This latest volume in the series entitled Liquid Chromatography of Natural Pigments and Synthetic Dyes presents an overview of the latest developments in the field while critically evaluating this method of analysis and providing comparisons of the various liquid chromatographic separation techniques that are currently available. Natural pigments and synthetic dyes are extensively used in various fields of everyday life including food production, textile industry, paper production, agricultural practice and research and water science and technology. Besides their capacity for increasing the marketability of products, natural pigments have shown advantageous biological activity as antioxidants and anticancer agents. On the negative side, synthetic pigments have a significant impact on the environment and can cause adverse toxicological side effects. Both pigment classes exhibit considerable structural diversity. As the stability of the pigments against hydrolysis, oxidation and other environmental and technological conditions is markedly different, the exact determination of the pigment composition may help for the prediction of the shelf-life of products and the assessment of the influence of technological steps on the pigment fractions resulting in more consumer friend processing methods. Furthermore, the qualitative determination and identification of the pigments may contribute to the establishment of the provenance of the product. The unique separation capacity of liquid chromatographic (LC) techniques makes it a method of preference for the analysis of pigments in any complicated accompanying matrices.
* an overview of the latest developments in the field
* a critical evaluation of results from this form of analysis
* a comparison of the various LC (liquid chromatographic) separation techniques
* future trends in the LC analysis of pigments

Scientific research involving neutrons or synchrotron radiation is performed in large experimental installations at a few sites around the world. Taking full advantage of such techniques requires a wide range of specialized expertise not found in any university course. Therefore, there is a need for reference books and training courses to introduce young scientists to the underlying principles and methods.

Neutron and X-Ray Spectroscopy delivers an up-to-date account of the principles and practice of inelastic and spectroscopic methods available at neutron and synchrotron sources, including recent developments. The chapters are based on a course of lectures and practicals (the HERCULES course at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility) delivered to young scientists who require these methods in their professional careers. Each chapter, written by a leading specialist in the field, introduces the basic concepts of the technique and provides an overview of recent work. This volume, which focuses on spectroscopic techniques in synchrotron radiation and inelastic neutron scattering, will be a primary source of information for physicists, chemists and materials scientists who wish to acquire a basic understanding of these techniques and to discover the possibilities offered by them. Emphasizing the complementarity of the neutron and X-ray methods, this tutorial will also be invaluable to scientists already working in neighboring fields who seek to extend their knowledge.

Now and in the future, the ever-growing demand for drinking water will lead many cities to implement indirect water reuse programs, where wastewater effluent becomes part of the drinking water sources. Pollution of those sources with emerging contaminants (micropollutants) such as endocrine disrupting compounds, pharmaceutically active compounds, pesticides and personal care products is a fact known worldwide. In this thesis, nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO) are demonstrated to be appropriate technologies for removing a large number of micropollutants; however, the performance of NF and RO can be questioned because there are limited tools that optimise quantification of the removal of contaminants. Therefore, in this thesis, by means of the use of multivariate data analysis techniques, removal quantification is effectively determined and more understanding of the separation of micropollutants by membranes is achieved.

The tremendous impact of electronic devices on our lives is the result of continuous improvements of the billions of nanoelectronic components inside integrated circuits (ICs). However, ultra-scaled semiconductor devices require nanometer control of the many parameters essential for their fabrication. Through the years, this created a strong alliance between microscopy techniques and IC manufacturing. This book reviews the latest progress in IC devices, with emphasis on the impact of electrical atomic force microscopy (AFM) techniques for their development. The operation principles of many techniques are introduced, and the associated metrology challenges described. Blending the expertise of industrial specialists and academic researchers, the chapters are dedicated to various AFM methods and their impact on the development of emerging nanoelectronic devices. The goal is to introduce the major electrical AFM methods, following the journey that has seen our lives changed by the advent of ubiquitous nanoelectronics devices, and has extended our capability to sense matter on a scale previously inaccessible.

to the Fundamental and Applied Catalysis Series Catalysis is important academically and industrially. It plays an essential role in the manufacture of a wide range of products, from gasoline and plastics to fertilizers and herbicides, which would otherwise be unobtainable or prohibitive ly expensive. There are few chemical-or oil-based material items in modern society that do not depend in some way on a catalytic stage in their manufacture. Apart from manufacturing processes, catalysis is finding other important and over-increasing uses; for example, successful applications of catalysis in the control ofpollution and its use in environmental control are certain to in crease in the future. The commercial import an ce of catalysis and the diverse intellectual challenges of catalytic phenomena have stimulated study by a broad spectrum of scientists including chemists, physicists, chemical engineers, and material scientists. Increasing research activity over the years has brought deeper levels of understanding, and these have been associated with a continually growing amount of published material. As recentlyas sixty years ago, Rideal and Taylor could still treat the subject comprehensively in a single volume, but by the 19 50s Emmett required six volumes, and no conventional multivolume text could now cover the whole of catalysis in any depth."

