In laboratory research, the process of conditioning is
traditionally initiated with a single intermittent stimulus (such
as a tone or flash of light). This is true of both classical and
instrumental research. Because of its role in evoking conditioned
behavior, the use of an intermittent stimulus has become an
indispensable part of laboratory research on conditioned behavior.
The question arises whether the same scheme of conditioning may be
applied to behaviors occurring in real life.
In Conditioning, Wanda Wyrwicka analyzes evidence of the
influence of situations on behavior in laboratory studies. She
looks at cases in which the subject's reaction was dependent on
complex situations rather than a single stimulus. Wyrwicka suggests
that beyond external situations there exists internal factors
located in the brain that consist of previous and present
experiences that may influence behavior. In Chapter 1, Wyrwicka
summarizes Ivan Pavlov's concept of the conditioned reflex using
intermittent stimuli. Chapter 2 deals with the mechanisms of motor
conditioned behavior and the results of instrumental conditioning
studies. Chapter 3 covers the phenomenon called "switching," which
is the appearance of a conditioned reaction different than the
original conditioned stimulus. In Chapter 4, Wyrwicka describes
various studies in which situation becomes a potent factor in
conditioned reactions. Chapter 5 describes research pertaining to
defensive and alimentary behaviors. Chapter 6 analyzes three
examples of complex conditioning: detour, feeding, and presleep
behaviors. Chapters 7 and 8 focus on the functions of various
internal organs, and the conditioning of electrical brain activity
leading to inhibition of epileptic seizures. In her concluding
chapter, Wyrwicka discusses theoretically the data mentioned
previously.
Conditioning opens up rich possibilities for continued
exploration. This revealing work will interest scientists
specializing in behavioral sciences, psychologists,
neuroscientists, educators, as well as students of biology.
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