Every spring, the University of Massachusetts - Amherst welcomes all ''Soils Conference" Scientific Advisory Board members with open arms as we begin the planning process responsible for bringing you quality conferences year after year. With this "homecoming" of sorts comes the promise of reaching across the table and interacting with a wide spectrum of stakeholders, each of them bringing their unique perspective in support of a successful Conference in the fall. This year marks the 20 DEGREES DEGREES anniversary of what started as a couple of thoughtful scientists interested in developing partnerships that together could fuel the environmental cleanup dialogue. Since the passage of the Superfund Law, regulators, academia and industry have come to realize that models that depend exclusively on ''command and control" mandates as the operative underpinning limit our collective ability to bring hazardous waste sites to productive re-use. It is with this concern in mind that the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection privatized its cleanup program in 1993, spurring the close-out of over 20,000 sites and spills across the Commonwealth to date, in a manner that is both protective of human health and the environment while also flexible and responsive to varied site uses and redevelopment goals. So we gather together again, this year, to hear our collective stories and share success and challenges just as we share stories at a family gathering. Take a read through the stories contained in these proceedings.

Lack of water is the limiting factor for many household and community-based activities for millions of people living in dryland areas. Rural water supply programmes tend to focus on only two social aspects: improved access to domestic supply and improved sanitation. Less attention has been paid to how communities prefer to use water to develop their own livelihoods. This is due partly to the difficulties of abstracting sufficient reliable groundwater in dryland areas and partly to a misunderstanding of why wells and boreholes fail, which leads to a general belief that abstraction should be limited to domestic supply to conserve the resource. When more water is available, not only are basic drinking and washing needs satisfied but also other activities with a high economic value become feasible, such as small-scale irrigation, fruit orchards, livestock feedlots, small-scale dairy units, fish farming, brick-making, etc. Such diversification avoids over-reliance on rain-fed cropping of marginal lands.;This book aims to show how research in Southern Africa has shed light on why conventional wells and boreholes fail, on the potential of the groundwater resource to support production through improved siting and selection of more appropriate well designs and on the positive impacts and some problems that can emerge at productive water points. The findings are presented in a practical manner to encourage planners and practitioners in rural water supply to consider developing productive water points in drought-prone areas, and to provide the information they need to follow this through.

A pilot study conducted at the Gilze water treatment plant of Water Supply North West Brabant demonstrated that adsorptive filtration has several potential advantages over floc filtration, namely: longer filter runs due to slower head loss development; better filtrate quality; shorter ripening time; and less backwash water use. In existing groundwater treatment plants, the high iron (II) adsorption capacity of the iron oxide coated filter media makes it potentially possible to switch the governing mode of operation from floc filtration to adsorptive filtration. To achieve this two options can be considered: iron (II) adsorption under anoxic conditions followed by oxidation with oxygen-rich water; and adsorption of iron (II) in the presence of oxygen and simultaneous oxidation. The first option might be attractive specifically when two filtration steps are available.

Natural and constructed wetlands play a very important role on the landscape and their ecological services are highly valuable. In fact, some wetland types are regarded as one of the most valuable ecosystems on the Earth. Water management, including flood water retention, biomass production, carbon sequestration, wastewater treatment and biodiversity sources, are among the most important ecological services of wetlands. The book is aimed at the use of constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment and for the evaluation of various ecosystem services of natural wetlands. Special attention is paid to the role and potential use of wetlands on the agricultural landscape. The book presents up-to-date results of ongoing research and the content of the book could be used by wetland scientists, researchers, engineers, designers, regulators, decision-makers, universities teachers, landscape engineers and landscape planners as well as by water authorities, water regulatory offices or wastewater treatment research institutions.

This is the second of two volumes that together provide a comprehensive overview of the current sustainable and low-cost wastewater treatment technologies applied in communities that lack the financial and technical resources needed for an environmental, disease prevention and health nexus. This book reviews engineered wastewater treatment technologies and discusses their application in regard to greenhouse gas emissions, natural resource utilization, land-use, and energy and water savings. The chapters from expert contributors cover topics such as aerobic and anaerobic biological treatments, chemical treatments and precipitation, and disinfection. Readers will also learn about simplified and low-energy wastewater treatment plants, strategies for wastewater reuse, and nanotechnologies for wastewater environmental management. The feasibility regarding time and cost of implementing such technologies is also discussed in this book, and particular attention is given to the removal of conventional and emerging pollutants, toxicants, and heavy metals. Given the breadth and depth of its coverage, the book offers an invaluable source of information for researchers, students and environmental managers alike.

