Providing a comprehensive overview of developments to both the academic and industrial communities, Compound Semiconductors 1996 covers all types of compound semiconducting materials and devices. The book includes results on blue and green lasers, heterostructure devices, nanoelectronics, and novel wide band gap semiconductors. With invited review papers and research results in current topics of interest, this volume is part of a well-known series of conferences for the dissemination of research results in the field.

This thesis focuses on the growth of a new type of two-dimensional (2D) material known as hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) using chemical vapor deposition (CVD). It also presents several significant breakthroughs in the authors' understanding of the growth mechanism and development of new growth techniques, which are now well known in the field. Of particular importance is the pioneering work showing experimental proof that 2D crystals of h-BN can indeed be hexagonal in shape. This came as a major surprise to many working in the 2D field, as it had been generally assumed that hexagonal-shaped h-BN was impossible due to energy dynamics. Beyond growth, the thesis also reports on synthesis techniques that are geared toward commercial applications. Large-area aligned growth and up to an eightfold reduction in the cost of h-BN production are demonstrated. At present, all other 2D materials generally use h-BN as their dielectric layer and for encapsulation. As such, this thesis lays the cornerstone for using CVD 2D h-BN for this purpose.

This thesis presents profound insights into the origins and dynamics of beam instabilities using both experimental observations and numerical simulations. When the Recycler Ring, a high-intensity proton beam accelerator at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, was commissioned, it became evident that the Recycler beam experiences a very fast instability of unknown nature. This instability was so fast that the existing dampers were ineffective at suppressing it. The nature of this phenomenon, alongside several other poorly understood features of the beam, became one of the biggest puzzles in the accelerator community. The author investigated a hypothesis that the instability arises from an interaction with a dense cloud of electrons accompanying the proton beam. He studied the phenomena experimentally by comparing the dynamics of stable and unstable beams, by numerically simulating the build-up of the electron cloud and its interaction with the beam, and by constructing an analytical model of an electron cloud-driven instability with the electrons trapped in combined-function dipole magnets. He has devised a method to stabilize the beam by a clearing bunch, which conclusively revealed that the instability is caused by the electron cloud, trapped in a strong magnetic field. Finally, he conducted measurements of the microwave propagation through a single dipole magnet. These measurements have confirmed the presence of the electron cloud in combined-function magnets.

Nanotechnology-Based E-Noses: Fundamentals and Emerging Applications reviews advances in nanomaterials and their modification for use in e-sensors. Theoretical understanding of nanomaterials and technologies for improving sensors with better detection limits are covered, as are the most relevant nanomaterials, their synthesis strategies and the relationship between properties and device performance. Current state-of-the-art progress in nanotechnology device fabrication, along with directions for future applications and challenges are also discussed. This book will be an ideal resource for materials scientists, engineers, chemists, researchers in academia and R&D in industry. Recently, "e-noses" or "electronic sensors" are emerging as advanced technologies for the fast detection of chemicals, gases and explosives. The concept behind the "e-nose" is similar to the capability of humans and dogs in detecting materials based on odors. Nanomaterials can be used for e-nose technologies but their properties must be modified to make them effective sensors. The sensing capability and performance these materials depend on several factors such as morphology, dopants, micro-additives, design of sensors, phase and structure of the nanomaterials.

Advances in Electronic Materials for Clean Energy Conversion and Storage Applications reviews green synthesis and fabrication techniques of various electronic materials and their derivatives for applications in photovoltaics. The book investigates recent advances, progress and issues of photovoltaic-based research, including organic, hybrid, dye-sensitized, polymer, and quantum dot-based solar cells. There is a focus on applications for clean energy and storage in the book. Clean energy is defined as energy derived from renewable resources or zero-emission sources and natural processes that are regenerative and sustainable resources such as biomass, geothermal energy, hydropower, solar and wind energy. Materials discussed include nanomaterials, nanocomposites, polymers, and polymer-composites. Advances in clean energy conversion and energy storage devices are also reviewed thoroughly based on recent research and developments such as supercapacitors, batteries etc. Reliable methods to characterize and analyze these materials systems and devices are emphasized throughout the book. Important information on synthesis and analytical chemistry of these important systems are reviewed, but also material science methods to investigate optical properties of carbon-nanomaterials, metal oxide nanomaterials and their nanocomposites.