This book covers different aspects of the physics of iron-based superconductors ranging from the theoretical, the numerical and computational to the experimental ones. It starts from the basic theory modeling many-body physics in Fe-superconductors and other multi-orbital materials and reaches up to the magnetic and Cooper pair fluctuations and nematic order. Finally, it offers a comprehensive overview of the most recent advancements in the experimental investigations of iron based superconductors.

Stability constants are fundamental to understanding the behavior of metal ions in aqueous solution. Such understanding is important in a wide variety of areas, such as metal ions in biology, biomedical applications, metal ions in the environment, extraction metallurgy, food chemistry, and metal ions in many industrial processes. In spite of this importance, it appears that many inorganic chemists have lost an appreciation for the importance of stability constants, and the thermodynamic aspects of complex formation, with attention focused over the last thirty years on newer areas, such as organometallic chemistry. This book is an attempt to show the richness of chemistry that can be revealed by stability constants, when measured as part of an overall strategy aimed at understanding the complexing properties of a particular ligand or metal ion. Thus, for example, there are numerous crystal structures of the Li+ ion with crown ethers. What do these indicate to us about the chemistry of Li+ with crown ethers? In fact, most of these crystal structures are in a sense misleading, in that the Li+ ion forms no complexes, or at best very weak complexes, with familiar crown ethers such as l2-crown-4, in any known solvent. Thus, without the stability constants, our understanding of the chemistry of a metal ion with any particular ligand must be regarded as incomplete. In this book we attempt to show how stability constants can reveal factors in ligand design which could not readily be deduced from any other physical technique.

This book offers an overview of state-of-the-art in non amplified DNA detection methods and provides chemists, biochemists, biotechnologists and material scientists with an introduction to these methods. In fact all these fields have dedicated resources to the problem of nucleic acid detection, each contributing with their own specific methods and concepts. This book will explain the basic principles of the different non amplified DNA detection methods available, highlighting their respective advantages and limitations. Non-amplified DNA detection can be achieved by adopting different techniques. Such techniques have allowed the commercialization of innovative platforms for DNA detection that are expected to break into the DNA diagnostics market. The enhanced sensitivity required for the detection of non amplified genomic DNA has prompted new strategies that can achieve ultrasensitivity by combining specific materials with specific detection tools. Advanced materials play multiple roles in ultrasensitive detection. Optical and electrochemical detection tools are among the most widely investigated to analyze non amplified nucleic acids. Biosensors based on piezoelectric crystal have been also used to detect unamplified genomic DNA. The main scientific topics related to DNA diagnostics are discussed by an outstanding set of authors with proven experience in this field.

A comprehensive treatment of the characterisation techniques used in investigating inorganic and organic molecules that interact with biomolecules is presented to the reader in a clear fashion. The work consists of two parts: (i) synthetic aspects of metallointercalators along with targeting and improving transport and (ii) the various techniques that are used for probing their interactions, such as; DNA-NMR, PGSE-NMR, DNA ESI-MS, Linear and Circular Dichroism, Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Confocal Microscopy, Viscosity, TGA and dialysis, Microarrays, biological analysis. Chapters are devoted to the synthesis and the techniques used to study the interactions of inorganic complexes with biomolecules. Considerably detailed examples are used to help illustrate the application of these techniques. This book is a useful resource for an array of inorganic and organic advanced undergraduate and graduate courses and for researchers in drug discovery.

