The study of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) is a continually growing, as these networks have the advantage of easy deployment for a number of different applications. Wireless Sensor Networks and Energy Efficiency: Protocols, Routing and Management focuses on wireless sensor networks and their operation, covering topics including routing, energy efficiency and management. Containing 27 chapters authored by a group of internationally experienced professionals and researchers in the fields of computer science, communication, and networking, this book discusses critical issues in wireless sensor network research including MAC, Routing Protocols, TCP, performance and traffic management, time synchronization, and security.

State-of-the-art, flat structures called metasurfaces can filter and steer light and sound, render an object completely invisible to electromagnetic waves, and much more. They can deliver automation, remote operation, and advanced performance to a wide variety of existing systems, with applications in communications, medical imaging, sensing, and security. However, for non-specialists, individual metasurfaces are currently restricted to limited reusability and accessibility. This book brings together various scientific disciplines with the aim of outlining a programmable 'plug-and-play' metasurface. The book focuses on a recently proposed platform - known as the HyperSurface - that provides many electromagnetic functions of metasurfaces in a single structure, which can be controlled and reconfigured by software. This revolutionary approach paves the way for new opportunities in wireless communications and programmable wireless environments: HyperSurfaces could link networks with objects and physical environments and create smarter systems that are far more responsive to user demands. Walls that absorb radiation or block digital eavesdropping, and wireless, long-distance charging of devices are among the many possibilities. The book aspires to provide the foundational knowledge for creating an Internet of Materials, enabling smart environments at any scale - from indoor wireless communications to medical imaging equipment. Although the set of disciplines involved covers a considerable span, we hope that the material will benefit experts and students alike.

Printed antennas have become an integral part of next-generation wireless communications and have been found to be commonly used to improve system capacity, data rate, reliability, etc. This book covers theory, design techniques, and the chronological regression of the printed antennas for various applications. This book will provide readers with the basic conceptual knowledge about antennas along with advanced techniques for antenna design. It covers a variety of analytical techniques and their CAD applications and discusses new applications of printed antenna technology such as sensing. The authors also present special reconfigurable antennas such as ME dipole, polarization, feeding, and DGS. The book will be useful to students as an introduction to design and applications of antennas. Additionally, experienced researchers in this field will find this book a ready reference and benefit from the techniques of research in printed antennas included in this book. Following are some of the salient features of this book: Covers a variety of analytical techniques and their CAD applications Discusses new applications of printed antenna technology such as sensing Examines the state of design techniques of printed antenna Presents special reconfigurable antennas such as ME dipole, polarization, feeding, and DGS

This up-to-date reference discusses important concepts of vehicular communication in intelligent transportation systems. Augmented Intelligence Toward Smart Vehicular Applications begins by discussing key objectives of intelligent transport systems and vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs). It then goes on to discuss challenges, applications and future trends in VANETs. The text focuses on the organization of artificial intelligence (AI) and aspects of deep learning algorithms, particularly multimodal transport. This book will serve as an ideal reference for graduate students and academic researchers in the field of electrical engineering, electronics and communication engineering and transportation engineering. Features In-depth coverage of Internet of Things (IoT) in vehicular applications Discussion on nn-vehicle sensor networks Implementation of mobile IP and migration of IPv6 Focus on the need of AI in smart vehicular applications Discussions on advanced concepts in the field of intelligent transport systems

Data storage, processing, and management at remote location over dynamic networks is the most challenging task in cloud networks. Users' expectations are very high for data accuracy, reliability, accessibility, and availability in pervasive cloud environment. It was the core motivation for the Cloud Networks Internet of Things (CNIoT). The exponential growth of the networks and data management in CNIoT must be implemented in fast growing service sectors such as logistic and enterprise management. The network based IoT works as a bridge to fill the gap between IT and cloud networks, where data is easily accessible and available. This book provides a framework for the next generation of cloud networks, which is the emerging part of 5G partnership projects. This contributed book has following salient features, A cloud-based next generation networking technologies. Cloud-based IoT and mobility management technology. The proposed book is a reference for research scholars and course supplement for cloud-IoT related subjects such as distributed networks in computer/ electrical engineering. Sanjay Kumar Biswash is working as an Assistant professor in NIIT University, India. He held Research Scientist position, Institute of Cybernetics, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Russia. He was PDF at LNCC, Brazil and SDSU, USA. He was a visiting researcher to the UC, Portugal. Sourav Kanti Addya is working as an Assistant professor in NITK, Surathkal, India. He was a PDF at IIT Kharagpur, India. He was a visiting scholar at SDSU, USA. He obtained national level GATE scholarship. He is a member of IEEE, ACM.