Thermally Conductive Polymer Composites provides an important introduction to the key principles, methods, and research directions of this emerging thermal management material category. This book introduces thermal conduction, measurement methods, thermal conduction mechanisms, and related theories. It also reviews classification and processing techniques which impact thermal conductivity performance. Thermally conductive composites discussed include intrinsically thermally conductive polymers, thermally conductive fillers, and thermally conductive polymer composites. Furthermore, the interfacial thermal resistance is thoroughly explained including basic concepts, theoretical research, and characterization. Finally, the practical applications of thermally conductive polymer composites are illustrated such as thermally conductive plastics, thermally conductive rubbers, and thermally conductive adhesives.

This thesis makes significant advances towards an understanding of superconductivity in the cuprate family of unconventional, high-temperature superconductors. Even though the high-temperature superconductors were discovered over 35 years ago, there is not yet a general consensus on an acceptable theory of superconductivity in these materials. One of the early proposals suggested that collective magnetic excitations of the conduction electrons could lead them to form pairs, which in turn condense to form the superconducting state at a critical temperature Tc. Quantitative calculations of Tc using experimental data were, however, not available to verify the applicability of this magnetic mechanism. In this thesis, the author constructed an angle-resolved photoemission apparatus that could provide sufficiently accurate data of the electronic excitation spectra of samples in the normal state, data which was furthermore unusually devoid of any surface contamination. The author also applied the Bethe-Salpeter method to his uncommonly pristine and precise normal state data, and was able to predict the approximate superconducting transition temperatures of different samples. This rare combination of experiment with sophisticated theoretical calculations leads to the conclusion that antiferromagnetic correlations are a viable candidate for the pairing interaction in the cuprate superconductors.

For courses in basic electronics and electronic devices and circuits Electronic Devices, 10th Edition, provides a solid foundation in basic analog electronics and a thorough introduction to analog integrated circuits and programmable devices. The text identifies the circuits and components within a system, helping students see how the circuit relates to the overall system function. Full-colour photos and illustrations and easy-to-follow worked examples support the text's strong emphasis on real-world application and troubleshooting. Updated throughout, the 10th Edition features selected circuits keyed to Multisim V14 and LT Spice files so that students learn how to simulate, analyse, and troubleshoot using the latest circuit simulation software.

This book gives a fascinating picture of the state of the art in silicon photonics and a perspective on what can be expected in the near future. It is composed of a selected number of reviews authored by world leaders in the field and is written from both academic and industrial viewpoints. An in-depth discussion of the route towards fully integrated silicon photonics is presented. This book will be useful not only to physicists, chemists, materials scientists, and engineers but also to graduate students who are interested in the fields of microphotonics and optoelectronics.

Quantum dots: Emerging materials for versatile applications is an introduction to the fundamentals and important advances of research of this important category of semiconductor nanostructured materials. After a brief review of relevant nanotechnology concepts and the unique properties of nanomaterials, the book describes the fundamentals of quantum dots with definitions of the primary classifications of quantum dots. There is an emphasis on practical considerations of the commercial translation of quantum dots such as their toxicity, stability, and disposal. Moreover, the book focuses on a review of the advances in research in emerging quantum dot materials along with the latest innovations in materials design and fabrication methods. Quantum Dots is suitable for materials scientists and engineers in academia or industry R&D who are looking for an introduction to this research topic or a key reference on the latest advances and applications.

This book focuses on chemical reactions and processing under extreme conditions-how materials react with highly concentrated active species and/or in a very confined high-temperature and high-pressure volume. Those ultimate reaction environments created by a focused laser beam, discharges, ion bombardments, or microwaves provide characteristic nano- and submicron-sized products and functional nanostructures. The book explores the chemistry and processing of metals and non-metals as well as molecules that are strongly dependent on the energy deposition processes and character of the materials. Descriptions of a wide range of topics are given from the perspective of a variety of research methodologies, material preparations, and applications. The reader is led to consider and review how a high-energy source interacts with materials, and what the key factors are that determine the quality and quantity of nanoproducts and nano-processing.

Several diverse but related topics concerned with semiconductor growth are brought together here, for the first time in a single text. Those studying semiconductor growth from any perspective will find this book invaluable and it will be essential reading for all in the semiconductor industry, whether in applications or in manufacturing.

