The book is an introduction to the science and possible applications of Graphene, the first one-atom-thick crystalline form of matter. Discovered in 2004 by now Nobelists Geim and Novoselov, the single layer of graphite, a hexagonal network of carbon atoms, has astonishing electrical and mechanical properties. It supports the highest electrical current density of any material, far exceeding metals copper and silver. Its absolute minimum thickness, 0.34 nanometers, provides an inherent advantage in possible forms of digital electronics past the era of Moore's Law. The book describes the unusual physics of the material, that it offers linear rather than parabolic energy bands. The Dirac-like electron energy bands lead to high constant carrier speed, similar to light photons. The lattice symmetry further implies a two-component wave-function, which has a practical effect of cancelling direct backscattering of carriers. The resulting high carrier mobility allows observation of the Quantum Hall Effect at room temperature, unique to Graphene. The material is two-dimensional, but in sizes micrometers nearly to meters displays great tensile strength but vanishing resistance to bending. The book reviews theoretical predictions of excessive atomic vibrational motion, tied to the dimensionality. As explained, these predictions seem not of practical consequence, and such effects are unobservable in samples up to nearly one meter size. The disintegration temperature of this refractory material is estimated as 4900K, certainly higher than the measured sublimation temperature of graphite, 3900K. As explained, applications of Graphene come in classes that range from additives to composite materials to field effect transistor elements capable of extremely high frequency operation. The classes of applications correlate with differing methods of fabrication, from inexpensive chemical exfoliations of graphite, to chemical vapour deposition on catalytic substrates as Cu and Ni, at temperatures around 1300K. The book reviews potential applications within existing electronics, to include interconnect wires, flash-memory elements, and high frequency field effect transistors. The chance to supplant the dominant CMOS family of silicon logic devices is assessed.

Arthur Kay s exciting new publication is a must have for practicing, professional electrical engineers. This comprehensive guide shows engineers how to design amplifiers and associated electronics to minimize noise, providing tricks, rules-of-thumb, and analysis to create successful low noise circuits. Forget the classical textbook traps of equations, virtual grounds, and a lot of double-speak, the novel but educational presentation used here uses definition-by -example and straight-forward analysis. This is the ultimate reference book for engineers who don't have the time to read, since the concepts are presented in detailed pictures and then repeated in the text for those who like both.

Operational amplifiers play a vital role in modern electronics design. Today, op amps serve as the interfaces between the digital world of microprocessors, microcontrollers, and other digital circuits and the analog "real world." If an analog signal must be amplified, conditioned, filtered, or converted to be used by a digital system, an op amp is almost always involved. Noise is an unwanted signal that will corrupt or distort the desired signal, and veteran engineers as well as new college graduates are often faced with a lack of experience in noise analysis for operational amplifiers. The author has created a publication that is packed with essential information, while still being accessible to all readers.
* Clear, definition-by-example presentation allows for immediate use of techniques introduced;
* Tricks and rules-of-thumb, derived from author's decades of experience;
* Extreme use of figures for rapid absorption of concepts;
* Concise text explains the key points in all figures;
* Accessible to all types of readers;
* Analysis and design of low-noise circuits using op amps, including design tradeoffs for low-noise;
* Desktop reference for designing low-noise op amp circuits for novice to experienced engineers;
* Accurate measurement and prediction of intrinsic noise levels, using analysis by hand and SPICE simulation"

Power Semiconductor Devices Theory and Applications VA-t???zslav Benda Czech Technical University, Prague, Czech Republic John Gowar Duncan A. Grant University of Bristol, UK Recent advances in robotics, automatic control and power conditioning systems have prompted research into increasingly sophisticated power semiconductor devices. This cutting-edge text explores the design, physical processes and applications performance of current power semiconductor devices. The extensive scope covers the complete range of discrete and integrated devices now available. Features include:
* Use of physical models to explain the device structures and functions without complicated mathematical techniques
* Explanation of the structure, function, characteristics and features of the most important discrete and integrated power devices
* Demonstration of the influence of construction and technological parameters on important device characteristics
* Sections on power modules and conditions for reliable operation plus a look at future materials and devices
This valuable reference encompassing the structure, operation and application of power semiconductor devices will benefit both practising electronics engineers and students of power electronics.

