This book addresses computationally-efficient multi-objective optimization of antenna structures using variable-fidelity electromagnetic simulations, surrogate modeling techniques, and design space reduction methods. Based on contemporary research, it formulates multi-objective design tasks, highlights related challenges in the context of antenna design, and discusses solution approaches. Specific focus is on providing methodologies for handling computationally expensive simulation models of antenna structures in the sense of their multi-objective optimization. Also given is a summary of recent developments in antenna design optimization using variable-fidelity simulation models. Numerous examples of real-world antenna design problems are provided along with discussions and recommendations for the readers interested in applying the considered methods in their design work.Written with researchers and students in mind, topics covered can also be applied across a broad spectrum of aeronautical, mechanical, electrical, biomedical and civil engineering. It is of particular interest to those dealing with optimization, computationally expensive design tasks and simulation-driven design.

Micro and nanoelectronic devices are the prime movers for electronics, which is essential for the current information age. This unique monograph identifies the key stages of advanced device design and integration in semiconductor manufacturing. It brings into one resource a comprehensive device design using simulation. The book presents state-of-the-art semiconductor device design using the latest TCAD tools.Professionals, researchers, academics, and graduate students in electrical & electronic engineering and microelectronics will benefit from this reference text.

This volume contains most of the invited talks of the 2001 meeting of the Solid State Physics Section of the Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft held from March 26 to 30 in Hamburg, Germany. The topics covered reflect the present activities in this lively domain of modern physics and are thus supposed to flashlight the state-of-the-art in condensed matter physics in Germany in the year 2001.

Semiconductor Glossary is a one of a kind contribution to the pool of publications in the field of semiconductor science and engineering. It was conceived in recognition of an apparent lack of references that would provide brief, straightforward explanations of terms and terminology in the area of advanced semiconductor materials, devices, and processes with emphasis on the most current developments across all areas of nanoelectronics and nanophotonics.With over 2,000 terms defined and explained, the Second Edition of Semiconductor Glossary is the most complete reference in the field of semiconductors on the market today. Using his over 40 years of experience in advanced semiconductor research and teaching, the author selected the terms and then defined and explained them with a broad spectrum of readers in mind. Advanced undergraduate and graduate students, semiconductor professionals at all levels, as well as people with just a general interest in semiconductors should all find Semiconductor Glossary to be a useful resource.

Semiconductor Glossary is a one of a kind contribution to the pool of publications in the field of semiconductor science and engineering. It was conceived in recognition of an apparent lack of references that would provide brief, straightforward explanations of terms and terminology in the area of advanced semiconductor materials, devices, and processes with emphasis on the most current developments across all areas of nanoelectronics and nanophotonics.With over 2,000 terms defined and explained, the Second Edition of Semiconductor Glossary is the most complete reference in the field of semiconductors on the market today. Using his over 40 years of experience in advanced semiconductor research and teaching, the author selected the terms and then defined and explained them with a broad spectrum of readers in mind. Advanced undergraduate and graduate students, semiconductor professionals at all levels, as well as people with just a general interest in semiconductors should all find Semiconductor Glossary to be a useful resource.

Silicon, as a single-crystal semiconductor, has sparked a revolution in the field of electronics and touched nearly every field of science and technology. Though available abundantly as silica and in various other forms in nature, silicon is difficult to separate from its chemical compounds because of its reactivity. As a solid, silicon is chemically inert and stable, but growing it as a single crystal creates many technological challenges. Crystal Growth and Evaluation of Silicon for VLSI and ULSI is one of the first books to cover the systematic growth of silicon single crystals and the complete evaluation of silicon, from sand to useful wafers for device fabrication. Written for engineers and researchers working in semiconductor fabrication industries, this practical text: Describes different techniques used to grow silicon single crystals Explains how grown single-crystal ingots become a complete silicon wafer for integrated-circuit fabrication Reviews different methods to evaluate silicon wafers to determine suitability for device applications Analyzes silicon wafers in terms of resistivity and impurity concentration mapping Examines the effect of intentional and unintentional impurities Explores the defects found in regular silicon-crystal lattice Discusses silicon wafer preparation for VLSI and ULSI processing Crystal Growth and Evaluation of Silicon for VLSI and ULSI is an essential reference for different approaches to the selection of the basic silicon-containing compound, separation of silicon as metallurgical-grade pure silicon, subsequent purification, single-crystal growth, and defects and evaluation of the deviations within the grown crystals.

