The Chechen language has approximately 1.2 million speakers, and is one of the largest indigenous languages of the northern Caucasus. This bilingual dictionary contains 6000 words of essential vocabulary for Chechen: Basic verbs; pronouns, numerals, particles, conjunctions, and postpositions; common and everyday vocabulary and many entries of the rapidly disappearing traditional vocabulary. All entries have grammatical information and pronunciation guides and are given in both the current Cyrillic orthography and a user-friendly diacritic-free all-Latin transcription. Similar grammatical and pronunciation information is given in the English-Chechen section. Additionally, this dictionary gives background information about the language and descriptions of the sound system and grammar.

This book is based on the Khapalu and Skardu dialects of Balti, a member of the Tibeto-Burman family, spoken in Baltistan. The work is distinguished by its phonetic acuity, particularly important in the case of Balti, whose importance to the Tibeto-Burman and Sino-Tibetan comparatists is its close phonetic relationship to the Tibetan script. This book will undoubtedly become a standard work for the linguistics of the Tibetan language family in general.

The home of trusted French dictionaries for everyday language learning. A unique guide to communicating in French. It will help learners discover expressions and idioms to make their French more natural and fluent, while developing an awareness of French culture. Designed for learners of French of all ages, whether you are learning at school, in evening classes, for business or to go on holiday. The text consists of 250 quirky and interesting French idioms which are arranged into different themes, and are given with simple example phrases to show them in context. Clear and concise language notes provide information on the meaning and background of some idioms, while handy culture notes help explain any cultural differences. Combined with a text which has a selection of illustrations, the Collins Easy Learning French Idioms takes you beyond beginners level and expands your knowledge of frequently-used, natural French expressions. Get it right: key idioms and example phrases help improve your knowledge of real French. Get there fast: clear themes help guide you to the type of idiom you're looking for. Have confidence: a fun, useful guide to common French idioms helps you increase your knowledge of natural French and French culture.

The most comprehensive glossary to date of Hui Muslim terms and the first to fully match the Chinese term (stated in Chinese script and pinyin) to its Arabic or Persian counterpart (stated in Arabic script with Latin transcription).

This is the first volume in a complete history of the documentation of English cant and slang from 1567 to the present. It gives unparalleled insights into the early history of slang, the people who used it, and how and why it was recorded. Well over a hundred glossaries of cant and slang were published between 1567 and 1784. The cant lists reveal the secret language allegedly used by thieves and beggars to conceal their illicit conspiracies: Dr Coleman investigates where and how they were produced and the relationship between such lists and canting literature. She considers why this period was so fascinated by crime and by criminals, and apparently so obsessed with the need to record their language. How far, she asks, are the lists genuine records of contemporary cant, and how far the products of literary invention? Who produced them, and how were they researched? Who bought them, and what did they hope to gain from them? This absorbing and astute book will be an invaluable resource for anyone interested in English slang and its history. It also provides unusual and unexpected insights into the underworlds of early modern England.

This dictionary of 12,000 entries aims to preserve Indian culture and at all points illustrate the use of words in examples, especially syntactic words, whose usage cannot be captured purely by giving an English equivalent. It provides depth as regards the usage of frequently occurring items and especially in the use of syntactic elements and usage in context.

What's the difference between a meggie-monyfeet and a hornie-gollach? Between snap-an-rattle and murly-tuck? All is explained in the Doric Dictionary. It is a two-way lexicon of words and phrases drawn from the former Banffshire in the North through Aberdeenshire to the Mearns and North Angus and drawn from the published works of most the North-east's best-known writers of the 19th and 20th centuries. As the writer says in his foreword, 'There is not one monolithic form of Doric but a multliplicity of forms; and words can change not only from county to county but from village to village'. The Dictionary contains no fewer than eight variants of the term for a seagull. This new version( 2018) is enhanced by a most stimulating injection of Buchan vocabulary drawn from W. P. Milne's historical novel, Eppie Elrick.

Written for students of linguistics, applied linguistics and speech therapy, this dictionary covers over 2,000 terms in phonetics and phonology. In addition to providing a comprehensive, yet concise, guide to an enormous number of individual terms, it also includes an explanation of the most important theoretical approaches to phonology. Its usefulness as a reference tool is further enhanced by the inclusion of pronunciations, notational devices and symbols, earliest sources of terms, suggestions for further reading, and advice with regard to usage. The wide range of topics explained include: * Classical phonology, including American Structuralism and the Prague School * Contemporary approaches, including Autosegmental Phonology, Metrical Phonology, Dependency Phonology, Government Phonology and Lexical Phonology * Prosodic ideas in phonology, both traditional and contemporary ^ * * historical phonology * Intonation and tonology This dictionary devotes space to the various theoretical approaches in proportion to their importance, but it concentrates most heavily on non-theory-bound descriptive terminology. It will remain a definitive reference for years to come.