The book addresses the need to investigate new approaches to lower energy requirement in multiple application areas and serves as a guide into emerging circuit technologies. It explores revolutionary device concepts, sensors, and associated circuits and architectures that will greatly extend the practical engineering limits of energy-efficient computation. The book responds to the need to develop disruptive new system architecutres, circuit microarchitectures, and attendant device and interconnect technology aimed at achieving the highest level of computational energy efficiency for general purpose computing systems. Features Discusses unique technologies and material only available in specialized journal and conferences Covers emerging applications areas, such as ultra low power communications, emerging bio-electronics, and operation in extreme environments Explores broad circuit operation, ex. analog, RF, memory, and digital circuits Contains practical applications in the engineering field, as well as graduate studies Written by international experts from both academia and industry

The book presents design methods for analog integrated circuits with improved electrical performance. It describes different equivalent transistor models, design methods, and fabrication considerations for high-density integrated circuits in nanometer CMOS processes, and it analyzes circuit architectures that are suitable for analog building blocks. Highlighting various design challenges, the text offers a complete understanding of architectural- and transistor-level design issues of analog integrated circuits. It examines important trends in the design of high-speed and power-efficient front-end analog circuits that can be used for signal conditioning, filtering, and detection applications. Offers a comprehensive resource for mastering the analysis of analog integrated circuits. Describes circuit-level details of high-speed and power-efficient analog building blocks. Explores design methods based on various MOS transistor models (MOSFET, FinFET). Provides mathematical derivations of all equations and formulas. Emphasizes practical aspects relevant to integrated circuit implementation. Includes open-ended circuit design case studies.

The study of electromagnetic field theory is required for proper understanding of every device wherein electricity is used for operation. The proposed textbook on electromagnetic fields covers all the generic and unconventional topics including electrostatic boundary value problems involving two- and three-dimensional Laplacian fields and one- and two- dimensional Poissonion fields, magnetostatic boundary value problems, eddy currents, and electromagnetic compatibility. The subject matter is supported by practical applications, illustrations to supplement the theory, solved numerical problems, solutions manual and Powerpoint slides including appendices and mathematical relations. Aimed at undergraduate, senior undergraduate students of electrical and electronics engineering, it: Presents fundamental concepts of electromagnetic fields in a simplified manner Covers one two- and three-dimensional electrostatic boundary value problems involving Laplacian fields and Poissonion fields Includes exclusive chapters on eddy currents and electromagnetic compatibility Discusses important aspects of magneto static boundary value problems Explores all the basic vector algebra and vector calculus along with couple of two- and three-dimensional problems

Internet of Things (IoT)-enabled spaces have made revolutionary advances in the utility grid. Among these advances, intelligent and energy-efficient services are gaining considerable interest. The use of the smart grid is increasing day after day around us and is not only used in saving energy but also in our daily life for intelligent health, traffic, and even farming systems. The grid enabled with IoT features is also expected to communicate with cellular networks smoothly in the next-generation networks (6G and beyond). This will open the door for other interesting research areas. In this book, we consider the most significant and emergent research topics in this domain, addressing major issues and challenges in IoT-based solutions proposed for the smart grid. The chapters provide insight on comprehensive topics in IoT-based smart grids, combining technical aspects with the most up-to-date theory. It investigates the grid under varying and potential emerging paradigms such as edge/fog computing, in addition to big data aspects considerations in the IoT era. With comprehensive surveys and case studies, this book explores basic and high-level grid aspects in the emerging smart city paradigm, which makes it especially attractive to researchers, academics, and higher-level students. This authored book can be used by computer science undergraduate and postgraduate students, researchers and practitioners, city administrators, policymakers, and government regulators.