This book provides a comprehensive summary of the status of emerging sensor technologies and provides a framework for future advances in the field. Chemical sensors have gained in importance in the past decade for applications that include homeland security, medical and environmental monitoring and also food safety. A desirable goal is the ability to simultaneously analyze a wide variety of environmental and biological gases and liquids in the field and to be able to selectively detect a target analyte with high specificity and sensitivity. The goal is to realize real-time, portable and inexpensive chemical and biological sensors and to use these as monitors for handheld gas, environmental pollutant, exhaled breath, saliva, urine, or blood, with wireless capability.In the medical area, frequent screening can catch the early development of diseases, reduce the suffering of patients due to late diagnoses, and lower the medical cost. For example, a 96% survival rate has been predicted in breast cancer patients if the frequency of screening is every three months. This frequency cannot be achieved with current methods of mammography due to high cost to the patient and invasiveness (radiation). In the area of detection of medical biomarkers, many different methods, including enzyme-linked immunsorbent assay (ELISA), particle-based flow cytometric assays, electrochemical measurements based on impedance and capacitance, electrical measurement of microcantilever resonant frequency change, and conductance measurement of semiconductor nanostructures, gas chromatography (GC), ion chromatography, high density peptide arrays, laser scanning quantitiative analysis, chemiluminescence, selected ion flow tube (SIFT), nanomechanical cantilevers, bead-based suspension microarrays, magnetic biosensors and mass spectrometry (MS) have been employed. Depending on the sample condition, these methods may show variable results in terms of sensitivity for some applications and may not meet the requirements for a handheld biosensor.

The compendium gives a complete overview of the properties of MgB2 (Magnesium Diboride), a superconducting compound with a transition temperature of Tc = 39K, from the fundamental properties to the fabrication of multifilamentary wires and to the presentation of various applications. Written by eminent researchers in the field, this indispensable volume not only discusses superconducting properties of MgB2 compounds, but also describes known preparation methods of thin films and of bulk samples obtained under high pressure methods.A unique selling point of the book is the detailed coverage of various applications based on MgB2, starting with MRI magnets and high current cables, cooled by Helium (He) vapor. High current cables cooled by liquid hydrogen are also highlighted as an interesting alternative due to the shrinking He reserves on earth. Other pertinent subjects comprise permanent magnets, ultrafine wires for space applications and wind generator projects.

This volume provides a broad overview of the fundamental materials science of thin films that use silicon as an active substrate or passive template, with an emphasis on opportunities and challenges for practical applications in electronics and photonics. It covers three materials classes on silicon: Semiconductors such as undoped and doped Si and SiGe, SiC, GaN, and III-V arsenides and phosphides; dielectrics including silicon nitride and high-k, low-k, and electro-optically active oxides; and metals, in particular silicide alloys. The impact of film growth and integration on physical, electrical, and optical properties, and ultimately device performance, is highlighted.

This book systematically introduces physical characteristics and implementations of III-nitride wide bandgap semiconductor materials and electronic devices, with an emphasis on high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs). The properties of nitride semiconductors make the material very suitable for electronic devices used in microwave power amplification, high-voltage switches, and high-speed digital integrated circuits.

