The establishment of citizenship education as a compulsory subject has recently been accompanied by the government's policy of 'promoting education with character.' Schools are identified as having a crucial role to play in helping to shape and reinforce basic character traits that will ultimately lead to a better society. This radical new policy is explicitly linked to raising academic standards and to the needs of the emerging new economy.
This book provides an introduction to character education within the British context by exploring its meanings, understandings, and rationale, through the perspective of a number of academic disciplines. The author examines character education from a philosophical, religious, psychological, political, social and economic perspective to offer a more detailed understanding of character education and what it can offer. He also considers how British schools can implement character education successfully and what lessons we can draw from the American experience.
This book will be of interest to academics, researchers, policy makers and teachers with responsibility for citizenship education in their schools.

This book analyses the different possibilities and limitations that the changing Russian political system of the 1990's posed for women and men in Russia. It argues that under Russia's political system, men and women are expected to fulfill different roles as citizens: men are soldiers, while women are mothers. As a result, men and women face different obstacles and opportunities when they try to influence Russian policy and the Russian policy making process.

Originally published in 2006, the Encyclopedia of American Civil Liberties, is a comprehensive 3 volume set covering a broad range of topics in the subject of American Civil Liberties. The book covers the topic from numerous different areas including freedom of speech, press, religion, assembly and petition. The Encyclopedia also addresses areas such as the Constitution, the Bill of Rights, slavery, censorship, crime and war. The book's multidisciplinary approach will make it an ideal library reference resource for lawyers, scholars and students.

Originally published in 2006, the Encyclopedia of American Civil Liberties, is a comprehensive 3 volume set covering a broad range of topics in the subject of civil liberties in America. The book covers the topic from numerous different areas including freedom of speech, press, religion, assembly and petition. The Encyclopedia also addresses areas such as the Constitution, the Bill of Rights, slavery, censorship, crime and war. The book's multidisciplinary approach will make it an ideal library reference resource for lawyers, scholars and students.

Originally published in 2006, the Encyclopedia of American Civil Liberties, is a comprehensive 3 volume set covering a broad range of topics in the subject of civil liberties in America. The book covers the topic from numerous different areas including freedom of speech, press, religion, assembly and petition. The Encyclopedia also addresses areas such as the Constitution, the Bill of Rights, slavery, censorship, crime and war. The book's multidisciplinary approach will make it an ideal library reference resource for lawyers, scholars and students.

The establishment of citizenship education as a compulsory subject has recently been accompanied by the government's policy of 'promoting education with character.' Schools are identified as having a crucial role to play in helping to shape and reinforce basic character traits that will ultimately lead to a better society. This radical new policy is explicitly linked to raising academic standards and to the needs of the emerging new economy.
This book provides an introduction to character education within the British context by exploring its meanings, understandings, and rationale, through the perspective of a number of academic disciplines. The author examines character education from a philosophical, religious, psychological, political, social and economic perspective to offer a more detailed understanding of character education and what it can offer. He also considers how British schools can implement character education successfully and what lessons we can draw from the American experience.
This book will be of interest to academics, researchers, policy makers and teachers with responsibility for citizenship education in their schools.

Unlike many nations Britain had not developed a national citizenship by the 20th century. Instead belonging in Britain was merely a function of allegiance to the Crown. This lack of definition was seen as beneficial. This title explores the implications of such vagueness as a new millennium begins.

Almost three decades have passed since political violence erupted in Turkey's south-eastern regions, where the majority of Turkey's approximately 20 million Kurds live. In 1984, the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) initiated an insurgency which intensified in the following decades and continues to this day. Kurdish regions in Turkey were under military rule for more than a decade and the conflict has cost the lives of 45,000 people, including soldiers, guerrillas and civilians. The complex issue of the Kurdish Question in Turkey is subject to comprehensive examination in this book. This interdisciplinary edited volume brings together chapters by social theorists, political scientists, social anthropologists, sociologists, legal theorists and ethnomusicologists to provide new perspectives on this internationally significant issue. It elaborates on the complexity of the Kurdish question and examines the subject matter from a number of innovative angles. Considering historical, theoretical and political aspects of the Kurdish question in depth and raising issues that have not been discussed sufficiently in existing literature, this book is an invaluable resource for students and scholars of Nationalism and Conflict, Turkish Politics and Middle Eastern politics more broadly.