Hydrogen exchange mass spectrometry is widely recognized for its ability to probe the structure and dynamics of proteins. The application of this technique is becoming widespread due to its versatility for providing structural information about challenging biological macromolecules such as antibodies, flexible proteins and glycoproteins. Although the technique has been around for 25 years, this is the first definitive book devoted entirely to the topic. Hydrogen Exchange Mass Spectrometry of Proteins: Fundamentals, Methods and Applications brings into one comprehensive volume the theory, instrumentation and applications of Hydrogen Exchange Mass Spectrometry (HX-MS) - a technique relevant to bioanalytical chemistry, protein science and pharmaceuticals. The book provides a solid foundation in the basics of the technique and data interpretation to inform readers of current research in the method, and provides illustrative examples of its use in bio- and pharmaceutical chemistry and biophysics In-depth chapters on the fundamental theory of hydrogen exchange, and tutorial chapters on measurement and data analysis provide the essential background for those ready to adopt HX-MS. Expert users may advance their current understanding through chapters on methods including membrane protein analysis, alternative proteases, millisecond hydrogen exchange, top-down mass spectrometry, histidine exchange and method validation. All readers can explore the diversity of HX-MS applications in areas such as ligand binding, membrane proteins, drug discovery, therapeutic protein formulation, biocomparability, and intrinsically disordered proteins.

Specialist Periodical Reports provide systematic and detailed review coverage of progress in the major areas of chemical research. Written by experts in their specialist fields the series creates a unique service for the active research chemist, supplying regular critical in-depth accounts of progress in particular areas of chemistry. For over 80 years the Royal Society of Chemistry and its predecessor, the Chemical Society, have been publishing reports charting developments in chemistry, which originally took the form of Annual Reports. However, by 1967 the whole spectrum of chemistry could no longer be contained within one volume and the series Specialist Periodical Reports was born. The Annual Reports themselves still existed but were divided into two, and subsequently three, volumes covering Inorganic, Organic and Physical Chemistry. For more general coverage of the highlights in chemistry they remain a 'must'. Since that time the SPR series has altered according to the fluctuating degree of activity in various fields of chemistry. Some titles have remained unchanged, while others have altered their emphasis along with their titles; some have been combined under a new name whereas others have had to be discontinued. The current list of Specialist Periodical Reports can be seen on the inside flap of this volume.

Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) is widely used particularly for pharmaceutical and food analysis. While there are a number of books on the qualitative identification of chemical substances by TLC, the unique focus here is on quantitative analysis. The authors describe all steps of the analytical procedure, beginning with the basics and equipment for quantitative TLC followed by sample pretreatment and sample application, development and staining, scanning, and finally statistical and chemometric data evaluation and validation. An important feature is the coverage of effect-directed biological detection methods. Chapters are organized in a modular fashion facilitating the easy location of information about individual procedural steps.

Interpretation of IR and Raman Spectra provides the fundamentals of interpreting IR and Raman spectra of complex molecules primarily organic molecules. Examinations of theory provide a basis for predicting functional group frequency location in new molecular structures. * Generously enriched with sample exercises to help rapidly develop powerful interpretive skills. * Includes appendices with fourteen bibliographies by subject area.

Since A. Kowalsky's first report of the spectrum of cytochrome c in 1965, interest in the detection, assignment and interpretation of paramagnetic molecules has surged, especially in the last decade. Two classes of systems have played a key role in the development of the field: heme proteins and iron-sulfur proteins. These two systems are unique in many respects, one of which is that they contain well-defined chromophores, each of which can be studied in detail outside the protein matrix. They are the most successfully studied macromolecules, and the first eight and last six of the seventeen contributions to this book deal with heme and/or iron-sulfur proteins. The middle three chapters survey the progress on, and significant promise of, more difficult systems which do not possess a chromophore, but which have nevertheless yielded remarkable insights into their structure.

This is the ?fth volume in the Reviews in Fluorescence series. To date, four previous volumes have been both published and well received by the scienti?c community. Several book reviews in the last few years have also favorably remarked on the series. In this ?fth volume we continue the tradition of publishing leading edge and timely articles from authors around the world. With the recent Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2008 being awarded for the discovery and development of the Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) to Shimomura, Chal?e, and Tsien, we have subsequently included several timely reviews on GFP in this volume. We thank the authors for their timely and exciting contributions. We hope you ?nd this volume as useful as past volumes, which promises to be just as diverse with regard to ?uorescence-based content. Finally, in closing, I would like to thank Caroleann Aitken for helping coordin- ing content with authors and Michael Weston at Springer for help in publishing this current volume. Baltimore, MD, USA Chris D. Geddes v . Contents Fluorescence Anisotropy to Study the Preferential Orientation of Fluorophores in Ordered Bi-Dimensional Systems: Rhodamine 6G/Laponite Layered Films ...1 F. Lopez Arbeloa, V. Martinez, T. Arbeloa, and I. Lopez Arbeloa Room Temperature Tryptophan Phosphorescence of Proteins in the Composition of Biological Membranes and Solutions ...37 Vladimir M. Mazhul', Alexander V. Timoshenko, Ekaterina M.

