Nanometer scale physics is progressing rapidly: the top-down approach of semiconductor technology will soon encounter the scale of the bottom-up approaches of supramolecular chemistry and spatially localized excitations in ionic crystals. Advances in this area have already led to applications in optoelectronics. More may be expected.

This book deals with the role of structure confinement in the spectroscopic characteristics of physical systems. It examines the fabrication, measurement and understanding of the relevant structures. It reports progress in the theory and in experimental techniques, starting with the consideration of fundamental principles and leading to the frontiers of research. The subjects dealt with include such spatially resolved structures as quantum wells, quantum wires, quantum dots, and luminescence, in both theoretical and practical terms.

This book originated out of a desire to provide students with an instrument which might lead them from knowledge of elementary classical and quantum physics to moderntheoreticaltechniques for the analysisof electrontransport in semiconductors. The book is basically a textbook for students of physics, material science, and electronics. Rather than a monograph on detailed advanced research in a speci?c area, it intends to introduce the reader to the fascinating ?eld of electron dynamics in semiconductors, a ?eld that, through its applications to electronics, greatly contributed to the transformationof all our lives in the second half of the twentieth century, and continues to provide surprises and new challenges. The ?eld is so extensive that it has been necessary to leave aside many subjects, while others could be dealt with only in terms of their basic principles. The book is divided into ?ve major parts. Part I moves from a survey of the fundamentals of classical and quantum physics to a brief review of basic semiconductor physics. Its purpose is to establish a common platform of language and symbols, and to make the entire treatment, as far as pos- ble, self-contained. Parts II and III, respectively, develop transport theory in bulk semiconductors in semiclassical and quantum frames. Part IV is devoted to semiconductor structures, including devices and mesoscopic coherent s- tems. Finally, Part V develops the basic theoretical tools of transport theory within the modern nonequilibrium Green-function formulation, starting from an introduction to second-quantization formalism.

"Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen Production" describes the principles and materials challenges for the conversion of sunlight into hydrogen through water splitting at a semiconducting electrode. Readers will find an analysis of the solid state properties and materials requirements for semiconducting photo-electrodes, a detailed description of the semiconductor/electrolyte interface, in addition to the photo-electrochemical (PEC) cell. Experimental techniques to investigate both materials and PEC device performance are outlined, followed by an overview of the current state-of-the-art in PEC materials and devices, and combinatorial approaches towards the development of new materials. Finally, the economic and business perspectives of PEC devices are discussed, and promising future directions indicated.

Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen Production is a one-stop resource for scientists, students and R&D practitioners starting in this field, providing both the theoretical background as well as useful practical information on photoelectrochemical measurement techniques. Experts in the field benefit from the chapters on current state-of-the-art materials/devices and future directions.

The book covers recent advances and progress in understanding both the fundamental science of lasers interactions in materials science, as well as a special emphasis on emerging applications enabled by the irradiation of materials by pulsed laser systems. The different chapters illustrate how, by careful control of the processing conditions, laser irradiation can result in efficient material synthesis, characterization, and fabrication at various length scales from atomically-thin 2D materials to microstructured periodic surface structures. This book serves as an excellent resource for all who employ lasers in materials science, spanning such different disciplines as photonics, photovoltaics, and sensing, to biomedical applications.

This book introduces the foundations and fundamentals of electronic circuits. It broadly covers the subjects of circuit analysis, as well as analog and digital electronics. It features discussion of essential theorems required for simplifying complex circuits and illustrates their applications under different conditions. Also, in view of the emerging potential of Laplace transform method for solving electrical networks, a full chapter is devoted to the topic in the book. In addition, it covers the physics and technical aspects of semiconductor diodes and transistors, as well as discrete-time digital signals, logic gates, and combinational logic circuits. Each chapter is presented as complete as possible, without the reader having to refer to any other book or supplementary material. Featuring short self-assessment questions distributed throughout, along with a large number of solved examples, supporting illustrations, and chapter-end problems and solutions, this book is ideal for any physics undergraduate lecture course on electronic circuits. Its use of clear language and many real-world examples make it an especially accessible book for students unfamiliar or unsure about the subject matter.

This book introduces readers to the latest advances in sensing technology for a broad range of non-volatile memories (NVMs). Challenges across the memory technologies are highlighted and their solutions in mature technology are discussed, enabling innovation of sensing technologies for future NVMs. Coverage includes sensing techniques ranging from well-established NVMs such as hard disk, flash, Magnetic RAM (MRAM) to emerging NVMs such as ReRAM, STTRAM, FeRAM and Domain Wall Memory will be covered.