Contents:
Preface, 1. You Are What You Do, 2. Work - What Is It? 3. Collar Colour Doesn't Count, 4. Good Work/Bad Work, 5. Lack of Vision, 6. All Work, But Very Little Ethics, 7. Women In The Workplace, 8. Squeezing Time, 9. Workaholism, Stress and Fatigue, 10. The Work, Spend and Debt Syndrome, 11. Moral Leadership and Business Ethics, 12. The End of Work: Is Rifkin Right? 13. The Failure of Work, 14. The Future of Work

Sludge treatment and disposal used to be considered part of water and wastewater treatment, rather than a separate subject, but is now seen as an independent field of study, research and development. This book is the first text and reference volume on the subject, aiming to provide a comprehensive coverage of basic principles, methods and the advanced practices of sludge treatment and its safe disposal. The book focuses on those aspects of sludge treatment and disposal, particularly in relation to the environment and economy. Based on its inter-disciplinary approach, comprehensive scope and practical case studies and technical illustrations, this book can be recommended as a resource for students, teachers and practising engineers working in the area of water and wastewater treatment, and sludge treatment and disposal in particular.

This is the only book series devoted to explaining the full range of specialized areas required of water and wastewater plant operators. Each volume is designed to give operators the basic knowledge of a subject needed for certification, licensure, and improved job performance. Checkpoints, self-tests and a final examination with questions based on actual operator certification exams provide a practical review. All books are clearly illustrated with key ideas and highlighted points throughout.
Water Hydraulics: This volume is the first training book to explain water hydraulics in the context of treatment plants, presenting hydraulic theory and calculations in terms of the machinery and unit operations familiar to operators. It covers hydraulics as related to keeping water moving from one unit process to the next, including maintaining proper settling times and settling velocity, and providing lift to higher elevations.

Contents:
Foreword. Acknowledgements. Chapter I: Basic Requirements for Optimization. 1.0 Introduction. 1.2 Personnel. 1.3 Management Structure. 1.4 Plant Maintenance. 1.5 Housekeeping. Chapter II: Assessing Plant Performance and Identifying Defects. 2.1 Observing Plant Operation. 2.2 Raw Water Intake 2.3 Raw Water Metering 2.4 Coagulent Handling. 2.5 Flocculation Systems. 2.6 Settling Basins. 2.7 Filters. 2.8 Disinfection. 2.9 Stabilizaion. 2.10 Checklist for Plant Review Chapter III: Water Analysis for Treatment Control. 3.1 Physical Contaminants. 3.2 Biological Variables. 3.3 Chemical Variables and Contamination. 3.4 Laboratory Analysis. Chapter IV: Improving Plants and their Operation. 4.1 Plant Records. 4.2 Raw Water Intake and Flow. 4.3 Rehabilitation of the Chemical Building. 4.4 Pretreatment Units. 4.5 Filter Rehabilitation. 4.6 Filter Operation. 4.7 Stabilization. Chapter V: Determining Design Parameters. 5.1 Introduction to Bench Scale Testing. 5.2 Design and Process Parameters. 5.3 Equipment and Laboratory Space. 5.4 Testing in the Laboratory for Conventional Treatment. 5.5 Testing in the Laboratory for Direct Filtration. 5.6 Sampling for Determinination of Treatment Plant Performance. 5.7 Pilot Plants. 5.8 Treatment Plant as a Pilot Plant. Chapter VI. Disinfection. 6.1 Choice of Process. 6.2 Health Risks of Chlorine. 6.3 Design of Chlorination Facilities. Chapter VII: Optimising and Upgrading Treatment Plants. 7.1 Applying New Technology. 7.2 Optimizing the Treatment Process and Plant Performance. 7.3 Design Information. Chapter VIII: Optimisation and Upgrading of a Plant from 100 ls-1 to 250 ls-1. 8.1 Assessment of Existing Plant. 8.2 Characteristics of the Upgraded Plant. 8.3 Inlet Chamber. 8.4 Initial Mixing of Coagulant and Raw Water. 8.5 Flocculation. 8.6 Distribution of Flocculated Water to Settling Basins. 8.7 Settling Basins. 8.8 Filters. 8.9 Summary. Chapter IX: Optimisation and Upgrading of a Plant from 1m3s-1 to 2.5 m3s-1. 9.1 Assessment of Existing Plant. 9.2 Modifications Required for Upgrading and Optimisation. 9.3 Design of Modifications. Chapter X: Optimisation and Upgrading of a Plant from 20 ls-1 to 50 ls-1 10.1 Assessment of Original Plant. 10.2 Plant performance. 10.3 Upgrading Parameters Determined by Jar Testing. 10.4 Design of Modifications for Upgrading and Optimization. Appendix I Sources of Further Information. Appendix II. Glossary of Terms. Index.