Nanotechnology has reached a level where almost every new development and even every new product uses features of nanoscopic properties of materials. As a consequence, an enormous amount of scientific instruments is used in order to synthesize and analyze new structures and materials. Due to the surface sensitivity of such materials, many of these instruments require ultrahigh vacuum that has to be provided under extreme conditions like very high voltages.

In this book, Yoshimura provides a review of the UHV related development during the last decades. His very broad experience in the design enables him to present us this detailed reference. After a general description how to design UHV systems, he covers all important issue in detail, like pumps, outgasing, Gauges, and Electrodes for high voltages.

Thus, this book serves as reference for everybody using UVH in his scientific equipment.

Provides comprehensive coverage of the interpretation of LC MS MS mass spectra of 1300 drugs and pesticides * Provides a general discussion on the fragmentation of even-electron ions (protonated and deprotonated molecules) in both positive-ion and negative-ion modes * This is the reference book for the interpretation of MS MS mass spectra of small organic molecules * Covers related therapeutic classes of compounds such as drugs for cardiovascular diseases, psychotropic compounds, drugs of abuse and designer drugs, antimicrobials, among many others * Covers general fragmentation rule as well as specific fragmentation pathways for many chemical functional groups * Gives an introduction to MS technology, mass spectral terminology, information contained in mass spectra, and to the identification strategies used for different types of unknowns

The last decade has witnessed the discovery of, and dramatic progress in understanding the physics of graphene and related two-dimensional materials. The development of methods for manufacturing and aligning high-quality two-dimensional crystals has facilitated the creation of a new generation of materials: the heterostructures of graphene with hexagonal crystals, in which the graphene electrons acquire new, qualitatively different properties. This thesis provides a comprehensive theoretical framework in which to understand these heterostructures, based on the tight binding model, perturbation theory, group theory and the concept of the moire superlattice (all of which are elucidated). It explains how graphene heterostructures provide new opportunities for tailoring band structure, such as creating additional Dirac points or opening band gaps and how they manifest themselves in transport measurements, optical absorption spectra and the fractal Hofstadter spectra. Also considered are the heterostructures of bilayer graphene and resonant tunneling in aligned graphene/insulator/graphene devices.

No. 28 of this highly regarded series explores the fundamental and applied aspects of electrochemical science. This volume features two detailed studies on the rapidly developing field of electrochemical surface science.

This book discusses capital separation processes of industrial interest and explores the potential for substantial improvement offered by a promising class of substances: ionic liquids. These low melting point salts, with their unique characteristics, have been gaining relevance in the field of separation through a variety of approaches. The chapters are structured from an application perspective, and cover the utilisation of ionic liquids in different unit operation contexts (distillation, liquid-liquid extraction, and solid-liquid extraction), giving an idea of their remarkable versatility. The final chapters focus on the use of ionic liquids in analytical applications based on separation procedures. This volume combines the review of the main advances to date with the analysis of the potential future use of ionic liquids in separation processes across a variety of fields, ranging from enhancement of state-of-the-art technologies to a revolution in the technological bases currently in use. It provides a valuable resource for engineers and scientists working in the field of separation, as well as for all readers generally interested in ionic liquids, in particular from an application standpoint. Hector Rodriguez is a faculty member of the Department of Chemical Engineering at the University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain.