This book provides an overview of the latest advances in applications of nanocomposites in wastewater treatment. This book is dedicated to recent developments in the application of polymer nanocomposites to wastewater treatment. Based on their morphology and tailored compositions, polymer nanocomposites provide powerful tools for environmental remediation via selective adsorption of contaminants in complex environmental matrices. The book reviews recent progress in this field, covering various nanocomposite fabrication routes and novel applications for pollutant sensing and detection. It includes discussion of different types of nanocomposites based on metal-organic frameworks and hydrogels, while also covering related topics such as nanocomposite membranes, photocatalysts, and bio-nanocomposites for pollution abatement. Ideal for researchers and engineers in the field, this collection of contributed chapters offers a timely review of current research in nanomaterials for cost-effective pollution control technologies.

Electroactive polymers have been the object of increasing academic and industrial interest and in the past ten to fifteen years substantial progress has been achieved in the development and the characterization of this important new class of conducting materials. These materials are usually classified in two large groups, according to the mode of their electric transport. One group includes polymers having transport almost exclusively of the ionic type and they are often called 'polymer electrolytes' or, in a broader way, 'polymer ionics'. The other group includes polymeric materials where the transport mechanism is mainly electronic in nature and which are commonly termed 'conducting polymers'. Ionically conducting polymers or polymer ionics may be typically described as polar macromolecular solids in which one or more of a wide range of salts has been dissolved. The most classic example is the combina tion of poly(ethylene oxide), PEO, and lithium salts, LiX. These PEO-LiX polymer ionics were first described and proposed for applications just over ten years ago. The practical relevance of these new materials was im mediately recognized and in the course of a few years the field expanded tremendously with the involvement of many academic and industrial lab oratories. Following this diversified research activity, the ionic transport mechanism in polymer ionics was soon established and this has led to the development of new host polymers of various types, new salts and advanced polymer architectures which have enabled room temperature conductivity to be raised by several orders of magnitude."

This thesis breaks new ground in the physics of photonic circuits for quantum optical applications. The photonic circuits are based either on ridge waveguides or photonic crystals, with embedded quantum dots providing the single qubit, quantum optical emitters. The highlight of the thesis is the first demonstration of a spin-photon interface using an all-waveguide geometry, a vital component of a quantum optical circuit, based on deterministic single photon emission from a single quantum dot. The work makes a further important contribution to the field by demonstrating the effects and limitations that inevitable disorder places on photon propagation in photonic crystal waveguides, a further key component of quantum optical circuits. Overall the thesis offers a number of highly novel contributions to the field; those on chip circuits may prove to be the only means of scaling up the highly promising quantum-dot-based quantum information technology.

Fault Covering Problems in Reconfigurable VLSI Systems describes the authors' recent research on reconfiguration problems for fault-tolerance in VLSI and WSI Systems. The book examines solutions to a number of reconfiguration problems. Efficient algorithms are given for tractable covering problems and general techniques are given for dealing with a large number of intractable covering problems. The book begins with an investigation of algorithms for the reconfiguration of large redundant memories. Next, a number of more general covering problems are considered and the complexity of these problems is analyzed. Finally, a general and uniform approach is proposed for solving a wide class of covering problems. The results and techniques described here will be useful to researchers and students working in this area. As such, the book serves as an excellent reference and may be used as the text for an advanced course on the topic.

This book comprises select proceedings of the international conference ETAEERE 2020, and focuses on contemporary issues in energy management and energy efficiency in the context of power systems. The contents cover modeling, simulation and optimization based studies on topics like medium voltage BTB system, cost optimization of a ring frame unit in textile industry, rectenna for RF energy harvesting, ecology and energy dimension in infrastructural designs, study of AGC in two area hydro thermal power system, energy-efficient and reliable depth-based routing protocol for underwater wireless sensor network, and power line communication. This book can be beneficial for students, researchers as well as industry professionals.