Considerable amount of effort has been devoted, over the recent years, towards the development of electronic skin (e-skin) for many application domains such as prosthetics, robotics, and industrial automation. Electronic Skin: Sensors and Systems focuses on the main components constituting the e-skin system. The e-skin system is based on: i) sensing materials composing the tactile sensor array, ii) the front end electronics for data acquisition and signal conditioning, iii) the embedded processing unit performing tactile data decoding, and iv) the communication interface in charge of transmitting the sensors data for further computing. Technical topics discussed in the book include: * Tactile sensing material; * Electronic Skin systems; * Embedded computing and tactile data decoding; * Communication systems for tactile data transmission; * Relevant applications of e-skin system; The book takes into account not only sensing materials but it also provides a thorough assessment of the current state of the art at system level. The book addresses embedded electronics and tactile data processing and decoding, techniques for low power embedded computing, and the communication interface. Electronic Skin: Sensors and Systems is ideal for researchers, Ph.D. students, academic staff and Masters/research students in sensors/sensing systems, embedded systems, data processing and decoding, and communication systems.

Focussing on micro- and nanoelectronics design and technology, this book provides thorough analysis and demonstration, starting from semiconductor devices to VLSI fabrication, designing (analog and digital), on-chip interconnect modeling culminating with emerging non-silicon/ nano devices. It gives detailed description of both theoretical as well as industry standard HSPICE, Verilog, Cadence simulation based real-time modeling approach with focus on fabrication of bulk and nano-devices. Each chapter of this proposed title starts with a brief introduction of the presented topic and ends with a summary indicating the futuristic aspect including practice questions. Aimed at researchers and senior undergraduate/graduate students in electrical and electronics engineering, microelectronics, nanoelectronics and nanotechnology, this book: Provides broad and comprehensive coverage from Microelectronics to Nanoelectronics including design in analog and digital electronics. Includes HDL, and VLSI design going into the nanoelectronics arena. Discusses devices, circuit analysis, design methodology, and real-time simulation based on industry standard HSPICE tool. Explores emerging devices such as FinFETs, Tunnel FETs (TFETs) and CNTFETs including their circuit co-designing. Covers real time illustration using industry standard Verilog, Cadence and Synopsys simulations.

Remarkable developments in bipolar technology over the past decade have seen the silicon-germanium heterojunction bipolar transistor (SiGe HBT) emerge from research labs to enter production in radio frequency technologies. These developments have allowed SiGe BiCMOS transistors to address high-frequency wireless and optical communications applications that were previously only possible in III/V and II/VI devices. This book brings together for the first time all the new developments and describes in a unified manner the physics, materials science and technology of silicon bipolar transistors and SiGe HBTs.

Featuring: Basic device physics concepts presented in a simple and concise way. All the key technology innovations in detail, including polysilicon emitters, selective implanted collectors, selective and differential SiGe(C) epitaxy, and technology case studies. Compact models of bipolar transistors, including Gummel Poon, Mextram and VBIC. Overall bipolar technology, device and circuit optimisation.

"SiGe Heterojunction Bipolar Transistors" is an essential tool for practising process engineers and integrated circuit designers in the semiconductor, optical communications and wireless communications industries. University researchers, scientists and postgraduates students in microelectronics, semiconductors and electronic engineering will find this book an invaluable reference.

Professor Ashburn has worked as an industrial engineer, a consultant and a university professor and has accumulated a wealth of practical knowledge for incorporation in this book.

Electrical Conductive Adhesives with Nanotechnologies begins with an overview of electronic packaging and discusses the various adhesives options currently available, including lead-free solder and ECAs (Electrically Conductive Adhesives). The material presented focuses on the three ECA categories specifically, Isotropically Conductive Adhesives (ICAs) Anisotropically Conductive Adhesives/Films (ACA/ACF) and Nonconductive Adhesives/Films (NCA/NCF). Discussing the advantages and limitations of each technique, and how each technique is currently applied. Lastly, a detailed presentation of how nano techniques can be applied to conductive adhesives is discussed, including recent research and development of nano component adhesives/nano component films, their electrical properties, thermal performance, bonding pressure and assembly and reliability.