"Electroactivity in Polymeric Materials"provides an in-depth viewof the theory of electroactivity and exploresexactly how and whyvarious electroactive phenomena occur. The book explains the theory behind electroactive bending (including ion-polymer-metal-composites -IPMCs), dielectric elastomers, electroactive contraction, andelectroactive contraction-expansion cycles. The book also balances theory with applications - how electroactivity can be used - drawing inspiration from the manmade mechanical world and the natural world around us.
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This book covers evolution, concept and applications of modern semiconductor devices such as tunnel field effect transistors (TFETs), vertical super-thin body MOSFETs, ion sensing FETs (ISFETs), non-conventional solar cells, opto-electro mechanical devices and thin film transistors (TFTs). Comprising of theory, experimentation and applications of devices, the chapters describe state-of-art methods and techniques which shall be highly assistive in having an overall perspective on emerging technologies and working on a research area. The book is aimed at the scholars, enthusiasts and researchers who are currently working on devices in the contemporary era of semiconductor devices. Additionally, the chapters are lucid and descriptive and carry the potential of serving as a reference book for scholars in their undergraduate studies, who are looking ahead for a prospective career in semiconductor devices.

Hard or protective coatings are widely used in conventional and modern industries and will continue to play a key role in future manufacturing, especially in the micro and nano areas. Protective Thin Coatings Technology highlights the developments and advances in the preparation, characterization, and applications of protective micro-/nanoscaled films and coatings. This book Covers technologies for sputtering of flexible hard nanocoatings, deposition of solid lubricating films, and multilayer transition metal nitrides Describes integrated nanomechanical characterization of hard coatings, corrosion and tribo-corrosion of hard coatings, and high entropy alloy films and coatings Investigates thin films and coatings for high-temperature applications, nanocomposite coatings on magnesium alloys, and the correlation between coating properties and industrial applications Features various aspects of hard coatings, covering advanced sputtering technologies, structural characterizations, and simulations, as well as applications This first volume in the two-volume set, Protective Thin Coatings and Functional Thin Films Technology, will benefit industry professionals and researchers working in areas related to semiconductors, optoelectronics, plasma technology, solid-state energy storages, and 5G, as well as advanced students studying electrical, mechanical, chemical, and material engineering.

Technological advances in the field of materials, devices, circuits, and systems began by the discovery of new properties of objects, or the entrepreneurship with the applications of unique or practical concepts for commercial goods. To implement products using these findings and challenges textbook knowledge is usually sufficient. "Semiconductor Technologies in the Era of Electronics" therefore does not aim to look deeper in certain areas but it offers a broad and comprehensive overview of the field to:

- Experts of specific knowledge who want to expand the overall understanding to different areas
- Persons who wish to understand the principle of electronic devices often seen in everyday life
- Entrepreneurs interested in the innovations and changes of semiconductor technologies and overall electronics industry

Aprofound and theoretical approach is therefore used and special cases essential to understanding these important concept are presented."

A variety of nanomaterials have excellent optoelectronic and electronic properties for novel device applications. At the same time, and with advances in silicon integrated circuit (IC) techniques, compatible Si-based nanomaterials hold promise of applying the advantages of nanomaterials to the conventional IC industry. This book focuses not only on silicon nanomaterials, but also summarizes up-to-date developments in the integration of non-silicon nanomaterials on silicon. The book showcases the work of leading researchers from around the world who address such key questions as: Which silicon nanomaterials can give the desired optical, electrical, and structural properties, and how are they prepared? What nanomaterials can be integrated on to a silicon substrate and how is this accomplished? What Si-based nanomaterials may bring a breakthrough in this field? These questions address the practical issues associated with the development of nanomaterial-based devices in applications areas such as solar cells, luminous devices for optical communication (detectors, lasers), and high mobility transistors. Investigation of silicon-based nanostructures is of great importance to make full use of nanomaterials for device applications. Readers will receive a comprehensive view of Si-based nanomaterials, which will hopefully stimulate interest in developing novel nanostructures or techniques to satisfy the requirements of high performance device applications. The goal is to make nanomaterials the main constituents of the high performance devices of the future.