Semiconductor nanocrystals and metal nanoparticles are the building blocks of the next generation of electronic, optoelectronic, and photonic devices. Covering this rapidly developing and interdisciplinary field, the book examines in detail the physical properties and device applications of semiconductor nanocrystals and metal nanoparticles. It begins with a review of the synthesis and characterization of various semiconductor nanocrystals and metal nanoparticles and goes on to discuss in detail their optical, light emission, and electrical properties. It then illustrates some exciting applications of nanoelectronic devices (memristors and single-electron devices) and optoelectronic devices (UV detectors, quantum dot lasers, and solar cells), as well as other applications (gas sensors and metallic nanopastes for power electronics packaging). Focuses on a new class of materials that exhibit fascinating physical properties and have many exciting device applications. Presents an overview of synthesis strategies and characterization techniques for various semiconductor nanocrystal and metal nanoparticles. Examines in detail the optical/optoelectronic properties, light emission properties, and electrical properties of semiconductor nanocrystals and metal nanoparticles. Reviews applications in nanoelectronic devices, optoelectronic devices, and photonic devices.

This book contains essential advice and guidance for those thinking of starting out in the Portable appliance testing industry. A detailed look at the subject of Portable Appliance Testing (PAT), this book is the ideal accompaniment for those studying the City & Guild and EAL PAT courses. Theory and assessment covered in one volume, with advice, revision exercises and sample tests to aid exam preparation. Contains all the information required to qualify and begin testing portable appliances. The Get Qualified series provides clear and concise guidance for people looking to work within the electrical industry. This book clearly explains the options available to those wishing to enter the portable appliance testing industry and supports the reader through the subject in a step-by-step manner. Most importantly, it covers the theory behind portable appliance testing as well as looking in detail at each exam learning outcome. There are also sections on exam preparation, revision exercises and sample questions.

Low dimensional systems have revolutionized the science and technology in several areas. However, their understanding is still a great challenge for the scientific community. Solar energy conversion devices based on nanostructured materials have shown exceptional gains in efficiency and stability. In this context, nanostructures allow an improvement of surface properties, transport and charge transfer, as well as direct application as sensors and storage devices and energy conversion. This book discuss the recent advances and future trends of the nanoscience in solar energy conversion and storage. It explores and discusses recent developments both in theory as well as in experimental studies and is of interest to materials scientists, chemists, physicists and engineers.

This book provides a comprehensive overview of the recent development of flexible electronics. This is a fast evolving research field and tremendous progress has been made in the past decade. In this book, new material development and novel flexible device, circuit design, fabrication and characterizations will be introduced. Particularly, recent progress of nanomaterials, including carbon nanotubes, graphene, semiconductor nanowires, nanofibers, for flexible electronic applications, assembly of nanomaterials for large scale device and circuitry, flexible energy devices, such as solar cells and batteries, etc, will be introduced. And through reviewing these cutting edge research, the readers will be able to see the key advantages and challenges of flexible electronics both from material and device perspectives, as well as identify future directions of the field.

This book relates the recent developments in several key electrical engineering R&D labs, concentrating on power electronics switches and their use. The first sections deal with key power electronics technologies, MOSFETs and IGBTs, including series and parallel associations. The next section examines silicon carbide and its potentiality for power electronics applications and its present limitations. Then, a dedicated section presents the capacitors, key passive components in power electronics, followed by a modeling method allowing the stray inductances computation, necessary for the precise simulation of switching waveforms. Thermal behavior associated with power switches follows, and the last part proposes some interesting prospectives associated to Power Electronics integration.

