A volume in Research in Mathematics Education Series Editor Barbara J. Dougherty, University of Mississippi This volume investigates the evolution of the geometry curriculum in the United States over the past 150 years. A primary goal is to increase awareness of the nature of the current geometry curriculum by investigating the historical, mathematical and pedagogical influences that it has sustained since its inception. Given the limited access to first-hand accounts of the enacted geometry curriculum during the past 150 years, the book relies on textbooks to provide a record of the implemented curriculum at any given point in time and on policy documents and journal articles to provide insight into the prevalent issues and arguments of the day. The book is organized in a chronological sequence of ""notable events"" leading to discernable changes in thinking about the geometry curriculum over the past century and a half-roughly the extent of time during which geometry has been taught in American schools. Notable events include important reports or commissions, influential texts, new schools of thought, and developments in learning technologies.These events affected, among other things: content and aims of the geometry curriculum; the nature of mathematical activity as construed by both mathematicians and mathematics educators; and, the resources students are given for engaging in mathematical activity. Before embarking through the notable events, it is necessary to consider the ""big bang"" of geometry, namely the moment in time that shaped the future life of the geometry curriculum. This corresponds to the emergence of Euclidean geometry. Given its influence on the shape of the geometry curriculum, familiarity with the nature of the geometry articulated in Euclid's Elements is essential to understanding the many tensions that surround the school geometry curriculum. Several themes emerge over the course of the monograph, and include: the aims and means of the geometry curriculum, the importance of proof in geometry, the role of visualization and tactile experiences, the fusion between solid and plane geometry, the curricular connections between geometry and algebra, and the use of motion and continuity. The intended audience would include curriculum developers, researchers, teachers, and curriculum supervisors.

The Curriculum and Pedagogy book series is an enactment of the mission and values espoused by the Curriculum and Pedagogy Group, an international educational organization serving those who share a common faith in democracy and a commitment to public moral leadership in schools and society. Accordingly, the mission of this series is to advance scholarship that engages critical dispositions towards curriculum and instruction, educational empowerment, individual and collectivized agency, and social justice. The purpose of the series is to create and nurture democratic spaces in education, an aspect of educational thought that is frequently lacking in the extant literature, often jettisoned via efforts to de-politicize the study of education. Rather than ignore these conversations, this series offers the capacity for educational renewal and social change through scholarly research, arts-based projects, social action, academic enrichment, and community engagement. Authors will evidence their commitment to the principles of democracy, transparency, agency, multicultural inclusion, ethnic diversity, gender and sexuality equity, economic justice, and international cooperation. Furthermore, these authors will contribute to the development of deeper critical insights into the historical, political, aesthetic, cultural, and institutional subtexts and contexts of curriculum that impact educational practices. Believing that curriculum studies and the ethical conduct that is congruent with such studies must become part of the fabric of public life and classroom practices, this book series brings together prose, poetry, and visual artistry from teachers, professors, graduate students, early childhood leaders, school administrators, curriculum workers and planners, museum and agency directors, curators, artists, and various under-represented groups in projects that interrogate curriculum and pedagogical theories.

A volume in Research in Mathematics Education Series Editor Barbara J. Dougherty, University of Mississippi This monograph reports on an analysis of a small part of the mathematics curriculum, the definitions given to quadrilaterals. This kind of research, which we call micro-curricular analysis, is often undertaken by those who create curriculum, but it is not usually done systematically and it is rarely published. Many terms in mathematics education can be found to have different definitions in mathematics books. Among these are ""natural number,"" ""parallel lines"" and ""congruent triangles,"" ""trapezoid"" and ""isosceles trapezoid,"" the formal definitions of the trigonometric functions and absolute value, and implicit definitions of the arithmetic operations addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. Yet many teachers and students do not realize there is a choice of definitions for mathematical terms. And even those who realize there is a choice may not know who decides which definition of any mathematical term is better, and under what criteria. Finally, rarely are the mathematical implications of various choices discussed.As a result, many students misuse and otherwise do not understand the role of definition in mathematics. We have chosen in this monograph to examine a bit of mathematics for its definitions: the quadrilaterals. We do so because there is some disagreement in the definitions and, consequently, in the ways in which quadrilaterals are classified and relate to each other. The issues underlying these differences have engaged students, teachers, mathematics educators, and mathematicians. There have been several articles and a number of essays on the definitions and classification of quadrilaterals. But primarily we chose this specific area of definition in mathematics because it demonstrates how broad mathematical issues revolving around definitions become reflected in curricular materials. While we were undertaking this research, we found that the area of quadrilaterals supplied grist for broader and richer discussions than we had first anticipated. The intended audience includes curriculum developers, researchers, teachers, teacher trainers, and anyone interested in language and its use.

