Polymer electronics is the science behind many important new developments in technology, such as the flexible electronic display (e-ink) and many new developments in transistor technology. Solar cells, light-emitting diodes, and transistors are all areas where plastic electronics is likely to, or is already having, a serious impact on our daily lives. With polymer transistors and light-emitting diodes now being commercialised, there is a clear need for a pedagogic text that discusses the subject in a clear and concise fashion suitable for senior undergraduate and graduate students. The content builds on what has been learnt in an elementary (core) course in solid state physics and electronic behaviour, but care has been taken to ensure that important aspects such as the synthesis of these polymers are not overlooked. The chemistry is treated in a manner appropriate to students of physics. Polymer Electronics presents a thorough discussion of the physics and chemistry behind this new and important area of science, appealing to all physical scientists with an interest in the field.

This book offers a comprehensive reference guide for graduate students and professionals in both academia and industry, covering the fundamentals, architecture, processing details, and applications of 3D microelectronic packaging. It provides readers an in-depth understanding of the latest research and development findings regarding this key industry trend, including TSV, die processing, micro-bumps for LMI and MMI, direct bonding and advanced materials, as well as quality, reliability, fault isolation, and failure analysis for 3D microelectronic packages. Images, tables, and didactic schematics are used to illustrate and elaborate on the concepts discussed. Readers will gain a general grasp of 3D packaging, quality and reliability concerns, and common causes of failure, and will be introduced to developing areas and remaining gaps in 3D packaging that can help inspire future research and development.

Caustics are natural phenomena, forming light patterns in rainbows or through drinking glasses, and creating light networks at the bottom of swimming pools. Only in recent years have scientists started to artificially create simple caustics with laser light. However, these realizations have already contributed to progress in advanced imaging, lithography, and micro-manipulation. In this book, Alessandro Zannotti pioneers caustics in many ways, establishing the field of artificial caustic optics. He employs caustic design to customize high-intensity laser light. This is of great relevance for laser-based machining, sensing, microscopy, and secure communication. The author also solves a long standing problem concerning the origin of rogue waves which appear naturally in the sea and can have disastrous consequences. By means of a far-reaching optical analogy, he identifies scattering of caustics in random media as the origin of rogue waves, and shows how nonlinear light-matter interaction increases their probability.

This new volume "Iridium Catalysts for Organic Reactions" in the series "Topics in Organometallic Chemistry" intends to update several representative well-known reactions and to introduce other less known or new reactions in particular covering sustainability aspects. Iridium complexes are efficient in many catalytic homogeneous transformations providing high efficiency in both results, activity and selectivity. The interest of the book lies in the presentation of the advances, new perspectives and application in a variety of representative iridium-catalysed reaction. All chapters in the volume are contributed by relevant international experts in the field. The book is aimed at researchers, graduate students and synthetic chemists at all levels in academia and industry.

This book gathers selected research papers presented at the Second International Conference on Energy Systems, Drives and Automations (ESDA 2019), held in Kolkata on 28-29 December 2019. It covers a broad range of topics in the fields of renewable energy, power management, drive systems for electrical machines and automation. Also discussing a variety of related tools and techniques, the book offers a valuable resource for researchers, professionals and students in electrical and mechanical engineering disciplines.