This book describes high frequency power MOSFET gate driver technologies, including gate drivers for GaN HEMTs, which have great potential in the next generation of switching power converters. Gate drivers serve as a critical role between control and power devices. In recent years, there has been a trend to increase the switching frequency beyond multi-MHz in switching power converters to reduce the passive components and significantly improve power density. However, this results in high switching loss and gate driver loss in power MOSFETs. The novel approach in this book is the proposed Current Source Gate Driver (CSD) including different topologies, control and applications. The CSD can reduce the switching transition time and switching loss significantly, and recover high frequency gate driver loss compared to conventional voltage gate drivers. The basic idea can also be extended to other power devices to improve high frequency switching performance such as SiC MOSFET and IGBT. Topics covered in the book include the state-of-the-art of power MOSFET drive techniques, the switching loss model, current source gate drivers (CSDs), resonant gate drivers, adaptive gate drivers and GaN HEMT gate drivers. The book is essential reading for design engineers, researchers and advanced students working in switching power supplies and in power electronics generally.

2D Materials for Infrared and Terahertz Detectors provides an overview of the performance of emerging detector materials, while also offering, for the first time, a comparison with traditional materials used in the fabrication of infrared and terahertz detectors. Since the discovery of graphene, its applications to electronic and optoelectronic devices have been intensively researched. The extraordinary electronic and optical properties allow graphene and other 2D materials to be promising candidates for infrared (IR) and terahertz (THz) photodetectors, and yet it appears that the development of new detectors using these materials is still secondary to those using traditional materials. This book explores this phenomenon, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of using 2D materials. Special attention is directed toward the identification of the most-effective hybrid 2D materials in infrared and terahertz detectors, as well as future trends. Written by one of the world's leading researchers in the field of IR optoelectronics, this book will be a must-read for researchers and graduate students in photodetectors and related fields. Features * Offers a comprehensive overview of the different types of 2D materials used in fabrication of IR and THz detectors, and includes their advantages/disadvantages * The first book to compare new detectors to a wide family of common, commercially available detectors that use traditional materials.

To push MOSFETs to their scaling limits and to explore devices that may complement or even replace them at molecular scale, a clear understanding of device physics at nanometer scale is necessary. Nanoscale Transistors provides a description on the recent development of theory, modeling, and simulation of nanotransistors for electrical engineers, physicists, and chemists working on nanoscale devices. Simple physical pictures and semi-analytical models, which were validated by detailed numerical simulations, are provided for both evolutionary and revolutionary nanotransistors. After basic concepts are reviewed, the text summarizes the essentials of traditional semiconductor devices, digital circuits, and systems to supply a baseline against which new devices can be assessed. A nontraditional view of the MOSFET using concepts that are valid at nanoscale is developed and then applied to nanotube FET as an example of how to extend the concepts to revolutionary nanotransistors. This practical guide then explore the limits of devices by discussing conduction in single molecules

The book summarizes and compares recent advancements in the development of novel lateral power transistors (LDMOS devices) for integrated circuits in power electronic applications. In its first part, the book motivates the necessity for lateral power transistors by a top-down approach: First, it presents typical energy conversion applications in modern industrial, automotive and consumer electronics. Next, it introduces common circuit topologies suitable for these applications, and discusses the feasibility for monolithic integration. Finally, the combination of power and logic functionality on a single chip is motivated and the requirements and limitations for the power semiconductor devices are deduced. The second part describes the evolution of lateral power transistors over the past decades from the simple pin-type concept to double-acting RESURF topologies. It describes the principle of operation for these LDMOS devices and discusses limitations of lateral power devices. Moreover, figures-of-merit are presented which can be used to evaluate the performance of the novel lateral power transistors described in this book with respect to the LDMOS devices. In the last part, [..] the fundamental physical concepts including charge compensation and trench gate topologies are discussed. Also, the status of research in LDMOS devices on silicon carbide is presented. Advantages and drawbacks for each of these integration approaches are summarized, and the feasibility with respect to power electronic applications is evaluated.