These proceedings of the NATO-ARW "Electron transport in nanosystems" held at the "Russia" Hotel, Yalta, Ukraine from 17-21 September 2007 resulted in many discussions between various speakers. The wide range of topics discussed at the Yalta NATO meeting included the new nanodevice applications, novel materials, superconductivity and s- sors. There have been many signi?cant advances in the past 2 years and some entirely new directions of research in these ?elds are just opening up. Recent advances in nanoscience have demonstrated that fundamentally new phy- cal phenomena are found when systems are reduced in size with dimensions, comparable to the fundamental microscopic length scales of the investigated material. Late developments in nanotechnology and measurement techniques now allow experimental investigation of transport properties of nanodevices. Great interest in this research is focused on development of spintronics, molecular electronics and quantum information processing and graphene. At the workshop, important open problems concerning cuprate superconductity, mesoscopic superconductors and novel superconductors such MgB,CeCoIn 2 5 whereconsidered.Therewasmuchdiscussionofthemechanismandsymmetry of pairing for cuprate superconductorsas well as the nature of the pseudogap. In the sessiononnovelsuperconductors,the physicalproperties of MgB were 2 discussed. There were also lively debates about two-gap superconductivity in MgB .

This book is primarily designed to serve as a textbook for undergraduate students of electrical, electronics, and computer engineering, but can also be used for primer courses across other disciplines of engineering and related sciences. The book covers all the basic aspects of electronics engineering, from electronic materials to devices, and then to basic electronic circuits. The book can be used for freshman (first year) and sophomore (second year) courses in undergraduate engineering. It can also be used as a supplement or primer for more advanced courses in electronic circuit design. The book uses a simple narrative style, thus simplifying both classroom use and self study. Numerical values of dimensions of the devices, as well as of data in figures and graphs have been provided to give a real world feel to the device parameters. It includes a large number of numerical problems and solved examples, to enable students to practice. A laboratory manual is included as a supplement with the textbook material for practicals related to the coursework. The contents of this book will be useful also for students and enthusiasts interested in learning about basic electronics without the benefit of formal coursework.

This pioneering monograph solely deals with the Magneto Thermoelectric Power (MTP) in Heavily Doped (HD) Quantized Structures. The materials considered range from HD quantum confined nonlinear optical materials to HgTe/CdTe HD superlattices with graded interfaces and HD effective mass superlattices under magnetic quantization. An important concept of the measurement of the band gap in HD optoelectronic materials in the presence of external photo-excitation has been discussed in this perspective. The influences of magnetic quantization, crossed electric and quantizing fields, the intense electric field on the TPM in HD semiconductors and superlattices are also discussed. This book contains 200 open research problems which form the integral part of the text and are useful for both PhD aspirants and researchers in the various fields for which this particular series is dedicated.

This book is an in-depth treatment of the theoretical background relevant to an understanding of materials that can be obtained by using high-energy electron diffraction and microscopy.

This book approaches the design of functionally superior optoelectronic devices through the use of bio-inspired nanostructures and multiscale material structures through a step-by-step approach. The book combines both the fundamental theoretical concepts involved in understanding and numerically modelling optoelectronic devices and the application of such methods in addressing challenging research problems in nanostructured optoelectronic design and fabrication. The book offers comprehensive content in optoelectronic materials and engineering and can be used as a reference material by researchers in nanostructured optoelectronic design.

Electronics in Textiles and Clothing: Design, Products and Applications covers the fundamentals of electronics and their applications in textiles and clothing product development. The book emphasizes the interface between electronics and textile materials, detailing diverse methods and techniques used in industrial practice. It explores ways to integrate textile materials with electronics for communicating/signal transferring applications. It also discusses wearable electronic products for industrial applications based on functional properties and end users in sectors such as defense, medicine, health monitoring, and security. The book details the application of wearable electronics and outlines the textile fibres used for wearable electronics. It includes coverage of different yarn types and fabric production techniques and modifications needed on conventional machines for developing fabrics using specialty yarns. The coverage includes problems faced during the production processes and their solutions. Novel sensors, specialty yarns, Body Sensor Networks (BSN), and the development of flexible solar tents used for power generation round out the coverage. The book then concludes with discussions of the development of fabric-integrated wearable electronic products for use in mobihealth care systems, smart cloth for ambulatory remote monitoring, electronic jerkin, heating gloves, and pneumatic gloves. Based mainly on the authors' projects and field work, the book takes a practical approach to the issues involved in designing electronic circuits and their possibilities for signals, giving you an understanding of problems that can occur when executing the work. It also describes the future scope of e-textiles using conductive materials for medical, healthcare textile product development, and safety aspects. The text provides guidelines for the development of wearable textiles, giving a new meaning to the term human-machine symbiosis in the context of pervasive/invisible computing.