Semiconductor Microchips and Fabrication Advanced and highly illustrated guide to semiconductor manufacturing from an experienced industry insider Semiconductor Microchips and Fabrication is a practical yet advanced book on the theory, design, and manufacturing of semiconductor microchips that describes the process using the principles of physics and chemistry, fills in the knowledge gaps for professionals and students who need to know how manufacturing equipment works, and provides valuable suggestions and solutions to many problems that students or engineers often encounter in semiconductor processing, including useful experiment results to help in process work. The explanation of the semiconductor manufacturing process, and the equipment needed, is carried out based on the machines that are used in clean rooms over the world so readers understand how they can use the equipment to achieve their design and manufacturing ambitions. Combining theory with practice, all descriptions are carried out around the actual equipment and processes by way of a highly visual text, with illustrations including equipment pictures, manufacturing process schematics, and structures of semiconductor microchips. Sample topics covered in Semiconductor Microchips and Fabrication include: An introduction to basic concepts, such as impedance mismatch from plasma machines and theories, such as energy bands and Clausius-Clapeyron equation Basic knowledge used in semiconductor devices and manufacturing machines, including DC and AC circuits, electric fields, magnetic fields, resonant cavity, and the components used in the devices and machines Transistor and integrated circuits, including bipolar transistors, junction field effect transistors, and metal-semiconductor field effect transistors The main processes used in the manufacturing of microchips, including lithography, metallization, reactive-ion etching (RIE), plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD), thermal oxidation and implantation, and more The skills in the design and problem solving of processes, such as how to design a dry etching recipe, and how to solve the micro-grass problems in Bosch process Through Semiconductor Microchips and Fabrication, readers can obtain the fundamental knowledge and skills of semiconductor manufacturing, which will help them better understand and use semiconductor technology to improve their product quality or project research. Before approaching this text, readers should have basic knowledge of physics, chemistry, and circuitry.

This book features works from world-class experts from academia, industry, and national agencies from across the world focusing on a wide spectrum of automotive fields covering in-vehicle signal processing, driver modeling, systems and safety. The essays collected in this volume present cutting-edge studies on safety, driver behavior, infrastructure, and human-to-vehicle interfaces.

In recent decades, the way human beings interact with technology has been significantly transformed. In our daily life, ever fewer manually controlled devices are used, giving way to automatized houses, cars, and devices. A significant part of this technological revolution relies on signal detection and evaluation, placing detectors as core devices for further technological developments. This book introduces a versatile contribution to achieving light sensing: Organic Semiconductor Devices for Light Detection. The text is organized to guide the reader through the main concepts of light detection, followed by a introduction to the semiconducting properties of organic molecular solids. The sources of non-idealities in organic photodetectors are presented in chapter 5, and a new device concept, which aims to overcome some of the limitation discussed in the previous chapters, is demonstrated. Finally, an overview of the field is given with a selection of open points for future investigation.

For courses in basic electronics and electronic devices and circuits Electronic Devices, 10th Edition, provides a solid foundation in basic analog electronics and a thorough introduction to analog integrated circuits and programmable devices. The text identifies the circuits and components within a system, helping students see how the circuit relates to the overall system function. Full-colour photos and illustrations and easy-to-follow worked examples support the text's strong emphasis on real-world application and troubleshooting. Updated throughout, the 10th Edition features selected circuits keyed to Multisim V14 and LT Spice files so that students learn how to simulate, analyse, and troubleshoot using the latest circuit simulation software.

The book focuses on the topology optimization method for nano-optics. Both principles and implementing practice have been addressed, with more weight placed on applications. This is achieved by providing an in-depth study on the major topic of topology optimization of dielectric and metal structures for nano-optics with extension to the surface structures for electromagnetics. The comprehensive and systematic treatment of practical issues in topology optimization for nano-optics is one of the major features of the book, which is particularly suited for readers who are interested to learn practical solutions in topology optimization. The book can benefit researchers, engineers, and graduate students in the fields of structural optimization, nano-optics, wave optics, electromagnetics, etc.

This book discusses the advantages and challenges of Body-Biasing for integrated circuits and systems, together with the deployment of the design infrastructure needed to generate this Body-Bias voltage. These new design solutions enable state of the art energy efficiency and system flexibility for the latest applications, such as Internet of Things and 5G communications.

Amorphous silicon has enabled a new technology for large-area electronics, with major applications in liquid crystal displays, image sensing and solar power conversion. This book presents a broad description of the current technology and its future potential, so that the reader can understand how the particular properties of amorphous silicon lead to unique applications. Topics covered include the design of the amorphous silicon transistor and sensor devices, the range of matrix-addressed arrays and other systems that can be fabricated, and the performance of the various application areas.

Advanced Laser Diode Reliability focuses on causes and effects of degradations of state-of-the-art semiconductor laser diodes. It aims to provide a tool for linking practical measurements to physical diagnostics. To this purpose, it reviews the current technologies, addressing their peculiar details that can promote specific failure mechanisms. Two sections will support this kernel: a) Failure Analysis techniques, procedures and examples; b) Device-oriented laser modelling and parameter extraction.

