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Books > Science & Mathematics > Physics > Applied physics & special topics > Chemical physics
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Acids and Bases - Solvent Effects on Acid-Base Strength (Hardcover)
Loot Price: R3,365
Discovery Miles 33 650
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Acids and Bases - Solvent Effects on Acid-Base Strength (Hardcover)
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Acids and bases are ubiquitous in chemistry. Our understanding of
them, however, is dominated by their behaviour in water. Transfer
to non-aqueous solvents leads to profound changes in acid-base
strengths and to the rates and equilibria of many processes: for
example, synthetic reactions involving acids, bases and
nucleophiles; isolation of pharmaceutical actives through salt
formation; formation of zwitter- ions in amino acids; and
chromatographic separation of substrates. This book seeks to
enhance our understanding of acids and bases by reviewing and
analysing their behaviour in non-aqueous solvents. The behaviour is
related where possible to that in water, but correlations and
contrasts between solvents are also presented. Fundamental
background material is provided in the initial chapters:
quantitative aspects of acid-base equilibria, including definitions
and relationships between solution pH and species distribution; the
influence of molecular structure on acid strengths; and acidity in
aqueous solution. Solvent properties are reviewed, along with the
magnitude of the interaction energies of solvent molecules with
(especially) ions; the ability of solvents to participate in
hydrogen bonding and to accept or donate electron pairs is seen to
be crucial. Experimental methods for determining dissociation
constants are described in detail. In the remaining chapters,
dissociation constants of a wide range of acids in three distinct
classes of solvents are discussed: protic solvents, such as
alcohols, which are strong hydrogen-bond donors; basic, polar
aprotic solvents, such as dimethylformamide; and low-basicity and
low polarity solvents, such as acetonitrile and tetrahydrofuran.
Dissociation constants of individual acids vary over more than 20
orders of magnitude among the solvents, and there is a strong
differentiation between the response of neutral and charged acids
to solvent change. Ion-pairing and hydrogen-bonding equilibria,
such as between phenol and phenoxide ions, play an increasingly
important role as the solvent polarity decreases, and their
influence on acid-base equilibria and salt formation is described.
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