Kinetic Studies in GeO2/Ge System: A Retrospective from 2021 investigates reaction kinetics in GeO2/Ge systems, aiming to demonstrate the fundamentals of the GeO2/Ge interface and to give insight into the distinctive features and performance of Ge (germanium) applied to advanced complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) devices. This book first reviews the development of MOS technology and discusses the potentials of emerging Ge and the challenges facing it as a contentious channel material, once promising to replace Si (silicon) for advanced nodes. The study systematically analyzes the following aspects of GeO2/Ge stacks that will shed light on the characteristics and reaction principles of the system: GeO2/Ge degradation, Ge passivation techniques, desorption kinetics of GeO from GeO2/Ge, the relationship between GeO2 crystallization and GeO2/Ge interface reaction, and the oxidation kinetics of Ge. Based on findings from the intrinsic properties of GeO2/Ge, the author also compares it with prevalent SiO2/Si systems and demonstrates the essential differences between the two, contributing to quality control, process optimization, and technology advancements of GeO2/Ge. The book will be a useful reference for researchers, professionals, and students interested in electronic materials, condenser matter physics, microelectronic engineering, and semiconductors.

This book is the result of the extensive experience the authors gained through their year-long occupation at the Faculty of Electrical Engineering at the University of Banja Luka. Starting at the fundamental basics of electrical engineering, the book guides the reader into this field and covers all the relevant types of converters and regulators. Understanding is enhanced by the given examples, exercises and solutions. Thus this book can be used as a textbook for students, for self-study or as a reference book for professionals.

System-on-a-Chip (SOC) integrated circuits composed of embedded cores are now commonplace. Nevertheless, there remain several roadblocks to rapid and efficient system integration. Test development is seen as a major bottleneck in SOC design and manufacturing capabilities. Testing SOCs is especially challenging in the absence of standardized test structures, test automation tools, and test protocols. In addition, long interconnects, high density, and high-speed designs lead to new types of faults involving crosstalk and signal integrity.

SOC (System-on-a-Chip) Testing for Plug and Play Test Automation is an edited work containing thirteen contributions that address various aspects of SOC testing.

SOC (System-on-a-Chip) Testing for Plug and Play Test Automation is a valuable reference for researchers and students interested in various aspects of SOC testing.

This book presents the real challenges and experiences of managing an advanced semiconductor technology development and integration program - but using a novelized form. The material is presented in a conversational format through a story that follows a fictional narrator as she grows from an intern to a manager in a (fictional) chip company. The story describes the technology development program from management, engineering and human perspectives, and exposes not only the management and technical issues but also the typical work-life balance challenges experienced by engineers working in the technology industry. Use of a series of realistic and representative vignettes, supported by a set of illustrative cartoon-ish panels, presents the serious management topics in a light and readable way.

This book covers many advances in the subjects of nano-optics and nano photonics. The author describes the principle and technical schematics of common methods for breaking through the optical diffraction limit and focuses on realizing optical super-resolution with nonlinear effects of thin film materials. The applications of nonlinear optical super-resolution effects in nano-data storage, nanolithography, and nano-imaging are also presented. This book is useful to graduate students majoring in optics and nano science and also serves as a reference book for academic researchers, engineers, technical professionals in the fields of super-resolution optics and laser techniques, nano-optics and nano photonics, nano-data storage, nano imaging, micro/nanofabrication and nanolithography and nonlinear optics.

Silicon-on-Insulator Technology: Materials to VLSI, 2nd Edition describes the different facets of SOI technology. SOI chips are now commercially available and SOI wafer manufacturers have gone public. SOI has finally made it out of the academic world and is now a big concern for every major semiconductor company. SOI technology has indeed deserved serious recognition: high-temperature (400 DegreesC), extremely rad-hard (500 Mrad(Si)), high-density (16 Mb, 0.9-volt DRAM), high-speed (several GHz) and low-voltage (0.5 V) SOI circuits have been demonstrated. Strategic choices in favor of the use of SOI for low-voltage, low-power portable systems have been made by several major semiconductor manufacturers. Silicon-on-Insulator Technology: Materials to VLSI, 2nd Edition presents a complete and state-of-the-art review of SOI materials, devices and circuits. SOI fabrication and characterization techniques, SOI device processing, the physics of the SOI MOSFET as well as that of SOI other devices, and the performances of SOI circuits are discussed in detail. The SOI specialist will find this book invaluable as a source of compiled references covering the different aspects of SOI technology. For the non-specialist, the book serves as an excellent introduction to the topic with detailed, yet simple and clear explanations. Silicon-on-Insulator Technology: Materials to VLSI, 2nd Edition is recommended for use as a textbook for classes on semiconductor device processing and physics. The level of the book is appropriate for teaching at both the undergraduate and graduate levels. Silicon-on-Insulator Technology: Materials to VLSI, 2nd Edition includes the new materials, devices, and circuit concepts which have been devised since the publication of the first edition. The circuit sections, in particular, have been updated to present the performances of SOI devices for low-voltage, low-power applications, as well as for high-temperature, smart-power, and DRAM applications. The other sections, such as those describing SOI materials, the physics of the SOI MOSFET and other devices have been updated to present the state of the art in SOI technology.