Internet of Things with 8051 and ESP8266 provides a platform to get started with the Internet of Things (IoT) with 8051. This book describes programming basics and how devices interface within designed systems. It presents a unique combination of 8051 with ESP8266 and I/O devices for IoT applications supported by case studies to provide the solutions to real-time problems. The programs and circuits have been tested on real hardware and explore different areas in IoT applications. Divided into four sections, it explains the customized boards for IoT applications followed by the means by which 8051 and ESP8266 interface with I/O devices. It spans levels from basic to advanced interfacing with special devices, server design, and data logging with different platforms. Features: Covers how I/O devices interface with 8051 and ESP8266 Explains the basic concepts of interfacing complexity using applications with examples Provides hands-on practice exercises with 8051 and ESP8266 for IoT applications Discusses both case studies and programming tests on real hardware during industrial and student projects Reviews the integration of smart devices with IoT Internet of Things with 8051 and ESP8266 is intended for senior undergraduate and graduate students in electrical and electronics engineering, but anyone with an interest in the professional curriculum of electrical and electronics engineering will find this book a welcome addition to their collection.

Digital Media and Wireless Communication in Developing Nations: Agriculture, Education, and the Economic Sector explores how digital media and wireless communication, especially mobile phones and social media platforms, offer concrete opportunities for developing countries to transform different sectors of their economies. The volume focuses on the agricultural, economic, and education sectors. The chapter authors, mostly from Africa and India, provide a wealth of information on recent innovations, the opportunities they provide, challenges faced, and the direction of future research in digital media and wireless communication to leverage transformation in developing countries. The volume provides important research on digital media and wireless communication within the context of developing countries that will be very useful for professionals from academia, government agencies, NGOs, technologists, entrepreneurs and investors, and others.

The book offers unique insight into the modern world of wireless communication that included 5G generation, implementation in Internet of Things (IoT), and emerging biomedical applications. To meet different design requirements, gaining perspective on systems is important. Written by international experts in industry and academia, the intended audience is practicing engineers with some electronics background. It presents the latest research and practices in wireless communication, as industry prepares for the next evolution towards a trillion interconnected devices. The text further explains how modern RF wireless systems may handle such a large number of wireless devices. Covers modern wireless technologies (5G, IoT), and emerging biomedical applications Discusses novel RF systems, CMOS low power circuit implementation, antennae arrays, circuits for medical imaging, and many other emerging technologies in wireless co-space. Written by a mixture of top industrial experts and key academic professors.

The design and development of low radar cross section (RCS) phased array has been a challenging subject in stealth technology. The frequency selective surface elements act as absorbers in specific frequency band and facilitate gain enhancement and reduction of antenna RCS. This book presents a comprehensive EM design and analysis of such low-profile patch arrays with high impedance surface-based ground plane. It explains how to determine radiation mode RCS of low-profile antenna arrays with arbitrary configurations. Detailed descriptions of design, workflow of determining radiation and scattering behavior of antenna arrays have been supported with schematics, tables, and illustrations. Aimed at engineers and researchers for RCS, antenna engineers and graduate students in electrical engineering and electromagnetics, it * Discusses both radiation and scattering features of both planar and conformal HIS-based low profile antennas * Describes the theoretical background, design, simulations and analysis of low RCS phased array in detail * Presents the physics behind the resultant radiation and scattering characteristics of designed antenna array * Helps readers understand design and analysis of low RCS antenna array without any degradation in its radiation performance * Includes figures, schematics and illustrations to provide comprehensive descriptions of both radiation and scattering characteristics of phased arrays of different configurations