1 Kombinatorische Synthese.- 1.1 Einfuhrung.- 1.2 Der Prozess der Wirkstofffindung.- 1.3 Was ist kombinatorische Synthese?.- Literatur.- 2 Bibliothekssynthese an Harzkoernern.- 2.1 Festphasenchemie.- 2.2 Harzkoerner.- 2.2.1 Quervernetztes Polystyren.- 2.2.2 Polyamidharze.- 2.2.3 Poroeses Glaskorn.- 2.2.4 TentaGel-Harz.- 2.2.5 Magnetische Beads.- 2.3 Beschleunigung der Peptidsynthese.- 2.4 Split & Mix-Bibliothekssynthese.- 2.5 Peptidbibliotheken.- 2.6 Positional Scanning.- 2.7 Orthogonale kombinatorische Bibliotheken.- 2.8 Bibliotheksnomenklatur.- 2.9 Schlussbemerkung.- Literatur.- 3 Andere Festphasen.- 3.1 Bibliotheken an Multipins.- 3.2 Bibliotheken an Winks.- 3.3 Bibliotheken an laminaren Festphasen.- 3.3.1 Lichtgesteuerte Parallelsynthese.- 3.3.2 Papier.- 3.3.3 Laminare Polymere.- Literatur.- 4 Bibliothekssynthese in Loesungsphase.- 4.1 Einleitung.- 4.2 Parallelsynthese in Loesung.- 4.3 Indizierte kombinatorische Bibliotheken.- 4.4 Templat-basierte Bibliotheken.- 4.5 Kombinatorische Synthese in Flussigphase.- 4.6 Kombinatorische Chemie an Dendrimertragern.- 4.7 Bibliotheken in Loesungsphase mit Flussig-flussig-Reinigung.- 4.8 Chemie in fluorierter Loesung.- 4.9 Chemie in Loesung mit Festphasenreagenzien.- 4.10 Chemie in Loesung mit Harzabfangreaktion.- 4.11 Chemie in Loesung mit polymeren Reagenzien.- 4.12 Zusammenfassung.- Literatur.- 5 Codierte kombinatorische Synthese.- 5.1 Einleitung.- 5.2 Voraussetzungen fur die Codierung.- 5.3 Beispiele markierter Bibliotheken.- 5.3.1 Oligonucleotid-Tags.- 5.3.2 Peptid-Tags.- 5.3.3 Halogenaromatische Tags.- 5.3.4 Sekundare Amine-Tags.- 5.3.5 Isotopencodierung.- 5.4 Hochfrequenz-Tags.- 5.5 Laseroptische Codierung.- 5.6 Fluorophor-Codierung.- 5.7 Zusammenfassung.- Literatur.- 6 Jenseits von Peptidbibliotheken.- 6.1 Die Entwicklung von Nicht-Peptidbibliotheken.- 6.2 Oligonucleotidbibliotheken.- 6.3 Oligosaccharide.- 6.4 Andere Oligomere.- 6.4.1 Unnaturliche Peptide.- 6.4.2 Bibliotheken aus Bibliotheken.- 6.4.3 Oligocarbamate.- 6.4.4 Oligoharnstoffe.- 6.4.5 Peptidosulfonamide.- 6.4.6 Azatide.- 6.4.7 Polyisoxazoline.- 6.4.8 Peptidylphosphonate.- 6.5 Chiron-Peptoide.- 6.6 Zusammenfassung.- Literatur.- 7 Bibliothekssynthesen an Festphasen.- 7.1 Linker.- 7.1.1 Carbonsaure-Linker.- 7.1.2 Carbonsaureamid-Linker.- 7.1.3 Alkohol-Linker.- 7.1.4 Amin-Linker.- 7.1.5 Spurlose Linker.- 7.1.6 Lichtspaltbare Linker.- 7.2 Die Entwicklung der Festphasenchemie.- 7.3 Ausgewahlte Beispiele der Festphasenchemie.- 7.3.1 Palladium-katalysierte Kopplungen.- 7.3.2 Mitsunobu-Kopplungen.- 7.3.3 Heterocyclische Synthese.- 7.3.4 Cycloadditionen.- 7.3.5 Enolat-Alkylierungen.- 7.3.6 Die Ugi-Reaktion.- 7.4 Zusammenfassung.- Literatur.- 8 Analyse der Chemie und der Produkte.- 8.1 Analyse des Erfolgs einer Synthese.- 8.2 IR-Analyse des Beads.- 8.3 Festphasen-NMR.- 8.3.1 Kohlenstoff- 13-NMR.- 8.3.2 Fluor-19-NMR.- 8.3.3 Phosphor-31-NMR.- 8.3.4 Magic-Angle-Spinning-NMR.- 8.4 Massenspektrometrie.- 8.4.1 Die Analyse der Festphasen-Chemie.- 8.4.2 Die Identifizierung aktiver Bibliothekskomponenten.- Literatur.- 9 Anwendungen der kombinatorischen Chemie.- 9.1 Einfluss der kombinatorischen Chemie auf die Wirkstoff findung.- 9.2 Virtuelle Bibliotheken und kombinatorische Chemie.- 9.3 Kombinatorische Chemie: eine Schlussbetrachtung.- Literatur.- Ausgewahlte Fachwoerter Englisch-Deutsch.