Advanced Laser Diode Reliability focuses on causes and effects of degradations of state-of-the-art semiconductor laser diodes. It aims to provide a tool for linking practical measurements to physical diagnostics. To this purpose, it reviews the current technologies, addressing their peculiar details that can promote specific failure mechanisms. Two sections will support this kernel: a) Failure Analysis techniques, procedures and examples; b) Device-oriented laser modelling and parameter extraction.

This book provides readers with a detailed overview of second- and third-order nonlinearities in various nanostructures, as well as their potential applications. Interest in the field of nonlinear optics has grown exponentially in recent years and, as a result, there is increasing research on novel nonlinear phenomena and the development of nonlinear photonic devices. Thus, such a book serves as a comprehensive guide for researchers in the field and those seeking to become familiar with it. This text focuses on the nonlinear properties of nanostructured systems that arise as a result of optical wave mixing. The authors present a review of nonlinear optical processes on the nanoscale and provide theoretical descriptions for second and third-order optical nonlinearities in nanostructures such as carbon allotropes, metallic nanostructures, semiconductors, nanocrystals, and complex geometries. Here, the characterization and potential applications of these nanomaterials are also discussed. The factors that determine the nonlinear susceptibility in these systems are identified as well as the influence of physical mechanisms emerging from resonance and off-resonance excitations. In addition, the authors detail the effects driven by important phenomena such as quantum confinement, localized surface plasmon resonance, Fano resonances, bound states, and the Purcell effect on specific nanostructured systems. Readers are provided with a groundwork for future research as well as new perspectives in this growing field.

This book focuses on the progress in optoelectronic materials research and technologies, presenting reviews and original works on the theory, fabrication, characterization, and applications of optoelectronic materials. The chapters discuss preparation and properties of several optoelectronic materials, such as ZnO, SnO2, Zn1-XSnXO, BaTiO3, GaAs, GaP, ZnSe, and NaAlSi. The structural, optical, vibrational, and magnetic properties are discussed, in addition to transport and phase transformations.

The rheological properties of magnetorheological (MR) materials, such as their viscosity and dynamic modulus, can be tuned or controlled by changing the intensity of the magnetic field using appropriate control schemes. Thanks to their robustness, performance and smart properties, numerous studies have been undertaken on the development of new MR materials, and microscopic and macroscopic modelling approaches. Novel applications include engine mounts and clutch systems in the automotive industry, shock absorbing safety devices for cockpit seats in aerospace, and shock absorption from movement in semi-active human prosthetic legs. This book introduces magnetorheological fluids and elastomers, and explores their material properties, related modelling techniques and applications in turn. The book offers insights into the relationships between the properties and characterisation of MR materials and their current and future applications, making it useful reading for researchers, engineers and graduate students who work in the field of smart materials and structures.

Covers novel semiconductor devices with sub-micron dimensions. Discusses comprehensive device optimization techniques. Examines the conceptualization and modeling of semiconductor devices. Covers circuit and sensor-based application of the novel devices. Discusses novel materials for next-generation devices.

Details the use of advanced AFMs and addresses all types of functional AFMs First book to focus on application of AFM for energy research Enables readers to operate an AFM successfully and to understand the data obtained Covers new achievements in AFM instruments, including higher speed and resolution, automatic and deep learning AFM, and how AFM is being combined with other new methods like IR and Raman microscopy

Thin-Film Capacitors for Packaged Electronics deals with the capacitors of a wanted kind, still needed and capable of keeping pace with the demands posed by ever greater levels of integration. It spans a wide range of topics, from materials properties to limits of what's the best one can achieve in capacitor properties to process modeling to application examples. Some of the topics covered are the following:
-Novel insights into fundamental relationships between dielectric constant and the breakdown field of materials and related capacitance density and breakdown voltage of capacitor structures,
-Electrical characterization techniques for a wide range of frequencies (1 kHz to 20 GHz),
-Process modeling to determine stable operating points,
-Prevention of metal (Cu) diffusion into the dielectric,
-Measurements and modeling of the dielectric micro-roughness.