While the European integration project is facing new challenges, abandonments and criticism, it is often forgotten that there are powerful legal instruments that allow citizens to protect and extend their rights. These instruments and the actions taken to activate them are often overlooked and deliberately ignored in the mainstream debates. This book presents a selection of cases in which legal institutions, social movements, avant-gardes and minorities have tried, and often succeeded, to enhance the current state of human rights through traditional as well as innovative actions. The chapters of this book investigate some of the cases in which the gap between the conventionally recognized rights and those advocated is becoming wider and where traditionally disadvantaged groups raise new problems or new issues are emerging concerning individual freedom, transparency and accountability, which are not yet properly addressed in the current political and legal landscape. Can political institutions and courts without coercive power of last resort actually foster more progressive rights? This book suggests that the expansion of human rights might be a viable strategy to generate a proper European citizenship. This text will be of key interest to scholars and students of European Studies, Politics and International Relations, Law and Society, Sociology and Migration Studies and more broadly to NGOs and policy advisers.

Citizens elect the parliament, but what contract takes place between citizen and parliament in between elections? The authors assess the extent and nature of that contact. To what extent are members of parliament accessible to the ordinary citizen? And what are the implications for the legislature? Can there be too much, or too little, contact?

Legislatures have one core defining function: that of giving assent to measures that, by virtue of that assent, are to be binding on society. In practice, they have usually performed other roles as well, such as debating measures or the conduct of public affairs. They have existed for centuries. They span the globe. Most countries have one: federal states have several. Commentators throughout the 20th century bemoaned the "decline" of legislatures, yet the number shows no sign of declining: if anything, the reverse is true. Their prominence increased in the 1990s because of developments in central and eastern Europe. The increased prominence of legislatures has prompted a greater scholarly interest in their existence and what they do. The literature that helps advance our understanding of legislatures as a particular species of institution is sometimes excellect but it is notable for its scarcity. There is little literature that provides a straightforward description and analysis of the role of parliaments in western Europe. The volumes in this series seek to advance our understanding of those parliaments.; They do so by examining the relationship between parliaments and the three p

The historical relationship between American urbanisation, industrialisation and the emergence of the civil rights movement is examined in this thesis in order to establish why the African-American Civil Rights Movement occurred. The book discusses many factors that were fundamental to causing the rise of the civil rights movement. It begins with a brief introduction to the African-Americans' political, economic and social conditions since the American Civil War and goes on to consider the effects of the two Great Black Migrations in which millions of black Americans moved to the big industrial cities and began to learn how to make effective use of their voting rights to protect their own interests. Finally the book examines the effect of the Second World War and also the role of the Supreme Court.

"An extraordinary history...Deeply researched, elegantly written...a towering achievement that will not be soon forgotten."--Brent Staples, New York Times Book Review "[This] epic, meticulously detailed account not only reminds its readers that newspapers matter, but so do black lives, past and present."--USA Today Giving voice to the voiceless, The Chicago Defender condemned Jim Crow, catalyzed the Great Migration, and focused the electoral power of black America. Robert S. Abbott founded The Defender in 1905, smuggled hundreds of thousands of copies into the most isolated communities in the segregated South, becoming one of the first black millionaires in the process. His successor wielded the newspaper's clout to elect mayors and presidents, including Harry S. Truman and John F. Kennedy, who would have lost in 1960 if not for The Defender's support. Drawing on dozens of interviews and extensive archival research, Ethan Michaeli constructs a revelatory narrative of race in America and brings to life the reporters who braved lynch mobs and policemen's clubs to do their jobs, from the age of Teddy Roosevelt to the age of Barack Obama.

Emmeline Pankhurst was perhaps the most influential woman of the twentieth century. Today her name is synonymous with the 'votes for women' campaign and she is remembered as the most brave and inspirational suffrage leader in history. In this absorbing account of her life both before and after the campaign for women's suffrage, June Purvis documents her early political work, her active role within the suffrage movement and her role as a wife and mother within her family.
This fascinating full-length biography of Emmeline Pankhurst, the first for nearly seventy years, draws upon new approaches to feminist biography to place her within the context of her family and friends. It is based upon an unrivalled range of primary sources, including personal interviews with her surviving family.