Curriculum and Teaching Dialogue is the journal of the American Association of Teaching and Curriculum (AATC). An important historical event in the development of organizations dealing with the scholarly field of teaching and curriculum was the founding of the AATC on October 1, 1993. The members of the AATC believed that the time was long overdue to recognize teaching and curriculum as a basic field of scholarly study, to constitute a national learned society for the scholarly field of teaching and curriculum (teaching is the more inclusive concept; curriculum is an integral part of teaching-the ""what to teach"" aspect). Since that AATC has produced scholarship in teaching and curriculum and serve the general public through its conferences, journals, and the interaction of its members. The purpose of the organization as originally defined in Article 1, Section 2 of the AATC Constitution: ""To promote the scholarly study of teaching and curriculum; all analytical and interpretive approaches that are appropriate for the scholarly study of teaching and curriculum shall be encouraged."" Curriculum and Teaching Dialogue seeks to fulfill that mission.

James Avis develops an important argument in this wide-ranging book, in which questions of social justice play a central role. He explores the socio-economic and policy context of education in advanced capitalist societies, and indicates the manner in which the rhetoric of policy-makers distorts the way in which skill is marshalled in the economy. The result is that oppressive and exploitative features of paid labour are underplayed in this rhetoric. He examines the lived experiences of teachers and students in post-compulsory education and explores their contradictory positions. If questions of social justice are to be addressed, an economically driven model of education should be rejected in favour of one that is politically engaged and utilises an expansive model of practice, extending into the wider society.

In the first edition of this book published in 1988, Shirley Engle and I offered a broader and more democratic curriculum as an alternative to the persistent back-to-the-basics rhetoric of the '70s and '80s. This curriculum urged attention to democratic practices and curricula in the school if we wanted to improve the quality of citizen participation and strengthen this democracy. School practices during that period reflected a much lower priority for social studies. Fewer social studies offerings, fewer credits required for graduation and in many cases, the job descriptions of social studies curriculum coordinators were transformed by changing their roles to general curriculum consultants. The mentality that prevailed in the nation's schools was "back to the basics" and the basics never included or even considered the importance of heightening the education of citizens. We certainly agree that citizens must be able to read, write and calculate but these abilities are not sufficient for effective citizenship in a democracy. This version of the original work appears at a time when young citizens, teachers and schools find themselves deluged by a proliferation of curriculum standards and concomitant mandatory testing. In the '90s, virtually all subject areas including United States history, geography, economic and civics developed curriculum standards, many funded by the federal government. Subsequently, the National Council for the Social Studies issued the Social Studies Curriculum Standards that received no federal support. Accountability, captured in the No Child Left Behind Act passed by Congress, has become a powerful, political imperative that has a substantial and disturbing influence on the curriculum, teaching and learning in the first decade of the 21st century.

Design thinking is a human-centered problem-solving process that organizations can use to address wicked and complex problems of practice. Within the PK-12 space, design thinking has been employed to engage educators in an innovative approach to address challenges like curriculum redesign, instructional engagement, and designing physical spaces. The use of design thinking in the PK-12 space is a result of the evolution of an organizational improvement process that puts people at the center of problem-solving initiatives. Design thinking is seen as both a process and a mindset that enables people to look at problems in new ways and address these problems through creative approaches. In this book we share case studies of PK-12 schools and other educational organizations that have used design thinking, as well as research studies that have studied aspects of design thinking in the PK-12 space. We have brought together a variety of research-based and illustrative case studies around design thinking in PK-12 education that explore the development and implementation of design thinking in practice.

On Indian Ground: The Southwest is one of ten regionally focused texts that explores American Indian/ Alaska Native/Native Hawaiian education in depth. The text is designed to be used by educators of native youth and emphasizes best practices found throughout the state. Previous texts on American Indian education make wide-ranging general assumptions that all American Indians are alike. This series promotes specific interventions and relies on native ways of knowing to highlight place-based educational practices. On Indian Ground: The Southwest looks at the history of Indian education within the southwestern states. The authors also analyze education policy and tribal education departments to highlight early childhood education, gifted and talented educational practice, parental involvement, language revitalization, counseling, and research. These chapters expose cross-cutting themes of sustainability, historical bias, economic development, health and wellness, and cultural competence. The intended audience for this publication is primarily those educators who have American Indian/Alaska Native/Native Hawaiian students in their educational institutions. The articles range from early childhood and head start practices to higher education, including urban, rural and reservation schooling practices. A secondary audience: American Indian education researcher.

The best leaders lead by example, not by mandate. However, so much leadership has become conscripted by neoliberal values. Educators and politicians, who are increasingly making policy for educators, have come to believe that standardized test scores are the same as knowledge acquired, as if test scores actually measure knowledge as opposed to information. Simply put, educational policy is no longer being developed for educational purposes but education is increasingly being manipulated as an experiment in social engineering. Educational leaders are caught on the horns of a dilemma - to follow and inscribe policies they do not agree with or to "go rogue" and do what they know is needed. Leading under Pressure is aptly titled, as there is significant pressure being placed on school leaders at any stage in their careers. However, in an otherwise increasingly hostile political, commercial and natural environment, there are some rays of hope. For example, teachers still know what it is that their students need and strive to provide that, despite mandates that try to create consumers of us all. This volume is divided into three sections, the first of which seeks to explore social contexts of educational leadership. The second section explores the experiences of a variety of educational leaders in various contexts, while the third section of this volume looks at some of the consequences, unintended and otherwise, of the neoliberal commodification of education.