The Ingush language has about 300,000 speakers, and along with Chechen is one of the largest indigenous languages of the northern Caucasus. This bilingual dictionary is the very first of its kind. It contains about 6,000 words of essential vocabulary for Ingush: basic verbs; pronouns, numerals, particles, conjunctions, and postpositions; common and everyday vocabulary; and many entries of the rapidly disappearing traditional vocabulary. All entries have grammatical information and pronunciation guides and are given in both the current Cyrillic orthography and a user-friendly diacritic-free all-Latin transcription. Similar grammatical and pronunciation information is given in the English-Ingush section. Entries have full grammatical information and glosses include alternatives and comments so as to convey the full meanings of words. Additionally, this dictionary gives background information about the language and descriptions of the sound system and grammar.

First published in 1994. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

A Frequency Dictionary of Mandarin Chinese is an invaluable tool for all learners of Mandarin Chinese, providing a list of the 5,000 words and the 2,000 Chinese characters (simplified) most commonly used in the language. Based on a fifty-million-word corpus composed of spoken, fiction, non-fiction and news texts in current use, the dictionary provides the user with a detailed frequency-based list, as well as alphabetical and part-of-speech indexes. All entries in the frequency list feature the English equivalent and a sample sentence with English translation. The Dictionary also contains thirty thematically organized lists of frequently used words on a variety of topics such as food, weather, travel and time expressions. A Frequency Dictionary of Mandarin Chinese enables students of all levels to maximize their study of Mandarin vocabulary in an efficient and engaging way. It is also an excellent resource for teachers of the language. A CD version is available to purchase separately. Designed for use by corpus and computational linguists it provides the full text in a format that researchers can process and turn into suitable lists for their own research work.

First published in 1994. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

This book is a simple and clear presentation of the lexis of Camfranglais, an urban youth sociolect in Cameroon. It presents this sociolect as an outgrowth of language contact phenomena that have fossilized especially around the Littoral Region of Cameroon. Methodologically speaking, it uses a lexicographic as well as an ethnographic approach to data collection. Lexical elements have been collected from such diverse sources as Cameroonian popular music, online chat groups and forums like Facebook, blogs, Youtube videos etc. Besides there were group conversations organized for the collection of data. The major strength of this book lies in the diversity and authenticity of its sources which are all traceable. Moreover, all the regular statements it makes about the origin, semantic categories, grammatical classes of the lexis of Camfranglais are the result of the necessary lexical manipulations that should precede these statements. A complete alphabetical lexicon of Camfranglais is presented, and, where possile, etymologies are given. For all entries, real examples are quoted so as to guide the reader to the usage of words. Idiomatic expressions are also presented for different lexical entries. The book will serve as reference for those working on Camfranglais as well as a starting point for lexico-semantic studies on Camfranglais.

Historical Dictionary of the Russian Revolution focuses on the leading individuals, ideas, political parties and main events that were central to the transformation of Russia during the revolution. The time period runs from January 1917 through to the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk that took Russia out of the First World War in March 1918. It covers the main events, ideas, people and parties and takes the story of the revolution from the eve of the overthrowing of Tsar Nicholas II through to the Bolshevik seizure of power, the first six months of Leninist rule and the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk that ended Russia's involvement in the First World War. Historical Dictionary of the Russian Revolution contains a chronology, an introduction, and an extensive bibliography. The dictionary section has over 200 cross-referenced entries on the revolutions, the First World War, political parties, ideologies and individuals, and the main events that defined the course of the Russian Revolution. This book is an excellent resource for students, researchers, and anyone wanting to know more about the Russian Revolution.

South America is a vast, relatively isolated, landmass that includes 12 independent countries and one region (Guyane Francaise) with diverse ethnic groups speaking hundreds of different languages and dialects, and extraordinary creativity. Indigenous people have occupied its different habitats while transforming the landscape and themselves, with extraordinary dedication and success. This dictionary opens a window to these peoples through many entries, in an integrated approach that allows to connect the multiple facets of indigenous life before 1492. This second edition of Historical Dictionary of Ancient South America contains a chronology, an introduction, appendixes, and an extensive bibliography. The dictionary section has over 700 cross-referenced entries on important personalities, politics, economy, foreign relations, religion, and the culture of ancient South America. This book is an excellent resource for students, researchers, and anyone wanting to know more about ancient South America.

An all-purpose reference perfect for English- and Spanish-speaking students

Whether you are a native English-speaking student learning Spanish or a Spanish-speaking student working on your English homework, "VOX Spanish and English School Dictionary" has what you need as a beginning or intermediate learner of the language. More than 30,000 entries and 70,000 translations Written with your needs in mind--school lessons, homework, class discussions, and more Up-to-date word list with a special emphasis on everyday language, colloquial expressions, and idioms, as well as current technical, scientific, and business terms

* Over 4,000 Romanized entries * Appendix of idiomatic expressions & proverbs * Appendix of common words used in the English language * Word-to-word entries

This unique work challenges the assumption that dictionaries act as objective records of our language, and instead argues that the English dictionary is a fundamentally ethnocentric work. Using theoretical, historical and empirical analyses, Phil Benson shows how English dictionaries have filtered knowledge through predominantly Anglo-American perspectives. The book includes a major case study of the most recent edition of the Oxford English Dictionary and its treatment of China.

