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Fumonisin B1 (Paperback)
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Fumonisin B1 (Paperback)
Series: Environmental Health Criteria Series, No. 219
Expected to ship within 10 - 15 working days
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This book evaluates the risks to human and animal health posed by
the consumption of maize and maize-based products contaminated with
fumonisin B1. This naturally occurring mycotoxin, produced by the
mold "Fusarium verticillioides" is found in high concentrations
throughout the world, and is believed to be the most prevalent and
toxic of the fumonisins. Consumption is known to cause two fatal
diseases in farm animals. Possible adverse effects on human health
are of particular importance in several developing countries, where
maize and maize-based products are the staple food for large
populations. A section on sources of human exposure considers
factors that influence the vulnerability of maize to contamination
during growth, storage, and processing. Weather conditions that
favor Fusarium kernel rot are noted to cause significant
accumulation of fumonisin B1. Studies of the effects of different
processing techniques demonstrate the toxin's stability. Dry
milling results in its distribution into the bran, germ, and flour.
In experimental wet milling, fumonisin has been detected in steep
water, gluten fibre, and germ but not in the starch. A review of
studies on the environmental fate of fumonisin B1 concludes that
fumonisins are heat stable, light stable, water soluble, poorly
absorbed, poorly metabolized, and rapidly excreted by animals. As a
result, most fumonisin is recycled into the environment in a manner
that concentrates its spatial distribution. A section on
environmental levels and human exposure reviews a large number of
studies measuring levels of contamination in maize and maize-based
foods for human consumption and in animal feeds. The highest levels
of contamination have been recorded in Europe, followed by North
America, Africa, Asia, and Latin America. The most extensive
section reviews toxicity data from studies in experimental animals
and "in vitro "test systems. Fumonisin B1 has been shown to be
hepatotoxic in all animal species tested, and nephrotoxic in
several species. The report found no evidence that consumption of
fumonisins causes adverse effects on development or reproductive
functions in farm animals or humans. Studies in some species
indicate an association between exposure and the development of
renal and liver cancers. The evaluation also drew on extensive
investigations of equine leukoencephalomalacia and porcine
pulmonary oedema syndrome, fatal diseases which have been causally
linked to the consumption of fumonisin-contaminated feeds. These
and other lines of evidence suggest that fumonisin B1 exerts its
toxic action by inhibiting cell growth and causing accumulation of
free sphingoid bases and alteration of lipid metabolism. The
evaluation of effects on human health draws on limited evidence
from correlation studies in South Africa and China, and an
analytical study from northern Italy, suggesting a link between
direct fumonisin exposure and esophageal cancer. Due to weaknesses
in all these studies, no firm conclusions could be reached. No
confirmed records of acute fumonisin toxicity in humans were
available for evaluation. A final section draws attention to the
urgent need for more knowledge about the effects of food processing
and cooking, especially in developing countries, on levels of
contamination for epidemiological studies of adverse health
effects, and for better understanding of the mode of toxic action
in humans.
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