Much of the content that students study in a high school geometry course is totally new to them. The middle school mathematics curriculum does not contain preparatory work for many of these topics as it does in preparing students for the study of Algebra. The proposed text would be a landmark book giving students the ability to gain some understanding of the content before it is formally addressed in the lesson in the course. While many teachers use initial classroom activities called 'DoNows,' there are no structured materials available to teachers of Geometry for this purpose. When teachers do use them, these activities are constructed by the teachers. The text provides the teachers with such materials and is structured to address what the teachers are about to present to the students. The Labs can also be used for exploration of topics at the middle school level enhancing the program there and giving students a better preparation for their high school Geometry program.

Today, millions of students cross geographic, cultural, and educational borders for their higher education. Trends of international student mobility are significant to universities, educators, business leaders, and governments to increase revenue and campus diversity in the global marketplace. As such, it is vital to examine recent trends in global student mobility around the world. International Student Mobility and Opportunities for Growth in the Global Marketplace is a critical scholarly resource that examines recent trends in global student mobility in Australia, Asia, North America, Latin America, Middle East, and Europe where the emerging trends and practices are prominent. Featuring coverage on a broad range of topics such as internationalization, cultural identity, and student mobility, this book is geared towards educators, education administrators, education professionals, academicians, researchers, and students.

This book examines current context-specific trends and developments in empirical research on arts education and arts in education, in order to evaluate and create responsive approaches to future global challenges. By highlighting the centrality of the arts in advancing future orientations in education, it offers a timely and valuable contribution to educational issues on preparing teachers and learners for the increasingly complex societal dynamics and unpredictable global economy.

Educating About Social Issues in the 20th and 21st Centuries: A Critical Annotated Bibliography, is comprised of critical essays accompanied by annotated bibliographies on a host of programs, models, strategies and concerns vis-a-vis teaching and learning about social issues facing society. The primary goal of the book is to provide undergraduate and graduate students in the field of education, professors of education, and teachers with a valuable resource as they engage in research and practice in relation to teaching about social issues. In the introductory essays, authors present an overview of their respective topics (e.g., The Hunt/Metcalf Model, Science/Technology/Science, Genocide Education). In doing so, they address, among other concerns, the following: key theories, goals, objectives, and the research base. Many also provide a set of recommendations for adapting and/or strengthening a particular model, program or the study of a specific social issue. In the annotated bibliographies accompanying the essays, authors include those works that are considered classics and foundational. They also include research- and practice-oriented articles. Due to space constraints, the annotated bibliographies generally offer a mere sampling of what is available on each approach, program, model, or concern. The book is composed of twenty two chapters and addresses an eclectic array of topics, including but not limited to the following: the history of teaching and learning about social issues; George S. Counts and social issues; propaganda analysis; Harold Rugg's textbook program; Hunt and Metcalf's Reflective Thinking and Social Understanding Model; Donald Oliver, James Shaver and Fred Newmann's Public Issues Model; Massialas and Cox' Inquiry Model; the Engle/Ochoa Decision making Model; human rights education; Holocaust education; education for sustainability; economic education; global education; multicultural education; James Beane's middle level education integrated curriculum model; Science Technology Society (STS); addressing social issues in the English classroom; genocide education; interdisciplinary approaches to incorporating social issues into the curriculum; critical pedagogy; academic freedom; and teacher education.

In 1974, the Board of Education in Kanawha County West Virginia introduced a set of new textbooks into the standard curriculum. These textbooks contained offensive language, compared Bible stories to well-known myths and fables, and also, in the opinion of some citizens, lacked the basic ideals of right and wrong. "War in Kanawha County: School Textbook Protest in West Virginia in 1974, " written by local-businessman-turned-activist Don Means, details the most important incidents surrounding the protest of the controversial textbooks in Kanawha County. This was not a war fought by armies, but by families-families adamant that their children not be subjected to such offensive materials. The controversies surrounding this war pitted conservatives against liberals in a way the nation had not experienced since the days of the Boston Tea Party. This conflict caught the interest of people across the country, and even those in foreign countries. Thought the war has long since ended in Kanawha County, the controversial curriculum continues to cause conflict across the country today.

In light of a new wave of globalisation, cultural mobility, and criticism of Anglo-American domination, how must educational administrators and leaders respond to the challenges of internationalising their curricula and accommodating diversity? This edited collection offers conceptual frameworks, models, theoretical approaches, and strategies that can inform and guide the development of a genuinely international curriculum. Offering an in-depth look at cases in countries such as Sweden, the US and UK, Turkey, Oman, Cameroon, the United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, and Australia, the authors investigate how factors such as institutional culture, faculty recruitment and development, learning styles, accreditation and standards, political orientation, policy, and availability of financial resources may either facilitate or inhibit the internationalisation of the curriculum. The collection also includes broader international issues of diverse humanisms, postcolonial issues, and corruption, fraud and abuse in internationalisation that has occurred that need to be addressed in educational administration and leadership curricula to improve internationalisation. Acknowledging the need for a much broader set of cultural traditions within which educational administrators and leaders are equipped to function, this book provides a critical insight into how they might navigate the challenges of creating a truly international curriculum.