This title was first published in 2002. This study, undertaken with the support of the Ford Foundation under the scientific leadership of Khadija Mohsen-Finan, Remy Leveau and Catherine Wihtol de Wenden considers the new forms of citizenship and identity that have emerged within the settlements of immigrant populations in various countries in Europe. Through their claims to citizenship, shifting religious identities and by occupying the high ground both locally and at European level, these communities challenge long standing citizenship models and give full meaning to the concepts of supranational European citizenship. The contributors question whether such European citizenship will include all residents of Europe or whether it will serve to increase the exclusion felt by certain groups of migrants. In particular the contributors examine the implications of three emerging citizenship trends - the impact of the demand for Islam; the emergence of undocumented migrants and their inclusion in an increasingly stratified society; and finally, the rising tide of ordinary or political refugees who are challenging European citizenship on their own terms.

Deferred Dreams, Defiant Struggles interrogates Blackness and illustrates how it has been used as a basis to oppress, dismiss and exclude Blacks from societies and institutions in Europe, North America and South America. Employing uncharted analytical categories that tackle intriguing themes about borderless non-racial African ancestry, "traveling" identities and post-blackness, the essays provide new lenses for viewing the "Black" struggle worldwide. This approach directs the contributors' focus to understudied locations and protagonists. In the volume, Charleston, South Carolina is more prominent than Little Rock Arkansas in the struggle to desegregate schools; Chicago occupies the space usually reserved for Atlanta or other southern city "bulwarks" of the civil rights movement; diverse Africans in France and Afro-descended Chileans illustrate the many facets of negotiating belonging, long articulated by examples from the Greensboro Woolworth counter sit-in or the Montgomery Bus Boycott; unknown men in the British empire, who inverted dying confessions meant to vilify their blackness, demonstrate new dimensions in the story about race and religion, often told by examples of fiery clergy of the Black Church; and the theatres and studios of dramatists and visual artists replace the Mall in Washington DC as the stage for the performance of identities and activism.

Contents:
Acknowledgements Introduction Steven M. Chan I. Individuals, groups, and discrimination 1. Discrimination and morally relevant characteristics James W. Nickel 2. Inverse discrimination J.L. Cowan 3. Reparations to wronged groups Michael D Bayles 4. Reverse discrimination and contemporary justice Paul W. Taylor 5. Reverse discrimination William A. Nunn III 6. Should reparations be to individuals or groups? James W. Nickel 7. Reparations to individuals or groups? Alan H. Goldman 8. What's wrong with discrimination? Paul Woodruff
II. Justice and Compensation 9. Prefential hiring Judith Jarvis Thomson 10. Prefential hiring: A reply to Judith Jarvis Thomson Robert Simon 11. Justifying reverse discrimination in employment George Sher 12. Prefential hiring and compensation Robert K. Fullinwider 13. Compensatory justice: The question of costs Robert Amadur III. The Bakke cas 14. Who are equals? Carl Cohen 15. Are quotas unfair? Ronald Dworkin 16. What did Bakke really decide? Ronald Dworkin Equality, diversity, and good faith Carl Cohen IV. Diveristy 18. In defence of affirmative action Bartara R. Bergmann 19. The role model argument and faculty diversity Anita L. Allen 20. Proportional representation of women and minorities Celia Wolf-Devine 21. 'The Meaning of "Merit"' William G. Bowen and Derek Bok 22. 'The Meaning of "Merit"': A reply to Bowen and Bok Stephan Thernstrom and Abigain Thernstrom 23. Diversity George Sher V. Preference or impartiality? 27. In favor of affirmative action Tom L. Beauchamp 28. Reverse discrimination Sidney Hook Epilogue A. Three puzzles concerning affirmative action Steven M. Cahn B. Making affirmative action work The Chronicle of HIgher Education About the authors Bibliographical note Acknowledgements