This volume provides an overview of the determinants of the release of and exposure to airborne nanoparticles. Whether intentionally manufactured or unintentionally generated during industrial processes, the release of nanoparticles can result in significant worker exposure, which must be dealt with adequately by means of dedicated risk assessments to ensure workplace health and safety. The book extensively discusses a number of measurement and modelling strategies available for this purpose. It also reviews the health hazardous potential of nano-sized particles and fibres, and follows the flow of engineered nanomaterials from production and use to disposal and the environment. It appeals to a wide readership, from specialists already working in the field to newcomers aiming to gain insights into this topic.

The purpose of the preface is to explain the book's objectives and how to use it; give warnings, disclaimers, and the like.* The main objective of Protein and Peptide Analysis by Mass Spec trometry is quite straightforward-to present authoritative, up-to-date, and practical accounts of the use of mass spectrometry in the analysis of pep tides and proteins. How to use it? Every reader will have their own particular interests and will surely be drawn toward the chapters that cover these interests. Within the remaining chapters, however, techniques are described with analytical possibilities that such a reader can then only guess at. So, read the book fully. Again, as is customary in the Methods in Molecular Biology series, the chapter format (Introduction, Materials, Methods, and Notes) allows the authors to introduce the techniques, to explain their relevance and applicability, and, above all, to provide detail-detail that represents each author's accumulated experience and enables the reader to use and benefit from these methods. So, read the book fully, and read it diligently. Warnings and disclaimers: Mass spectrometry today offers the pro tein chemist ready access to a wealth of information that is otherwise avail able only with great difficulty, or perhaps not at all. With this goal in sight, any warnings and disclaimers will almost surely be ignored. So, a warning anyway; the use of mass spectrometry might be habit forming."

The first book devoted exclusively to a highly popular, relatively new detection technique Charged Aerosol Detection for Liquid Chromatography and Related Separation Techniques presents a comprehensive review of CAD theory, describes its advantages and limitations, and offers extremely well-informed recommendations for its practical use. Using numerous real-world examples based on contributors professional experiences, it provides priceless insights into the actual and potential applications of CAD across a wide range of industries. Charged aerosol detection can be combined with a variety of separation techniques and in numerous configurations. While it has been widely adapted for an array of industrial and research applications with great success, it is still a relatively new technique, and its fundamental performance characteristics are not yet fully understood. This book is intended as a tool for scientists seeking to identify the most effective and efficient uses of charged aerosol detection for a given application. Moving naturally from basic to advanced topics, the author relates fundamental principles, practical uses, and applications across a range of industrial settings, including pharmaceuticals, petrochemicals, biotech, and more. * Offers timely, authoritative coverage of the theory, experimental techniques, and end-user applications of charged aerosol detection * Includes contributions from experts from various fields of applications who explore CAD s advantages over traditional HPLC techniques, as well its limitations * Provides a current theoretical and practical understanding of CAD, derived from authorities on aerosol technology and separation sciences * Features numerous real-world examples that help relate fundamental properties and general operational variables of CAD to its performance in a variety of conditions Charged Aerosol Detection for Liquid Chromatography and Related Separation Techniques is a valuable resource for scientists who use chromatographic techniques in academic research and across an array of industrial settings, including the biopharmaceutical, biotechnology, biofuel, chemical, environmental, and food and beverage industries, among others.

Spectrophotometry enables one to determine, with good precision and sensitivity, almost all the elements present in small and trace quantities of any material. The method is particularly useful in the determination of non-metals and allows the determination elements in a large range of concentrations (from single % to low ppm levels) in various materials.

In "Separation, Preconcentration and Spectrophotometry in Inorganic Analysis," much attention has been paid to separation and preconcentration methods, since they play an essential role in increasing the selectivity and sensitivity of spectrophotometric methods. Separation and preconcentration methods have also been utilised in other determination techniques.

Spectrophotometric methods which are widely used for the determination of the elements in a large variety of inorganic materials are presented in the book whilst separation and preconcentration procedures combined with spectrophotometry are also described.

This book contains recent advances in spectrophotometry, detailed discussion of the instrumentation, and the techniques and reagents used for spectrophotometric determination of elements in a wide range of materials as well as a detailed discussion of separation and preconcentration procedures that precede the spectrophotometric detection.