bonding. It examines all of the important issues surrounding this technology, including basic interactions between flat surfaces, the influence of particles, surface steps and cavities, surface preparation and room-temperature wafer bonding, thermal treatment of bonded wafer pairs, and much more.

This unique, one-stop resource consolidates information previously available only by time-consuming searches through technical journals, proceedings, and book chapters for more than 1,000 published articles on wafer bonding. It covers all materials used for wafer bonding—including silicon, III-V compounds, fused and crystalline quartz, glass, silicon carbide, sapphire, ferroelectrics, and many others.

For materials scientists and electrical engineers who need to exploit the potential of this flourishing technology, Semiconductor Wafer Bonding is a convenient one-stop resource for answers to many common questions. It is also an excellent text/reference for graduate students eager to learn about this interdisciplinary field, which spans surface chemistry, solid-state physics, materials science, and electrical engineering.

Offers a comprehensive overview of all types of tests used in lubricant condition monitoring programmes. Discusses monitoring the condition of all types of components, machines, equipment, and systems used in all industries. Considers new and emerging machines, equipment, and systems, including electric and hybrid vehicles. Suggests which tests to use for each type of machine, equipment, or system and, just as importantly, which tests not to use. Provides practical examples of how to set up, run, and manage condition monitoring programmes and how to achieve significant cost savings through planned and predictive maintenance schedules.

This book presents a detailed description of the basic semiconductor physics. The reader is assumed to have a basic command of mathematics and some elementary knowledge of solid state physics. The text covers a wide range of important phenomena in semiconductors, from the simple to the advanced. The reader can understand three different methods of energy band calculations, empirical pseudo-potential, k.p perturbation and tight-binding methods. The effective mass approximation and electron motion in a periodic potential, Boltzmann transport equation and deformation potentials used for full band Monte Carlo simulation are discussed. Experiments and theoretical analysis of cyclotron resonance are discussed in detail because the results are essential to the understanding of semiconductor physics. Optical and transport properties, magneto-transport, two dimensional electron gas transport (HEMT and MOSFET), and quantum transport are reviewed, explaining optical transition, electron phonon interactions, electron mobility. Recent progress in quantum structures such as two-dimensional electron gas, superlattices, quantum Hall effect, electron confinement and the Landauer formula are included. The Quantum Hall effect is presented with different models. In the second edition, the addition energy and electronic structure of a quantum dot (artificial atom) are explained with the help of Slater determinants. Also the physics of semiconductor Lasers is described in detail including Einstein coefficients, stimulated emission, spontaneous emission, laser gain, double heterostructures, blue Lasers, optical confinement, laser modes, strained quantum wells lasers which will give insight into the physics of various kinds of semiconductor lasers, in addition to the various processes of luminescence.

The book presents recent developments in the field of composites, investigated by Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopy (BDS) and sheds a special focus on nanocomposites. This volume compares the results obtained by BDS with data from other methods like hyphenated calorimetry, dynamical-mechanical spectroscopy, NMR spectroscopy and neutron scattering. The addressed systems range from all kinds of model systems, such as polymers filled with spherical silica particles, advanced materials such as polymers with molecular stickers or hyperbranched polymer-based matrices to industrially significant systems, like epoxy-based materials. The book offers an excellent insight to a valuable application of dielectric spectroscopy and it is a helpful guide for every scientist who wants to study dynamics in composite materials.

This book offers historical and state-of-the-art molecular spectroscopy methods and applications in dynamic compression science, aimed at the upcoming generation in physical sciences involved in studies of materials at extremes. It begins with addressing the motivation for probing shock compressed molecular materials with spectroscopy and then reviews historical developments and the basics of the various spectroscopic methods that have been utilized. Introductory chapters are devoted to fundamentals of molecular spectroscopy, overviews of dynamic compression technologies, and diagnostics used to quantify the shock compression state during spectroscopy experiments. Subsequent chapters describe all the molecular spectroscopic methods used in shock compression research to date, including theory, experimental details for application to shocked materials, and difficulties that can be encountered. Each of these chapters also includes a section comparing static compression results. The last chapter offers an outlook for the future, which leads the next-generation readers to tackling persistent problems.

Presents a new physical and mathematical theory of irreversible deformations and ductile fracture of metals that acknowledges the continuous change in the structure of materials during deformation and the accumulation of deformation damage. Plastic deformation, viscous destruction, evolution of structure, creep processes, and long-term strength of metals and stress relaxation are described in the framework of a unified approach and model. The author then expands this into a mathematical model for determining the mechanical characteristics of quasi-samples of standard mechanical properties in deformed semi-finished products.