Effects of many-body interactions and superconducting correlations have become central questions in the quantum transport community. While most previous works investigating current fluctuations in nanodevices have been restricted to the stationary regime, Seoane's thesis extends these studies to the time domain. It provides relevant information about the time onset of electronic correlations mediated by interactions and superconductivity. This knowledge is essential for the development of fast electronic devices, as well as novel applications requiring fast manipulations, such as quantum information processing. In addition, the thesis establishes contact with issues of broad current interest such as non-equilibrium quantum phase transitions.

This book addresses the fabrication of responsive functional nanomaterials and their use in sustainable energy and environmental applications. Responsive functional nanomaterials can change their physiochemical properties to adapt to their environment. Accordingly, these novel materials are playing an increasingly important role in a diverse range of applications, such as sensors and actuators, self-healing materials, separation, drug delivery, diagnostics, tissue engineering, functional coatings and textiles. This book reports on the latest advances in responsive functional nanomaterials in a wide range of applications and will appeal to a broad readership across the fields of materials, chemistry, sustainable energy, environmental science and nanotechnology.

This thesis presents an in-depth exploration of imperfections that can be found in self-catalysed III-V semiconductor nanowires. By utilising advanced electron microscopy techniques, the interface sharpness and defects at the atomic and macroscopic scale are analysed. It is found that a surprising variety and quantity of defect structures can exist in nanowire systems, and that they can in fact host some never-before-seen defect configurations. To probe how these defects are formed, conditions during nanowire growth can be emulated inside the microscope using the latest generation of in-situ heating holder. This allowed the examination of defect formation, dynamics, and removal, revealing that many of the defects can in fact be eliminated. This information is critical for attaining perfect nanowire growth. The author presents annealing strategies to improve crystal quality, and therefore device performance.

Device Architecture and Materials for Organic Light-Emitting Devices focuses on the design of new device and material concepts for organic light-emitting devices, thereby targeting high current densities and an improved control of the triplet concentration. A new light-emitting device architecture, the OLED with field-effect electron transport, is demonstrated. This device is a hybrid between a diode and a field-effect transistor. Compared to conventional OLEDs, the metallic cathode is displaced by one to several micrometers from the light-emitting zone, reducing optical absorption losses. The electrons injected by the cathode accumulate at an organic heterojunction and are transported to the light-emission zone by field-effect. High mobilities for charge carriers are achieved in this way, enabling a high current density and a reduced number of charge carriers in the device. Pulsed excitation experiments show that pulses down to 1 us can be applied to this structure without affecting the light intensity, suggesting that pulsed excitation might be useful to reduce the accumulation of triplets in the device. The combination of all these properties makes the OLED with field-effect electron transport particularly interesting for waveguide devices and future electrically pumped lasers. In addition, triplet-emitter doped organic materials, as well as the use of triplet scavengers in conjugated polymers are investigated.

Metal Impurities in Silicon-Device Fabrication treats the transition-metal impurities generated during the fabrication of silicon samples and devices. The different mechanisms responsible for contamination are discussed, and a survey is given of their impact on device performance. The specific properties of the main and rare impurities in silicon are examined, as well as the detection methods and requirements in modern technology. Finally, impurity gettering is studied along with modern techniques to determine the gettering efficiency. In all of these subjects, reliable and up-to-date data are presented. This monograph provides a thorough review of the results of recent scientific investigations, as well as the relevant data and properties of the various metal impurities in silicon. The new edition includes important recent data and a number of new tables.