An authoritative single-volume reference on the design and analysis of ESD protection for ICs Electrostatic discharge (ESD) is a major reliability challenge to semiconductors, integrated circuits (ICs), and microelectronic systems. On-chip ESD protection is a vital to any electronic products, such as smartphones, laptops, tablets, and other electronic devices. Practical ESD Protection Design provides comprehensive and systematic guidance on all major aspects of designs of on-chip ESD protection for integrated circuits (ICs). Written for students and practicing engineers alike, this one-stop resource covers essential theories, hands-on design skills, computer-aided design (CAD) methods, characterization and analysis techniques, and more on ESD protection designs. Detailed chapters examine an array of topics ranging from fundamental to advanced, including ESD phenomena, ESD failure analysis, ESD testing models, ESD protection devices and circuits, ESD design layout and technology effects, ESD design flows and co-design methods, ESD modelling and CAD techniques, and future ESD protection concepts. Based on the author's decades of design, research and teaching experiences, Practical ESD Protection Design - Features numerous real-world ESD protection design examples - Emphasizes on ESD protection design techniques and procedures - Describes ESD-IC co-design methodology for high-performance mixed-signal ICs and broadband radio-frequency (RF) ICs - Discusses CAD-based ESD protection design optimization and prediction using both Technology and Electrical Computer-Aided Design (TCAD/ECAD) simulation - Addresses new ESD CAD algorithms and tools for full-chip ESD physical design verification - Explores the disruptive future outlook of ESD protection Practical ESD Protection Design is a valuable reference for industrial engineers and academic researchers in the field, and an excellent textbook for electronic engineering courses in semiconductor microelectronics and integrated circuit designs.

This highly interdisciplinary thesis reports on two innovative photonic biosensors that combine multiple simultaneous measurements to provide unique insights into the activity and structure of surface immobilized biological molecules. In addition, it presents a new silicon photonic biosensor that exploits two cascaded resonant sensors to provide two independent measurements of a biological layer immobilized on the surface. By combining these two measurements, it is possible to unambiguously quantify the density and thickness of the molecular layer; here, the approach's ability to study molecular conformation and conformational changes in real time is demonstrated. The electrophotonic biosensor integrates silicon photonics with electrochemistry into a single technology. This multi-modal biosensor provides a number of unique capabilities that extend the functionality of conventional silicon photonics. For example, by combining the complementary information revealed by simultaneous electrochemical and photonic measurements, it is possible to provide unique insights into on-surface electrochemical processes. Furthermore, the ability to create electrochemical reactions directly on the silicon surface provides a novel approach for engineering the chemical functionality of the photonic sensors. The electrophotonic biosensor thus represents a critical advance towards the development of very high-density photonic sensor arrays for multiplexed diagnostics.

Internet of Things (IoT) enabled technology is evolving healthcare from conventional hub-based systems to more personalized eHealth systems, enabling faster and safer preventive care, lower overall cost, improved patient-centric practice and enhanced sustainability. Efficient IoT-enabled eHealth systems can be realized by providing highly customized access to rich medical information and efficient clinical decisions to each individual with unobtrusive monitoring. Wireless medical sensor networks (WMSNs) are at the heart of this concept, and their development is a key issue if such a concept is to achieve its potential. This book addresses the major challenges in realizing WMSNs in forthcoming IoT-based eHealth systems. Challenges vary from cost and energy efficiency to security and service quality, and to tackle such challenges WMSNs must meet certain expectations and requirements such as size constraints, manufacturing costs and resistance to environmental factors existing at deployment locations. Reflecting this the book focuses on both design and implementation aspects. Topics covered include the impact of medical sensor networks in smart-cities; an evaluation of mobile patient monitoring technologies; overview of wireless sensor devices in medical applications; cyber security issues in WMSNs and eHealth; smart hospital rooms and automated systems; medical sensor capabilities in smart cloud networks; swarm intelligence based medical diagnosis systems; and smart systems and device for the blind.

This comprehensive text covers the basic physics of the solid state starting at an elementary level suitable for undergraduates but then advancing, in stages, to a graduate and advanced graduate level. In addition to treating the fundamental elastic, electrical, thermal, magnetic, structural, electronic, transport, optical, mechanical and compositional properties, we also discuss topics like superfluidity and superconductivity along with special topics such as strongly correlated systems, high-temperature superconductors, the quantum Hall effects, and graphene. Particular emphasis is given to so-called first principles calculations utilizing modern density functional theory which for many systems now allow accurate calculations of the electronic, magnetic, and thermal properties.