Gait analysis is the study of the walking or running pattern of an individual. This can include spatial and temporal measurements such as step length, stride length and speed along with angular measurements of various joints and the interplay between various parts like the foot, hip, pelvis or spine when walking. Gait analysis can be used to assess clinical conditions and design effective rehabilitation; for example, following limb injury or amputation, or other disorders such as a stroke or Parkinson's diagnosis. It can be used to influence intervention decisions, such as whether a patient should undergo surgery, further physiotherapy, or begin a particular treatment regime. Gait analysis can also be used in sports science to monitor and review performance and technique. Gait can be recorded in a variety of ways, including pressure sensors, force plates, in-shoe pressure systems, through marker-based or marker-less systems using various cameras or sensors to calculate body positions in a set sequence of movements. This book focuses on both the hardware systems for collecting data as well as data visualisation and mathematical models for interpreting the data. It is written by a range of international researchers from academia, industry, and clinical settings, providing a complete overview of gait analysis technologies suitable for an audience of engineers in rehabilitation technologies or other biomedical engineering fields.

Research on biomedical applications of nanomaterials has exhibited the rapidly evolving field of biomedical sciences by showing how effective they are in treatment. These particles hold considerable potential for biomedical applications. Work is ongoing, and the results suggest a possibility for a sustainable future for nanomaterials in both therapeutic and biomedical fields. This book highlights current and emerging applications, taking global research findings into consideration. We believe the focus on the identification and role of nanomaterial applications in therapeutic and biomedical sciences can lead to novel solutions in the fields. The chapters of this book are disseminated in a manner that can be readily adopted as sources for new and further study. The editors integrate advanced texts in their research that help graduate students, researchers and professors. Additionally, we believe that international readers will be able to make use of this book for reference purposes.

This textbook entitled Fundamentals of Perovskite Oxides: Synthesis, Structure, Properties and Applications summarizes the structure, synthesis routes, and potential applications of perovskite oxide materials. Since these perovskite-type ceramic materials offer opportunities in a wide range of fields of science and engineering, the chapters are broadly organized into four sections of perovskite-type oxide materials and technology. Covers recent developments in perovskite oxides Serves as a quick reference of perovskite oxides information Describes novel synthesis routes for nanostructured perovskites Discusses comprehensive details for various crystal structures, synthesis methods, properties, and applications Applies to academic education, scientific research, and industrial R&D for materials research in real-world applications like bioengineering, catalysis, energy conversion, energy storage, environmental engineering, and data storage and sensing This book serves as a handy and practical guideline suitable for students, engineers, and researchers working with advanced ceramic materials.

This book covers the advances in the studies of hydrogen-bonding-driven supramolecular systems made over the past decade. It is divided into four parts, with the first introducing the basics of hydrogen bonding and important hydrogen bonding patterns in solution as well as in the solid state. The second part covers molecular recognition and supramolecular structures driven by hydrogen bonding. The third part introduces the formation of hollow and giant macrocycles directed by hydrogen bonding, while the last part summarizes hydrogen bonded supramolecular polymers. This book is designed to bring together in a single volume the many important aspects of hydrogen bonding supramolecular chemistry and will be a valuable resource for graduates and researchers working in supramolecular and related sciences. Zhan-Ting Li, PhD, is a Professor of Organic Chemistry at the Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, China. Li-Zhu Wu, PhD, is a Professor of Organic Chemistry at the Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China.

This book introduces the reader to a number of challenges for the operation of electronic devices in various harsh environmental conditions. While some chapters focus on measuring and understanding the effects of these environments on electronic components, many also propose design solutions, whether in choice of material, innovative structures, or strategies for amelioration and repair. Many applications need electronics designed to operate in harsh environments. Readers will find, in this collection of topics, tools and ideas useful in their own pursuits and of interest to their intellectual curiosity. With a focus on radiation, operating conditions, sensor systems, package, and system design, the book is divided into three parts. The first part deals with sensing devices designed for operating in the presence of radiation, commercials of the shelf (COTS) products for space computing, and influences of single event upset. The second covers system and package design for harsh operating conditions. The third presents devices for biomedical applications under moisture and temperature loads in the frame of sensor systems and operating conditions.