This comprehensive book unveils the working relationship of blockchain and the fog/edge computing. The contents of the book have been designed in such a way that the reader will not only understand blockchain and fog/edge computing but will also understand their co-existence and their collaborative power to solve a range of versatile problems. The first part of the book covers fundamental concepts and the applications of blockchain-enabled fog and edge computing. These include: Internet of Things, Tactile Internet, Smart City; and E-challan in the Internet of Vehicles. The second part of the book covers security and privacy related issues of blockchain-enabled fog and edge computing. These include, hardware primitive based Physical Unclonable Functions; Secure Management Systems; security of Edge and Cloud in the presence of blockchain; secure storage in fog using blockchain; and using differential privacy for edge-based Smart Grid over blockchain. This book is written for students, computer scientists, researchers and developers, who wish to work in the domain of blockchain and fog/edge computing. One of the unique features of this book is highlighting the issues, challenges, and future research directions associated with Blockchain-enabled fog and edge computing paradigm. We hope the readers will consider this book a valuable addition in the domain of Blockchain and fog/edge computing.

This book describes and compares both the IPv4 and IPv6 versions of OSPF and IS-IS. It explains OSPF and IS-IS by grounding the analysis on the principles of Link State Routing (LSR). It deliberately separates principles from technologies. Understanding the principles behind the technologies makes the learning process easier and more solid. Moreover, it helps uncovering the dissimilarities and commonalities of OSPF and IS-IS and exposing their stronger and weaker features. The chapters on principles explain the features of LSR protocols and discuss the alternative design options, independently of technologies. The chapters on technologies provide a comprehensive description of OSPF and IS-IS with enough detail for professionals that need to work with these technologies. The final part of the book describes and discusses a large set of experiments with Cisco routers designed to illustrate the various features of OSPF and IS-IS. In particular, the experiments related to the synchronization mechanisms are not usually found in the literature.

Mobile crowdsensing is a technology that allows large scale, cost-effective sensing of the physical world. In mobile crowdsensing, mobile personal devices such as smart phones or smart watches come equipped with a variety of sensors that can be leveraged to collect data related to environment, transportation, healthcare, safety and so on. This book presents the first extensive coverage of mobile crowdsensing, with examples and insights drawn from the authors' extensive research on this topic as well as from the research and development of a growing community of researchers and practitioners working in this emerging field. Throughout the text, the authors provide the reader with various examples of crowdsensing applications and the building blocks to creating the necessary infrastructure, explore the related concepts of mobile sensing and crowdsourcing, and examine security and privacy issues introduced by mobile crowdsensing platforms. Provides a comprehensive description of mobile crowdsensing, a one-stop shop for all relevant issues pertaining to mobile crowdsensing, including motivation, applications, design and implementation, incentive mechanisms, and reliability and privacy. Describes the design and implementations of mobile crowdsensing platforms of great interest for the readers working in research and industry to quickly implement and test their systems. Identifies potential issues in building such mobile crowdsensing applications to ensure their usability in real life and presents future directions in mobile crowdsensing by emphasizing the open problems that have to be addressed.

This book on SDP is the first of this kind that attempts to put all SDP related RFCs together with their mandatory and optional texts in a chronological systematic way as if people can use a single "super-SDP RFC" with almost one-to-one integrity from beginning to end to see the big picture of SDP in addition to base SDP functionalities.

The book introduces optical wave propagation in the irregular turbulent atmosphere and the relations to laser beam and LIDAR applications for both optical communication and imaging. It examines atmosphere fundamentals, structure, and content. It explains specific situations occurring in the irregular atmosphere and for specific natural phenomena that affect optical ray and laser beam propagation. It emphasizes how to use LIDAR to investigate atmospheric phenomena and predict primary parameters of the irregular turbulent atmosphere and suggests what kinds of optical devices to operate in different atmospheric situations to minimize the deleterious effects of natural atmospheric phenomena.

The book provides a comprehensive guide to vehicular social networks. The book focuses on a new class of mobile ad hoc networks that exploits social aspects applied to vehicular environments. Selected topics are related to social networking techniques, social-based routing techniques applied to vehicular networks, data dissemination in VSNs, architectures for VSNs, and novel trends and challenges in VSNs. It provides significant technical and practical insights in different aspects from a basic background on social networking, the inter-related technologies and applications to vehicular ad-hoc networks, the technical challenges, implementation and future trends.

