III . 2 Preparation of synthetic membranes 72 III . 3 Phase
inversion membranes 75 III. 3. 1 Preparation by evaporation 76 III
. 3. 2 Precipitation. from the vapour phase 76 III . 3. 3
Precipitation by controlled evaporation 76 Thermal precipitation 76
III . 3. 4 III . 3. 5 Immersion precipitation 77 Preparation
techniques for immersion precipitation 77 III . 4 Flat membranes 77
III . 4. 1 78 III . 4. 2 Tubular membranes 81 III . 5 Preparation
techniques for composite membranes 82 III. 5. 1 Interfacial
polymerisation Dip-coating 83 III . 5. 2 III . 5. 3 Plasma
polymerisation 86 III . 5. 4 Modification of homogeneous dense
membranes 87 III . 6 Phase separation in polymer systems 89 III .
6. 1 Introduction 89 III . 6. 1. 1 Thermodynamics 89 III . 6. 2
Demixing processes 99 III . 6. 2. 1 Binary mixtures 99 III . 6. 2.
2 Ternary systems 102 III . 6. 3 Crystallisation 104 III . 6. 4
Gelation 106 III . 6. 5 Vitrification 108 III . 6. 6 Thermal
precipitation 109 III . 6. 7 Immersion precipitation 110 III . 6. 8
Diffusional aspects 114 III . 6. 9 Mechanism of membrane formation
117 III. 7 Influence of various parameters on membrane morphology
123 III. 7. 1 Choice of solvent-nonsolvent system 123 III . 7. 2
Choice of the polymer 129 III . 7. 3 Polymer concentration 130 III
. 7. 4 Composition of the coagulation bath 132 III . 7. 5
Composition of the casting solution 133 III . 7.
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