Both the demographics and lack of resources in the health and well-being industry are increasingly forcing us to find alternative solutions for individualized health and social care. In an effort to address this issue, smart technologies present enormous potential in solving this challenge. This book strives to enhance communication and collaboration between technology and health and social care sectors. The reader will receive an extensive overview of the possibilities of various technologies in care sectors (including ICT, electronics, automation, and sensor technology) written by experts from various countries. It will prove extremely useful for engineers developing well-being related systems, software, or other devices that can be used by professionals working with people with specialist needs, well-being and health service providers, educators teaching related courses, and upper level undergraduate students and graduate student studying related topics. The technology focus of the book is widespread and addresses elderly care and hospitals, in addition to solutions for various user groups, devices, and technologies. Beyond serving as a resource for nurses and people working in care sector, the book is also meant to give guidelines for engineers developing person-centered systems by exploring the integration of these technologies into service systems.

This book covers the chemistry of the major processes involved in the manufacture of integrated circuits. The authors describe all the major processes in use, together with some interesting processes which are currently being developed and hold future promise. Each chapter covers the current state of knowledge of the underlying chemistry of a particular process, and identifies areas of uncertainty requiring further research.

Short, comprehensive overview concentrating on major breakthroughs, disruptive ideas, and unexpected results Accessible to all interested in subatomic physics with little prior knowledge required Contains the latest developments in this exciting field

Short, comprehensive overview concentrating on major breakthroughs, disruptive ideas, and unexpected results Accessible to all interested in subatomic physics with little prior knowledge required Contains the latest developments in this exciting field

Nanoscale Electronic Devices and Their Applications helps readers acquire a thorough understanding of the fundamentals of solids at the nanoscale level in addition to their applications including operation and properties of recent nanoscale devices. This book includes seven chapters that give an overview of electrons in solids, carbon nanotube devices and their applications, doping techniques, construction and operational details of channel-engineered MOSFETs, and spintronic devices and their applications. Structural and operational features of phase-change memory (PCM), memristor, and resistive random-access memory (ReRAM) are also discussed. In addition, some applications of these phase-change devices to logic designs have been presented. Aimed at senior undergraduate students in electrical engineering, micro-electronics engineering, physics, and device physics, this book: Covers a wide area of nanoscale devices while explaining the fundamental physics in these devices Reviews information on CNT two- and three-probe devices, spintronic devices, CNT interconnects, CNT memories, and NDR in CNT FETs Discusses spin-controlled devices and their applications, multi-material devices, and gates in addition to phase-change devices Includes rigorous mathematical derivations of the semiconductor physics Illustrates major concepts thorough discussions and various diagrams

The discoveries of new superconducting materials, most of them during the last 30 years, have served very much as the context for further developments in theory which continue to the present. In many of these cases, the observations of superconductivity in new materials were completely unexpected and therefore may be regarded as real discoveries. Even the most visible progress, which followed a search using, to some extent, conventional wisdom, was finally rather unexpected - the discovery of high-Tc superconductivity in copper oxides.
This book presents superconductivity in this materials context and displays some of the underlying simplicity in the materials record that provided fuel for the theoretical developments. Not only is the phenomenon deeply interesting, the metallic systems where it plays out are as well, and superconductivity gives a very interesting window from which to view the nature of electrically conducting materials. The level is not advanced, yet allows the serious reader to access the current developments in the literature.
Addresses in detail the exciting developments after 1980. Demonstrates that progress in superconductivity is to a large extent due to progress in materials synthesis and characterization.Gateway to the current developments in the literature.
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This book presents a critical perspective of the applications of organometallic compounds (including those with metal or metalloid elements) and other related metal complexes as versatile functional materials in the transformation of light into electricity (solar energy conversion) and electricity into light (light generation in light emitting diode), in the reduction of carbon dioxide to useful chemicals, as well as in the safe and efficient production and utilization of hydrogen, which serves as an energy storage medium (i.e. energy carrier). This book focuses on recent research developments in these emerging areas, with an emphasis on fundamental concepts and current applications of functional organometallic complexes and related metal-based molecules for energy research. With contributions from front-line researchers in the field from academia and industry, this timely book provides a valuable contribution to the scientific community in the field of energy science related to metal-based molecular materials. Wai-Yeung Wong, PhD, is Chair Professor and Head of the Department of Chemistry at Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, P. R. China.