Convex Optimization for Signal Processing and Communications: From Fundamentals to Applications provides fundamental background knowledge of convex optimization, while striking a balance between mathematical theory and applications in signal processing and communications. In addition to comprehensive proofs and perspective interpretations for core convex optimization theory, this book also provides many insightful figures, remarks, illustrative examples, and guided journeys from theory to cutting-edge research explorations, for efficient and in-depth learning, especially for engineering students and professionals. With the powerful convex optimization theory and tools, this book provides you with a new degree of freedom and the capability of solving challenging real-world scientific and engineering problems.

Until the 1990s, almost all spectrum licenses were given away practically for free-even the first mobile licenses which laid the foundation for multi-billion dollar companies that dominate stock markets around the world. In the past fifteen years, there has been a concerted attempt to liberalise the sector and make it more open to market forces. This book examines this attempt. Exploring the new frontier for spectrum policy, Understanding Spectrum Liberalisation identifies the successes and failures of the main policy initiatives of the past decade. It explains, in layman's terms, the technical and policy background needed to understand these debates. For those already working in the field, the book provides a lively analysis of recent policy initiatives along with an authoritative interpretation of the latest developments in spectrum policy. It examines individual liberalisation initiatives in detail and explains the logic behind moves towards spectrum sharing, which is seen as the next policy phase. This book will help non-specialists climb the formidable learning curve quickly. It is ideal for those who have just become involved in the spectrum field, whether in industry, government, or as a regulator, as well as those with expertise in one area of spectrum management who want to learn more about the other areas. History is about the concerns of the present, so the saying goes, and the authors hope that their interpretation of the very recent past will stimulate debate about future policy and help you make substantive contributions to ongoing policy debates.

Digital worlds and cultures-social media, web 2.0, youtube, wearable technologies, health and fitness apps-dominate, if not order, our everyday lives. We are no longer 'just' consumers or readers of digital culture but active producers through facebook, twitter, Instagram, youtube and other emerging technologies. This book is predicated on the assumption that out understanding of our everyday lives should be informed by what is taking place in and through emerging technologies given these (virtual) environments provide a crucial context where traditional, categorical assumptions about the body, identity and leisure may be contested. Far from being 'virtual', the body is constituted within and through emerging technologies in material ways. Recent 'moral panics' over the role of digital cultures in teen suicide, digital drinking games, an endless array of homoerotic images of young bodies being linked with steroid use, disordered eating and body dissatisfaction, facebook games/fundraising campaigns (e.g. for breast cancer), movements devoted to exposing 'everyday sexism' / metoo, twitter abuse (of feminists, of athletes, of racist nature to name but a few), speak to the need for critical engagement with digital cultures. While some of the earlier techno-utopian visions offered the promise of digitality to give rise to participatory, user generator collaborations, within this book we provide critical engagement with digital technologies and what this means for our understandings of leisure cultures. The chapters originally published in a special issue in Leisure Studies.

This book presents the cross-layer design and optimization of wake-up receivers for wireless body area networks (WBAN), with an emphasis on low-power circuit design. This includes the analysis of medium access control (MAC) protocols, mixer-first receiver design, and implications of receiver impairments on wideband frequency-shift-keying (FSK) receivers. Readers will learn how the overall power consumption is reduced by exploiting the characteristics of body area networks. Theoretical models presented are validated with two different receiver implementations, in 90nm and 40nm CMOS technology.

This book provides a comprehensive overview for the use of femtocells in smart Internet of Things (IoT) environments. Femtocells will help mobile operators to provide a basis for the next generation of services which are a combination of voice, video, and data services to mobile users. This book discusses modelling traffic and deployment strategies in femtocells and provides a review for the use of femtocells and their applications in IoT environments. Moreover, it highlights the efficient real-time medium access, data delivery, caching and security aspects in smart spaces. It concludes by presenting open research issues associated with smart IoT-femtocell based applications.

This book features the major research advances on integrated networking, caching, and computing. Information-centric networking-based caching is one of the promising techniques for future networks. The cloud computing paradigm has been widely adopted to enable convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources. In addition, fog/edge computing is proposed to deploy computing resources closer to end devices. From the perspective of applications, network, cache and compute are underlying enabling resources. How to manage, control and optimize these resources can have significant impacts on application performance.