Intensifying Activated Sludge Using Media-Supported Biofilms will be of interest to practicing wastewater treatment process designers, along with those seeking more compact and energy-efficient wastewater treatment options. The advantages of Moving Bed Biological Reactor (MBBR)-based hybrid processes are now well-established in practice, leading to their increased use in the field. Membrane Aerated Biofilm Reactor (MABR)-based hybrid processes are much newer and offer further systematic process and energy advantages. This book examines the evolution of hybrid technologies as well as the potential for continued improvement of biological wastewater treatment techniques. Features: Reviews current approaches for intensifying biological wastewater treatment processes and their mechanistic bases. Examines hybrid suspended growth/biofilm-based wastewater treatment processes, including the newly-developed MABR-based processes, and their unique dynamic performance characteristics. Presents a novel method for characterizing the performance and process intensification advantages of hybrid processes. Provides guidance for simulating the performance of hybrid processes, including oxygen transfer in MABR hybrid processes.

This reference/text offers a systematic and unified approach to the classical theories and recent techniques of multilayered aquifer systems-clarifying governing principles and facilitating industrial problem solving. Uses the automated numerical Laplace inversion procedure to simplify mathematical material Multilayered Aquifer Systems progresses from the non-leaky and leaky aquifers of Theis, Cooper-Jacob, Jacob-Lohman, Papadopulos-Cooper, Hantush-Jacob, and Hantush-Neuman to the multilayer aquifer theory of Neuman-Witherspoon-Herrera treats sensitivity and stochastic analyses utilizes the latest computer methods for parameter determination examines groundwater with fractured aquifers encourages application of theories by supplying specialized tools based on Fortran programs and macro packages for MathematicaT and much more Referenced and illustrated with over 860 literature citations, drawings, and tables, Multilayered Aquifer Systems is an excellent reference and self-study companion for civil, environmental, groundwater, water supply and resource, and agricultural engineers; hydrogeologists and geologists; and an invaluable text for graduate and continuing-education students in these disciplines.

If you work in the water quality management field, you know the challenges of monitoring and controlling pollutants in our water supply. The increasing problem of agricultural nonpoint source pollution requires complex solutions. Agricultural Nonpoint Source Pollution: Watershed Management and Hydrology covers the latest techniques and methods of managing large watershed areas, with an emphasis on controlling non-point source pollution, especially from agricultural run-off.
Written by leading experts, the book includes topics such as: nitrate and phosphorus pollution, pesticide contamination, erosion and sedimentation, water-table management, and watershed management. The authors discuss the effects of agricultural run-off - one of the most intransigent problems now faced by environmental engineers and hydrologists. They explore each issue with an eye towards the integrated management of water quality and water resources over a defined area or region.
This single-source reference gives you a complete understanding of the whats, whys, and hows of nonpoint source pollution - and more importantly of how to monitor and manage it. Agricultural Nonpoint Source Pollution: Watershed Management and Hydrology provides a broad but detailed overview that helps you to comprehend the intricacies of the problem and puts you on the path to finding the answers.

This translation of "Guide technique des bassins de retenue d'eaux pluviales," Paris 1994, provides information about planning, construction, maintenance and management, and costs of stormwater retention basins.

An environmental assessment must be performed whenever a property transaction takes place. Those who donít may find themselves responsible for the past misdeeds of others. This book contains contributions by professionals from various locations who use Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) as a tool applied to water management issues.
SEA helps make decisions that increase sustainability. Because of its procedural nature, it necessarily becomes tailor-made to different applications. Easily understood and geographic in scope, this book presents leading edge thinking and first hand knowledge on the applications of SEA in water management.
Perspectives on Strategic Environmental Assessment is a comprehensive guidebook for performing environmental assessments all over the world. No other source provides you with as much information on the applications of SEA as a policy assessment and management tool. This book provides a blueprint for environmental assessments that safeguards you from the oversights of others.