Ionizing Radiation Effects in Electronics: From Memories to Imagers delivers comprehensive coverage of the effects of ionizing radiation on state-of-the-art semiconductor devices. The book also offers valuable insight into modern radiation-hardening techniques. The text begins by providing important background information on radiation effects, their underlying mechanisms, and the use of Monte Carlo techniques to simulate radiation transport and the effects of radiation on electronics. The book then: Explains the effects of radiation on digital commercial devices, including microprocessors and volatile and nonvolatile memories-static random-access memories (SRAMs), dynamic random-access memories (DRAMs), and Flash memories Examines issues like soft errors, total dose, and displacement damage, together with hardening-by-design solutions for digital circuits, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), and mixed-analog circuits Explores the effects of radiation on fiber optics and imager devices such as complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) sensors and charge-coupled devices (CCDs) Featuring real-world examples, case studies, extensive references, and contributions from leading experts in industry and academia, Ionizing Radiation Effects in Electronics: From Memories to Imagers is suitable both for newcomers who want to become familiar with radiation effects and for radiation experts who are looking for more advanced material or to make effective use of beam time.

The theoretical understanding of transport properties of semiconductor structures on short length and short time scales, and in the nonlinear high-field regime is of particular relevance for future electronic and optoelectronic materials. In recent years great progress has been made in a variety of aspects. Theory of Transport Properties of Semiconductor Nanostructures presents a state-of-the-art overview of theoretical methods, results, and applications in the field. It contains eleven chapters which are written by leading researchers. This book starts with a tutorial introduction to the subject, then in the following five chapters a hierarchy of different approaches to transport theory is presented, descending from a macroscopic level (quasihydrodynamic simulation) via semiclassical Monte Carlo techniques and cellular automata to a full quantum transport theory covering both Green's functions and density matrix theory. In the last five chapters the formalism is applied to more specific topics which are of great current interest such as transport in mesoscopic structures, chaotic dynamics in lateral superlattices, Bloch oscillations and Wannier-Stark localization, field domain formation in superlattices, and scattering processes in low-dimensional structures. Theory of Transport Properties of Semiconductor Nanostructures is aimed at physicists, electronic engineers, materials scientists and applied mathematicians. It may be used in research, as a professional reference in microelectronics, optoelectronics, and graduate teaching. This book should be useful not only to graduate students but also to professional scientists working in the field. It attempts to present comprehensive reviewsof the most important advances, and often takes a tutorial approach.

This monograph of Electro-Optical E?ects to Visualize Field- and Current- Distributions in Semiconductors consists of ?ve parts, four of which are based ontheresearchofcadmiumsul?de, wherealargenumberofcontributionswere made between 1958 and the late 1960s to directly observe ?eld and current distributionsandinterprettheirresults.Thevisualizationof?elddistributions was accomplished by using the Franz Keldysh e?ect, and the visualization of currentinhomogeneitiesusestheshiftoftheopticalabsorptionedgebyJoule's heating. The ?fth part deals with a review of the explosively developing ?eld of N- and S-shaped current voltage characteristics causing inhomogeneities and instabilities in ?eld and current distributions. This part of the book was composed by Eckehard Sch] oll of the Technical University in Berlin. A major emphasis is given to the ?rst part of the book in which s- tionary high-?eld domains are described. These domains can be used as an essential tool to determine unambiguously certain semiconductor properties, such as the electron density and its mobility as the function of the actual electric ?eld. It is also helpful to determine changes of the work function and electron a?nities between di?erent materials, such as for electrodes and h- erojunctions. Finally, it gives direct information about certain doping and their spacial pro?le."