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Books > Social sciences > Sociology, social studies > Anthropology
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Becoming Human - A Theory of Ontogeny (Hardcover)
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Becoming Human - A Theory of Ontogeny (Hardcover)
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A radical reconsideration of how we develop the qualities that make
us human, based on decades of cutting-edge experimental work by the
former director of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary
Anthropology. Virtually all theories of how humans have become such
a distinctive species focus on evolution. Here, Michael Tomasello
proposes a complementary theory of human uniqueness, focused on
development. Building on the seminal ideas of Vygotsky, his
data-driven model explains how those things that make us most human
are constructed during the first years of a child's life. Tomasello
assembles nearly three decades of experimental work with
chimpanzees, bonobos, and human children to propose a new framework
for psychological growth between birth and seven years of age. He
identifies eight pathways that starkly differentiate humans from
their closest primate relatives: social cognition, communication,
cultural learning, cooperative thinking, collaboration,
prosociality, social norms, and moral identity. In each of these,
great apes possess rudimentary abilities. But then, Tomasello
argues, the maturation of humans' evolved capacities for shared
intentionality transform these abilities-through the new forms of
sociocultural interaction they enable-into uniquely human cognition
and sociality. The first step occurs around nine months, with the
emergence of joint intentionality, exercised mostly with caregiving
adults. The second step occurs around three years, with the
emergence of collective intentionality involving both authoritative
adults, who convey cultural knowledge, and coequal peers, who
elicit collaboration and communication. Finally, by age six or
seven, children become responsible for self-regulating their
beliefs and actions so that they comport with cultural norms.
Becoming Human places human sociocultural activity within the
framework of modern evolutionary theory, and shows how biology
creates the conditions under which culture does its work.
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