Presenting a useful reference to the current state of membrane technology and its likely future growth, this book covers all aspects of the technology and its applications in the water industry. Drawing on the experience of international experts, Membrane Technology in Water and Wastewater Treatment encompasses many practical applications of specific membranes, including MF, UF, NF, RO and EDR, in the treatment of ground and surface water, backwash water, seawater, and industrial and domestic wastewater. Novel applications, process enhancements and the latest systems are also discussed. This book is an excellent guide to membrane technology and will be of great interest to water companies, industrialists, legislative bodies and anyone with an interest in the technology or its applications.

The continued lack of access to adequate amounts of safe drinking water is one of the primary causes of infant morbidity and mortality worldwide and a serious situation which governments, international agencies and private organizations are striving to alleviate. Barriers to providing safe drinking water for rural areas and small communities that must be overcome include the financing and stability of small systems, their operation, and appropriate, cost-effective technologies to treat and deliver water to consumers. While we know how to technically produce safe drinking water, we are not always able to achieve sustainable safe water supplies for small systems in developed and developing countries. Everyone wants to move rapidly to reach the goal of universal safe drinking water, because safe water is the most fundamental essential element for personal and social health and welfare. Without safe water and a safe environment, sustained personal economic and cultural development is impossible. Often small rural systems are the last in the opportunity line. Safe Drinking Water in Small Systems describes feasible technologies, operating procedures, management, and financing opportunities to alleviate problems faced by small water systems in both developed and developing countries. In addition to widely used traditional technologies this reference presents emerging technologies and non-traditional approaches to water treatment, management, sources of energy, and the delivery of safe water.

This book is a multidisciplinary manuscript bringing together contributions on water issues from natural and social scientists focused on water management and structures in a challenging environmental situation such as Dakhla Oasis in Egypt's western desert. The authors of this book are relevant scientists in hydrology, geology, remote sensing, agriculture, history, and sociology. It is devoted to various critical environmental topics such as geological and hydraulic structure, climate influence, underground water management, irrigation management, and human settlement. The book provides a range of new perspectives on solving different environmental problems in arid zones toward the region's sustainable development, based on the case studies and fieldwork in the Dakhla Oasis (Western Desert, Egypt).

Urban informal settlements or slums are growing rapidly in cities in sub-Saharan Africa. Most often, a sewer system is not present and the commonly-used low-cost onsite wastewater handling practices, typically pit latrines, are frequently unplanned, uncontrolled and inefficient. Consequently, most households dispose of their untreated or partially treated wastewater on-site, generating high loads of nutrients to groundwater and streams draining these areas. However, the fate of nutrients in urban slums is generally unknown. In excess, these nutrients can cause eutrophication in downstream water bodies. This book provides an understanding of the hydro-geochemical processes affecting the generation, fate and transport of nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) in a typical urban slum area in Kampala, Uganda. The approach used combined experimental and modeling techniques, using a large set of hydrochemical and geochemical data collected from shallow groundwater, drainage channels and precipitation. The results show that both nitrogen-containing acid precipitation and domestic wastewater from slum areas are important sources of nutrients in urban slum catchments. For nutrients leaching to groundwater, pit latrines retained over 80% of the nutrient mass input while the underlying alluvial sandy aquifer was also an effective sink of nutrients where nitrogen was removed by denitrification and anaerobic oxidation and phosphorus by adsorption to calcite. In surface water, nutrient attenuation processes are limited. This study argues that groundwater may not be important as regards to eutrophication implying that management interventions in slum areas should primarily focus on nutrients released into drainage channels. This research is of broad interest as urbanization is an ongoing trend and many developing countries lack proper sanitation systems.

Lack of clean water is one of the most important public health challenges in less developed communities. Due to insufficient financial and technical resources in places in need, development of low-cost water treatment technologies can play a key role in sustainable water provision. In this context, this PhD research investigated the removal of pathogenic microorganisms in simple sand filtration set-ups supplemented with low-cost adsorbents (hydrochar) produced via hydrothermal carbonization of biowastes. Two types of hydrochar, derived from hydrothermal carbonization of agricultural residue of maize and stabilized sewage sludge from wastewater treatment plant, were evaluated as adsorbents for Escherichia coli removal in saturated sand columns. The removal efficiency of sand columns amended with these adsorbents improved from 20-70% to ~90 % by alkali activation carried out in room temperatures using 1 M potassium hydroxide solution. This PhD research also demonstrates the removal of human pathogenic viruses in sand columns supplemented with hydrochar adsorbents derived from stabilized sewage sludge and fresh swine waste. In order to enumerate human pathogenic rotavirus and adenovirus in virus removal experiments, low-cost polymerase chain reaction assays were developed under this PhD study. These assays show a competent performance in analyzing virus concentrations in both laboratory and environmental samples. Amendment with either hydrochar (without alkali activation) in sand columns was able to remove more than 99% of both viruses.