Contents:
Acknowledgements Introduction Steven M. Chan I. Individuals, groups, and discrimination 1. Discrimination and morally relevant characteristics James W. Nickel 2. Inverse discrimination J.L. Cowan 3. Reparations to wronged groups Michael D Bayles 4. Reverse discrimination and contemporary justice Paul W. Taylor 5. Reverse discrimination William A. Nunn III 6. Should reparations be to individuals or groups? James W. Nickel 7. Reparations to individuals or groups? Alan H. Goldman 8. What's wrong with discrimination? Paul Woodruff
II. Justice and Compensation 9. Prefential hiring Judith Jarvis Thomson 10. Prefential hiring: A reply to Judith Jarvis Thomson Robert Simon 11. Justifying reverse discrimination in employment George Sher 12. Prefential hiring and compensation Robert K. Fullinwider 13. Compensatory justice: The question of costs Robert Amadur III. The Bakke cas 14. Who are equals? Carl Cohen 15. Are quotas unfair? Ronald Dworkin 16. What did Bakke really decide? Ronald Dworkin Equality, diversity, and good faith Carl Cohen IV. Diveristy 18. In defence of affirmative action Bartara R. Bergmann 19. The role model argument and faculty diversity Anita L. Allen 20. Proportional representation of women and minorities Celia Wolf-Devine 21. 'The Meaning of "Merit"' William G. Bowen and Derek Bok 22. 'The Meaning of "Merit"': A reply to Bowen and Bok Stephan Thernstrom and Abigain Thernstrom 23. Diversity George Sher V. Preference or impartiality? 27. In favor of affirmative action Tom L. Beauchamp 28. Reverse discrimination Sidney Hook Epilogue A. Three puzzles concerning affirmative action Steven M. Cahn B. Making affirmative action work The Chronicle of HIgher Education About the authors Bibliographical note Acknowledgements

This book examines the approach to civic education in six societies located on the Pacific Rim: Australia, Japan, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Thailand, and the US. In these scrupulously designed studies, the contributors investigate the recent re-emergence of civic education in this region. Developments such as globalization, nationalism, and sovereignty have profound effects on how schools make "good citizens." These essays reveal how definitions of citizenship are contested and revised under such influences, and interrogate differences in civic education from nation to nation. As societies attempt to strike a balance between obedience and critical thinking, schools become the primary site of these transformations. Analyzing both educational policy and its implementation, these contributors offer a groundbreaking, comparative study that grounds civic education historically and politically.

The Subject of Human Rights is the first book to systematically address the "human" part of "human rights." Drawing on the finest thinking in political theory, cultural studies, history, law, anthropology, and literary studies, this volume examines how human rights—as discourse, law, and practice—shape how we understand humanity and human beings. It asks how the humanness that the human rights idea seeks to protect and promote is experienced. The essays in this volume consider how human rights norms and practices affect the way we relate to ourselves, to other people, and to the nonhuman world. They investigate what kinds of institutions and actors are subjected to human rights and are charged with respecting their demands and realizing their aspirations. And they explore how human rights shape and even create the very subjects they seek to protect. Through critical reflection on these issues, The Subject of Human Rights suggests ways in which we might reimagine the relationship between human rights and subjectivity with a view to benefiting human rights and subjects alike.

Community as the Material Basis of Citizenship addresses community as the site of participation, production, and rights of citizens and brings to bear a profound critique of a collective process that has historically excluded working class communities and communities of color from any real governance. The argument is that the status of citizenship has been influenced by a society that emphasizes the role of property in defining legitimacy and power and therefore idealizes and institutionalizes citizenship from an individualistic perspective. This system puts the onus on the individual citizen to participate in their governance, while the political reality is that organizations and corporations and their interests have great power to influence and govern. The chapters present an exciting departure from the long-standing traditions of the social basis of citizenship. In Community as the Material Basis of Citizenship, Rodolfo Rosales and his contributors argue that citizenship is a communally embedded and/or socially constituted phenomenon. Hence, the unfinished story of American Democracy is not in the equalization of communities but rather in their ability to participate in their own governance - in their empowerment.

This highly accessible book provides practical guidance on how to incorporate citizenship into the curriculum. The authors are also fully experienced in the field having both taught in primary and middle schools and both now specialise in providing citizenship education courses for trainee teachers and practising teachers.
Along with lively examples of pupils' work, the authors provide a comprehensive and complete resource. It is particularly useful for teachers of the 7-14 age range, curriculum co-ordinators and for those wishing to know more about the thinking behind education for citizenship. The recent changes to the QCA guidelines regarding citizenship are also discussed, creating a thoroughly up-to-date text of immense value.