Since January 1990, when the first edition ofthis first-of-a-kind book appeared, there has been much experimental and theoretical progress in the multi disciplinary subject of tribology and mechanics of magnetic storage devices. The subject has matured into a rigorous discipline, and many university tribology and mechanics courses now routinely contain material on magnetic storage devices. The major growth in the subject has been on the micro- and nanoscale aspects of tribology and mechanics. Today, most large magnetic storage industries use atomic force microscopes to image the magnetic storage components. Many companies use variations of AFMs such as friction force microscopes (FFMs) for frictional studies. These instruments have also been used for studying scratch, wear, and indentation. These studies are valuable in the fundamental understanding of interfacial phenomena. In the second edition, I have added a new chapter, Chapter 11, on micro and nanoscale aspects of tribology and mechanics of magnetic storage compo nents. This chapter presents the state of the art of the micro/nanotribology and micro/nanomechanics of magnetic storage components. In addition, typographical errors in Chapters 1 to 10 and the appendixes have been corrected. These additions update this book and make it more valuable to researchers of the subject. I am grateful to many colleagues and particularly to my students, whose work is reported in Chapter 11. I thank my wife, Sudha, who has been forbearing during the progress of the research reported in this chapter.

This book is primarily designed to serve as a textbook for undergraduate students of electrical, electronics, and computer engineering, but can also be used for primer courses across other disciplines of engineering and related sciences. The first edition of this book was published in 2015. The book has been completely revised and a chapter on PSPICE has also been included. The book covers all the fundamentals aspects of electronics engineering, from electronic materials to devices, and then to basic electronic circuits. The topics covered are the basics of electronics, semiconductor diodes, bipolar junction transistors, field-effect transistors, operational amplifiers, switching theory and logic design, electronic instruments, and Pspice. The book is written in a simple narrative style that makes it easy to understand for the first year students. It includes a lot of illustrative diagrams and examples, to enable students to practice. Each chapter contains a summary followed by questions asked during the University examinations to enable students to practice before the final examination. The contents of this book will be useful also for students and enthusiasts interested in learning about basic electronics without the benefit of formal coursework.

Metallic Glasses and Their Oxidation provides a comprehensive review of the structures, properties, preparations, processing and applications of metallic glasses. Special attention is paid to the oxidation behaviors and related mechanisms of metallic glasses that occur during their preparation, processing and application. The book's authors introduce basic knowledge of metallic glasses, including their structures, properties, processing techniques and applications. Then, the theories and techniques commonly used in oxidation investigation are highlighted, including thermal oxidation, native oxidation, stressed oxidation, powder oxidation and oxidation simulation. The book closes with the influence of oxidation on the structures and performances of metallic glasses, proposes measures to control oxidation, and discusses how to take advantage of oxidation to reinforce materials or create new materials.

This book is a comprehensive SiP design guide book. It is divided into three parts: concept and technology, design and simulation, project and case, for a total of 30 chapters. In Part one, the author proposes some new original concepts and thoughts, such as Function Density Law,Si(3)P and 4D integration. Part one also covers the latest technology of SiP and Advanced Packaging. Part two covers the latest SiP and Advanced Packaging design and simulation technologies, such as wire bonding, multi-step cavity, chip stacking, 2.5D TSV, 3D TSV, RDL, Fan- In, Fan-Out, Flip Chip, Embedded Passive, Embedded Chip, RF design, Rigid-Flex design, 4D SiP design, Multi-layout project and Team design, as well as SI, PI, thermal simulation, electrical verification and physical verification. Based on a real design case, part three introduces the design, simulation and implementation methods of different types of SiP, which has a -important reference significance for the research and development of SiP projects. This book comprehensively and deeply expounds the latest development, design ideas and design methods of contemporary SiP technology from three aspects: concept and technology, design and simulation, project and case. Through the detailed introduction of new concepts, design methods, actual projects and cases, this book describes the whole process of SiP products from the beginning of conception to the final realization and makes readers benefit from it.

During the last few years cavity-optomechanics has emerged as a new field of research. This highly interdisciplinary field studies the interaction between micro and nano mechanical systems and light. Possible applications range from novel high-bandwidth mechanical sensing devices through the generation of squeezed optical or mechanical states to even tests of quantum theory itself. This is one of the first books in this relatively young field. It is aimed at scientists, engineers and students who want to obtain a concise introduction to the state of the art in the field of cavity optomechanics. It is valuable to researchers in nano science, quantum optics, quantum information, gravitational wave detection and other cutting edge fields. Possible applications include biological sensing, frequency comb applications, silicon photonics etc. The technical content will be accessible to those who have familiarity with basic undergraduate physics.