Highlights Li-ion batteries and Na-ion batteries, as well as lithium sulfur-, aluminum-, and iron-related batteries Describes advanced battery materials and their fundamental properties Addresses challenges to improving battery performance Develops theoretical predictions and experimental observations under a unified quasi-particle framework Targets core issues like stability and efficiencies

Shear Thickening Fluid: Theory and Applications provides a complete reference on shear thickening fluid (STF) and STF applications for engineers, researchers, and scientists. STF rheology is discussed in terms of several factors, including suspension medium, particle size, particle shape, and environmental conditions. Single-phase STF is discussed, and the novel concept of multi-phase STF is examined by considering various fillers in this smart fluid. Prominent applications of STF are categorized as multi-functional systems, adaptive damping devices, surface finishing operations, and protective structures, and the applications are described by discussing the smart behavior of STF. 

Shuji Nakamura's development of a blue semiconductor laser on the basis of GaN opens the way for a host of new applications of semiconductor lasers. The wavelengths can be tuned by controlling the composition. For the first time it is possible to produce lasers with various wavelengths, ranging from red through yellow and green to blue, in one substrate material. This fact, together with their high efficiency, makes GaN-based lasers very useful for a wide spectrum of applications. The second edition of this basic book on GaN-based devices has been updated and significantly extended. It includes a survey of worldwide research on GaN, as well as Nakamura's latest important developments. The reader finds a careful introduction to the physics and properties of GaN. The main part of the book deals with the production and characteristics of GaN LDs and LEDs. To complete the spectrum of applications, GaN power devices are also described.

Defects in Nanocrystals: Structural and Physico-Chemical Aspects discusses the nature of semiconductor systems and the effect of the size and shape on their thermodynamic and optoelectronic properties at the mesoscopic and nanoscopic levels. The nanostructures considered in this book are individual nanometric crystallites, nanocrystalline films, and nanowires of which the thermodynamic, structural, and optical properties are discussed in detail. The work: Outlines the influence of growth processes on their morphology and structure Describes the benefits of optical spectroscopies in the understanding of the role and nature of defects in nanostructured semiconductors Considers the limits of nanothermodynamics Details the critical role of interfaces in nanostructural behavior Covers the importance of embedding media in the physico-chemical properties of nanostructured semiconductors Explains the negligible role of core point defects vs. surface and interface defects Written for researchers, engineers, and those working in the physical and physicochemical sciences, this work comprehensively details the chemical, structural, and optical properties of semiconductor nanostructures for the development of more powerful and efficient devices.

This thesis presents the SiGe source and drain (S/D) technology in the context of advanced CMOS, and addresses both device processing and epitaxy modelling. As the CMOS technology roadmap calls for continuously downscaling traditional transistor structures, controlling the parasitic effects of transistors, e.g. short channel effect, parasitic resistances and capacitances is becoming increasingly difficult. The emergence of these problems sparked a technological revolution, where a transition from planar to three-dimensional (3D) transistor design occurred in the 22nm technology node. The selective epitaxial growth (SEG) method has been used to deposit SiGe as stressor material in S/D regions to induce uniaxial strain in the channel region. The thesis investigates issues of process integration in IC production and concentrates on the key parameters of high-quality SiGe selective epitaxial growth, with a special focus on its pattern dependency behavior and on key integration issues in both 2D and 3D transistor structures, the goal being to improve future applications of SiGe SEG in advanced CMOS.

Over the past two decades, technologies for microsystems fabrication have made considerable progress. This has made possible a large variety of new commercial devices ranging, for example, from integrated pressure and acceleration microsensors to active micromirror arrays for image projection. In the near future, there will be a number of new devices, which will be commercialized in many application areas. The field of microsystems is characterized by its wide diversity, which requires a multidisciplinary approach for design and processes as well as in application areas. Although there is a common technological background derived from integrated circuits, it is clear that microsystems will require additional application-specific technologies. Since most microsystem technologies are based on batch processing and dedicated to mass production, prototyping is likely to be an expensive and time-consuming step. It is recognized that standardization of the processes as well as of the design tools will definitely help reduce the entry cost of microsystems. This creates a very challenging situation for the design, modeling and simulation of microsystems. Methodology for the Modeling and Simulation of Microsystems is the first book to give an overview of the problems associated with modeling and simulation of microsystems. It introduces a new methodology, which is supported by several examples. It should provide a useful starting point for both scientists and engineers seeking background information for efficient design of microsystems.

Presents the latest global achievements in the processing and applications of high-Tc superconductors Discusses large-scale applications of high-temperature superconducting materials Contains contributions from several eminent scientists

Discusses the method to grow not only graphene over Cu but also allows the reader to know how to optimize graphene growth, using statistical design of experiments, on Cu interconnects in order to obtain good-quality and reliable interconnects Provides the basic understanding of graphene-Cu interaction mechanism Introduces a novel graphene growth process and graphene-assisted electroless copper plating