The evolution of the United States from a late-18th century coalition of rebel British colonies to a 21st century global superpower was shaped by several forces. As the nation expanded its boundaries after the Treaty of Paris confirmed independence from Great Britain in 1783, it acquired a rich variety of resources - coal, fertile soils, forests, iron ore, oil, precious metals, space, and varied climates as well as extensive tracts of territory. Technological innovations, such as the cotton gin and steam power, enabled entrepreneurs to exploit those resources and create wealth. Federal and state legislators provided environments in which the economy could flourish, and military strategists kept the country safe from external attack. Diplomats negotiated commercial agreements with foreign governments and cultivated multinational alliances that strengthened freedoms. Through its focus on the people and places that shaped the country's economic and political development and its detailed accounts of the processes that enabled the U.S. to expand across the continent Historical Dictionary of the United States contains a chronology, an introduction, and an extensive bibliography. The dictionary section has more than 400 cross-referenced entries on important personalities as well as aspects of the country's politics, economy, foreign relations, religion, and culture. This book is an excellent resource for students, researchers, and anyone wanting to know more about the United States.

A Frequency Dictionary of Japanese is an invaluable tool for all learners of Japanese, providing a list of the 5,000 most commonly used words in the language.

Based on a100 million word corpus, composed of spoken, fiction, non-fiction and news texts in current use, the dictionary provides the user with a detailed frequency-based list, as well as alphabetical and part-of-speech indices.

All entries in the frequency list feature the English equivalent and a sample sentence with English translation. The dictionary also contains 25 thematically organised lists of frequently used words on a variety of topics such as food, weather, occupations and leisure. Numerous bar charts are also included to highlight the phonetic and spelling variants across register.

A Frequency Dictionary of Japanese enables students of all levels to maximise their study of Japanese vocabulary in an efficient and engaging way. It is also an excellent resource for teachers of the language.

A Dictionary of Varieties of English presents a comprehensive listing of the distinctive dialects and forms of English spoken throughout the contemporary world. * Provides an invaluable introduction and guide to current research trends in the field * Includes definitions both for the varieties of English and regions they feature, and for terms and concepts derived from a linguistic analysis of these varieties * Explores important research issues including the transportation of dialects of English, the rise of New Englishes , sociolinguistic investigations of various English-speaking locales, and the study of language contact and change. * Reflects our increased awareness of global forms of English, and the advances made in the study of varieties of the language in recent decades * Creates an invaluable, informative resource for students and scholars alike, spanning the rich and diverse linguistic varieties of the most widely accepted language of international communication

Written in straightforward, jargon-free language, A Concise Dictionary of Comics guides students, researchers, readers, and educators of all ages and at all levels of comics expertise. It provides them with a dictionary that doubles as a compendium of comics scholarship. A Concise Dictionary of Comics provides clear and informative definitions for each term. It includes twenty-five witty illustrations, and pairs most defined terms with references to books, articles, book chapters, and other relevant critical sources. All references are dated and listed in an extensive, up-to-date bibliography of comics scholarship. Each term is also categorized according to type in an index of thematic groupings. This organization serves as a pedagogical aid for teachers and students learning about a specific facet of comics studies and as a research tool for scholars who are unfamiliar with a particular term but know what category it falls into. These features make A Concise Dictionary of Comics especially useful for critics, students, teachers, and researchers, and a vital reference to anyone else who wants to learn more about comics.

The home of trusted Mandarin dictionaries for everyday language learning. A clear, modern Chinese to English and English to Chinese dictionary. The essential reference book for Chinese: an up-to-date dictionary and a user-friendly language supplement in one handy volume. Designed for learners of Chinese or English, from beginner up to university level, this is the ideal text for anyone who needs easy access to both a dictionary and a practical language supplement. Extensive coverage of today's English and Chinese, with thousands of phrases and examples guiding the user to the most appropriate translation. Help with the pronunciation of Chinese words, including Pinyin for all Chinese headwords, translations, phrases and examples. Pinyin is the official phonetic system for transcribing Chinese characters into the Roman alphabet, and is accepted in all Chinese-speaking countries. Includes both simplified and traditional Chinese characters. Simplified characters are generally used in mainland China and Singapore, while traditional characters are mainly used in Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macau. The Language in Action supplement offers practical help with everyday language for both Chinese and English. The radical index is a clear guide to looking up Chinese characters, helping the user to navigate the dictionary and find Chinese characters without knowing their pronunciation.

This Hippocrene Concise Dictionary contains over 9,000 entries for students and travelers, a phonetic guide to pronunciation in both languages, completely modern and up-to-date, and has a clear, concise format by bestselling dictionary author Iwo C. Pogonowski.

This bilingual dictionary and phrasebook provides English speakers travelling in Poland with a concise and useful tool for basic communication. The dictionary offers essential vocabulary, while the phrasebook provides the easiest and most practical phrase for an English speaker to use.