This book presents a comprehensive overview of state-of-the-art quantum dot photodetectors, including device fabrication technologies, optical engineering/manipulation strategies, and emerging photodetectors with building blocks of novel quantum dots (e.g. perovskite) as well as their hybrid structured (e.g. 0D/2D) materials. Semiconductor quantum dots have attracted much attention due to their unique quantum confinement effect, which allows for the facile tuning of optical properties that are promising for next-generation optoelectronic applications. Among these remarkable properties are large absorption coefficient, high photosensitivity, and tunable optical spectrum from ultraviolet/visible to infrared region, all of which are very attractive and favorable for photodetection applications. The book covers both fundamental and frontier research in order to stimulate readers' interests in developing novel ideas for semiconductor photodetectors at the center of future developments in materials science, nanofabrication technology and device commercialization. The book provides a knowledge sharing platform and can be used as a reference for researchers working in the fields of photonics, materials science, and nanodevices.

This book offers, from both a theoretical and a computational perspective, an analysis of macroscopic mathematical models for description of charge transport in electronic devices, in particular in the presence of confining effects, such as in the double gate MOSFET. The models are derived from the semiclassical Boltzmann equation by means of the moment method and are closed by resorting to the maximum entropy principle. In the case of confinement, electrons are treated as waves in the confining direction by solving a one-dimensional Schroedinger equation obtaining subbands, while the longitudinal transport of subband electrons is described semiclassically. Limiting energy-transport and drift-diffusion models are also obtained by using suitable scaling procedures. An entire chapter in the book is dedicated to a promising new material like graphene. The models appear to be sound and sufficiently accurate for systematic use in computer-aided design simulators for complex electron devices. The book is addressed to applied mathematicians, physicists, and electronic engineers. It is written for graduate or PhD readers but the opening chapter contains a modicum of semiconductor physics, making it self-consistent and useful also for undergraduate students.

The book focuses on the design, materials, process, fabrication, and reliability of advanced semiconductor packaging components and systems. Both principles and engineering practice have been addressed, with more weight placed on engineering practice. This is achieved by providing in-depth study on a number of major topics such as system-in-package, fan-in wafer/panel-level chip-scale packages, fan-out wafer/panel-level packaging, 2D, 2.1D, 2.3D, 2.5D, and 3D IC integration, chiplets packaging, chip-to-wafer bonding, wafer-to-wafer bonding, hybrid bonding, and dielectric materials for high speed and frequency. The book can benefit researchers, engineers, and graduate students in fields of electrical engineering, mechanical engineering, materials sciences, and industry engineering, etc.

The book covers a variety of studies of organic semiconductors, from fundamental electronic states to device applications, including theoretical studies. Furthermore, innovative experimental techniques, e.g., ultrahigh sensitivity photoelectron spectroscopy, photoelectron yield spectroscopy, spin-resolved scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), and a material processing method with optical-vortex and polarization-vortex lasers, are introduced. As this book is intended to serve as a textbook for a graduate level course or as reference material for researchers in organic electronics and nanoscience from electronic states, fundamental science that is necessary to understand the research is described. It does not duplicate the books already written on organic electronics, but focuses mainly on electronic properties that arise from the nature of organic semiconductors (molecular solids). The new experimental methods introduced in this book are applicable to various materials (e.g., metals, inorganic and organic materials). Thus the book is also useful for experts working in physics, chemistry, and related engineering and industrial fields.

The investigation of nanosized ferroelectric films and ferroelectric nanocrystals has attracted much attention during the past 15 - 20 years. There is interest in the fundamental and applied aspects. The theoretical basis is connected with the development of the Landau-Ginzburg-Devonshire (LGD) mean field and the first principles theories to the ultrathin ferroelectric films with thickness in the vicinity of critical size. Important potential applications are possible nanosize ferroelectric films in non-volatile memories, microelectronics, sensors, pyroelectric and electro-optic devices. This new area of research of ferroelectricity is still in impetuous development and far from completion. Many topics elucidated need generalization. The book contains theory and experimental data for a wide range of ferroelectric materials.

This book first provides readers with an introduction to the underlying physics and state-of-the-art application of photon counting detectors for X-ray imaging. The authors explain that a photon-counting imaging detector can realize quantitative analysis because the detector can derive X-ray attenuation information based on the analysis of intensity changes of individual X-ray. To realize this analysis, it is important to consider the physics of an object and detector material. In this book, the authors introduce a novel analytical procedure to create quantitative X-ray images for medical diagnosis.