Contents:
Part 1: Society, Culture and Rural Land
1. Citizenship and the Countryside
2. Culture, Citizenship and Rural Policy
3. Imagining the Rural
4. Book Structure: Towards Citizenship of the Rural
Part 2: Unpacking Citizenship
1. Introduction: Considering Citizenship
2. Citizenship: Status, Identity and Activity
3. Citizenship Theory and Legitimation
4. Globalization and the Fragmentation of Citizenship
5. (Re)spatialising Citizenship
6. The Land and the Citizen: Citizenship and Private Property Rights
7. Conclusion: Towards Fluid, Post-national Citizenship?
Part 3: UK Politics and the Citizenship Debate
1. Introduction
2. Society, State and Citizenship
3. Political Projects and Citizenship Rhetoric
4. Citizenship and Globalization
5. Conclusions: Alternative Agendas and Citizenship
Part 4: On Being Modern: Consolidating Citizenship in the Countryside
1. Ordering the Countryside, Ordering Citizens
2. The Agricultural 'Revolution' and the Redistribution of Rights
3. Land, Conflict and Citizenship Definition
Part 5: Enacting and Contesting Rights through History
1. Political Action and Citizenship
2. Citizenship, Destabilization and Dissent
3. Citizenship as Manipulating Space and Time
4. Diggers and Invaders
5. Conclusion
Part 6: Political Expediency, Localness and Active Citizenship
1. Introduction
2. Modern State, Postmodern Citizenship?
3. Citizenship and Activity: (Re)mapping and Weaving
4. 'Active' Citizenship: Status, Identity and Activity Revisited
5. Active Citizenship and the State
Part 7: Citizenship and the Countryside as Consumer Space
1. Introduction
2. Postmodern Politics, Media-tion and Communities of Interest
3. Citizenship, Consumers and Space/Place
4. Conclusion: Mobile Politics, Consumerism and the Rural
Part 8: Citizenship, Contingency and the Countryside
1. Multiple, Contingent and Inclusionary Citizenships?
2. Projects and Practices of Citizenship

In the speeches and articles collected in this book, the black activist, organizer, and freedom fighter Stokely Carmichael traces the dramatic changes in his own consciousness and that of black Americans that took place during the evolving movements of Civil Rights, Black Power, and Pan-Africanism. Unique in his belief that the destiny of African Americans could not be separated from that of oppressed people the world over, Carmichael's Black Power principles insisted that blacks resist white brainwashing and redefine themselves. He was concerned not only with racism and exploitation, but with cultural integrity and the colonization of Africans in America. In these essays on racism, Black Power, the pitfalls of conventional liberalism, and solidarity with the oppressed masses and freedom fighters of all races and creeds, Carmichael addresses questions that still confront the black world and points to a need for an ideology of black and African liberation, unification, and transformation.

Civil rights is a category of human rights that include individual personal freedom, privacy, personal security, a right to life, dignity, freedom from torture, freedom of movement and residence, and freedom of conscience. Such rights differ from the political, economic, social, and cultural rights guaranteed by the International Bill of Rights. The challenge of enforcing these rights has been acute throughout the world, but Russia in particular has experienced unique and significant difficulties.Until now, the theoretical literature dealing with the legal characteristics of civil rights, how to realize them, and how to protect people from their infringement, has been wanting. This timely and comprehensive volume rectifies this lapse, especially as civil rights enforcement relates to Russia. It draws on a wealth of materials, including reports and statistical data from the United Nations, the Council of Europe, the Ombudsman of the Russian Federation, and several Russian offices of state.The contributors, comprised of researchers, judges, lawyers, and legal authorities, are all experts in human and civil rights and bring a fresh perspective to these issues. They analyze international law, Russian legislation, and decisions of the European Court and the Constitutional Court of Russia each from a humanistic stance. While the authors represent different age groups, occupations, and approaches, they are in agreement on the necessity of protecting civil rights; expanding and developing their guaranty both in Russia and all over the world.Civil Human Rights in Russia dispels many of the myths about Russia and its attitude toward civil rights, especially as regards to the stereotype that the Russian people do not know about such rights, nor care about human dignity. The authors of this volume make clear that Russia has been instrumental in the formation and recognition of universal human rights. The Russian contribution builds on those established by the Magna Carta, the Declaration of Independence, the U.S. Constitution's Bill of Rights, and the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. This volume is a fundamental contribution to the literature, one that will help the reader to understand the essence of civil human rights and how they may be implemented and enforced in the twenty-first century.