Dispersion in Estuaries and Coastal Waters describes the physical processes which result in the dilution of a substance in the marine environment. The emphasis is mainly on the fundamental mechanisms of dispersion and the occurrence of these processes in estuaries and coastal waters Aspects of the present understanding of fluid dynamics in homogenous and stratified flows are discussed, with particular reference to the relevance of flow conditions to the turbulent state. The book describes how the associated dispersion processes are represented in mathematical models to quantify dilution in marine systems and the experimental techniques used to derive the mixing parameters required for the models. Concluding by discussing the application of the concepts of dispersion in well mixed, stratified and partially mixed systems, Dispersion in Estuaries and Coastal Waters acts as an excellent guide book for those needing to solve practical problems relating to marine dispersion. It also provides a useful review of dispersion as it cites key publications, both recent and long-standing, which are invaluable in interpreting and quantifying the dilution and fate of material in the marine environment.

This monograph provides a framework and guidelines for the assessment of institutional frameworks for integrated water resources management (IWRM). The framework and guidelines were developed to enable expert teams of the Inter-American Development Bank to incorporate capacity-building considerations into water-related projects. The framework and guidelines were tested in four countries with different physical, social and economic environments in Latin America and the Caribbean. Using this framework, it is possible to identify shortcomings in existing water management arrangements and to formulate interventions at and between the constitutional, organizational, and operational levels. To guide the formulation of interventions, an ideal IWRM situation is formulated. Due to the temporal and spatial specificity, a desired IWRM situation is formulated in a process which consists of ten operational steps. This process is based on an extensive consultation and participation of all relevant stakeholders. The fields of interventions concern awareness creation, policy development, legal and financial arrangements, human resources development and management information and decision support systems.

This book addresses a complex issue - water sustainability - that requires a combined approach to manage both water and energy. It highlights several technologies that have been introduced to study the water-energy linkage. It also discusses the need to develop effective laws for water management. In turn, the book assesses hybrid biological systems and demonstrates why they are better for the wastewater treatment process. Lastly, it reviews wastewater quality requirements, which have been the primary driver of industrial wastewater treatment programs in India. Gathering selected, high-quality research papers presented at the IconSWM 2018 conference, the book offers a valuable asset, not only for researchers and academics, but also for industrial practitioners and policymakers.

At a time of great turmoil and crisis, environmentally, socially and politically, water has emerged as a topic of huge global concern. Moreover, many argue that what is needed in order to change our relationship with the environment is a cultural paradigm shift. To this end, this volume brings together diverse approaches to exploring human relationships with the watery world and the other living things that rely upon it. Through exploring multiple creative ways of engaging with water and people, the volume adds to the current zeitgeist of writing about water by expanding the discussion about this vital substance and how, as humans, we relate to it. Chapters focus on creative explorations and explorations of creativity in relation to developing these understandings, including concepts such as hydrocitizenship and responses to drought and flooding. Drawing on the in-depth research and experience of arts practitioners including participatory artists, as well as academics from a variety of fields including geography, anthropology, health studies and environmental humanities, the book provides a rich and multidisciplinary perspective on water and creative ways of engaging and understanding human-water relationships. It represents a valuable source and inspiration for academics, arts practitioners and those involved in environmental policy and governance.

As pressures on water resources have increased, problems of water quality have claimed high priority in national concern and governmental policy. In this book, first published in 1969, Lyle E. Craine describes how Great Britain enacted new governmental procedures for studying, planning, and executing water management programmes. Although the physical and social characteristics of the United States' water resources problems differ from those of England, this analysis of the British institutional arrangements for water management suggests constructive insights for managing water resources within the individual states. This title is a valuable resource for students interested in environment and sustainability issues, national water resources problems, and government policy making.

Incentives in Water Quality Management explores the role of effluent charges in France and the Ruhr area of the federal republic of Germany by delving into both regulatory and economic systems that are utilised in the water quality management of these two areas. Originally published in 1981, these studies place an emphasis on the necessity of legislation in effective water quality management whilst attempting to create a complete picture of the water quality management systems in place in France and the Ruhr area. This title will be of interest to students of Environmental Studies.