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Hormesis - A Revolution in Biology, Toxicology and Medicine (Paperback, 2010 ed.)
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Hormesis - A Revolution in Biology, Toxicology and Medicine (Paperback, 2010 ed.)
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The term hormesis is de?ned as "a process in which exposure to a
low dose of a chemical agent or environmental factor that is
damaging at higher doses induces an adaptive bene?cial effect on
the cell or organism" (Calabrese et al., 2007; Mattson, 2008). To
survive and reproduce in harsh competitive environments, organisms
and their cellular components have, through evolution, developed
molecular mec- nisms to respond adaptively to various hazards or
"stressors" that they encounter. Examples of such stressors include
chemicals ingested in food and water (metals, phytochemicals,
etc.), increased energy expenditure (running, ?ghting, cognitive
challenges, etc.), and reduced energy availability (food scarcity),
among others. In most cases, the response of the cell or organism
to the stressor exhibits a biphasic dose response, with
bene?cial/adaptive responses at low doses (improved fu- tion,
increased resistance to damage and disease) and adverse/destructive
effects (dysfunction, molecular damage, or even death) at high
doses. The prevalence of the biphasic (hormetic) dose response
characteristic of biological systems merits consideration of
hormesis as a fundamental principle of biology.
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