Praise for the First Edition "The book goes beyond the usual textbook in that it provides more specific examples of real-world defect physics ... an easy reading, broad introductory overview of the field" Materials Today "... well written, with clear, lucid explanations ..." Chemistry World This revised edition provides the most complete, up-to-date coverage of the fundamental knowledge of semiconductors, including a new chapter that expands on the latest technology and applications of semiconductors. In addition to inclusion of additional chapter problems and worked examples, it provides more detail on solid-state lighting (LEDs and laser diodes). The authors have achieved a unified overview of dopants and defects, offering a solid foundation for experimental methods and the theory of defects in semiconductors. Matthew D. McCluskey is a professor in the Department of Physics and Astronomy and Materials Science Program at Washington State University (WSU), Pullman, Washington. He received a Physics Ph.D. from the University of California (UC), Berkeley. Eugene E. Haller is a professor emeritus at the University of California, Berkeley, and a member of the National Academy of Engineering. He received a Ph.D. in Solid State and Applied Physics from the University of Basel, Switzerland.

III-V semiconductors have attracted considerable attention due to their applications in the fabrication of electronic and optoelectronic devices as light emitting diodes and solar cells. The electrical properties of these semiconductors can also be tuned by adding impurity atoms. Because of their wide application in various devices, the search for new semiconductor materials and the improvement of existing materials is an important field of study. This book covers all known information about phase relations in multinary systems based on III-V semiconductors, providing the first systematic account of phase equilibria in multinary systems based on III-V semiconductors and making research originally published in Russian accessible to the wider scientific community. This book will be of interest to undergraduate and graduate students studying materials science, solid state chemistry, and engineering. It will also be relevant for researchers at industrial and national laboratories, in addition to phase diagram researchers, inorganic chemists, and solid state physicists. Features: Provides up-to-date experimental and theoretical information Allows readers to synthesize semiconducting materials with predetermined properties Delivers a critical evaluation of many industrially important systems presented in the form of two-dimensional sections for the condensed phases

Liquid Crystals LCs] are synthetic functional materials par excellence and are to be found in many types of LCDs; LCs self-assemble into ordered, but fluid, supramolecular structures and domains; they can be oriented in large homogeneous monodomains by electric and magnetic fields, Langmuir Blodgett techniques and also by self-orientation on suitable alignment layers; they are also anisotropic with preferred axes of light absorption, emission and charge transport with excellent semiconducting properties; they are soluble in organic solvents and can be deposited as uniform thin layers on device substrates, including plastic, by low-cost deposition processes, such as spin coating and doctor blade techniques; reactive mesogens polymerisable LC monomers] can be photopatterned and fixed in position and orientation as insoluble polymer networks. LCs are increasingly being used as active components in electronic and photonic organic devices, such as Organic Light-Emitting Diodes OLEDs], Organic Field Effect Transistors OFETs], Thin Film Transistors TFTs] and photovoltaic cells PVs]. Such devices on plastic substrates represent a major component of the plastic electronics revolution. The self-assembling properties and supramolecular structures of liquid crystals can be made use of in order to improve the performance of such devices. The relationships between chemical structure, liquid crystalline behaviour and other physical properties, such as charge-transport, photoluminescence and electroluminescence are discussed and explained. For example, high carrier-mobility, polarised emission and enhanced output-coupling are identified as the key advantages of nematic and smectic liquid crystals for electroluminescence. The advantageous use of anisotropic polymer networks formed by the polymerisation of reactive mesogens RMs] in devices with multilayer capability and photopatternability is described. The anisotropic transport and high carrier mobilities of columnar liquid crystals make them promising candidates for photovoltaics and transistors. The issues in the design and processing of liquid crystalline semiconductors for such devcies with improved performance are described. The photonic properties of chiral liquid crystals and their use as mirror-less lasers are also discussed.

The work described in this PhD thesis is a study of a real implementation of a track-finder system which could provide reconstructed high transverse momentum tracks to the first-level trigger of the High Luminosity LHC upgrade of the CMS experiment. This is vital for the future success of CMS, since otherwise it will be impossible to achieve the trigger selectivity needed to contain the very high event rates. The unique and extremely challenging requirement of the system is to utilise the enormous volume of tracker data within a few microseconds to arrive at a trigger decision. The track-finder demonstrator described proved unequivocally, using existing hardware, that a real-time track-finder could be built using present-generation FPGA-based technology which would meet the latency and performance requirements of the future tracker. This means that more advanced hardware customised for the new CMS tracker should be even more capable, and will deliver very significant gains for the future physics returns from the LHC.

This book summarizes the basic physics of graphite and newly discovered phenomena in this material. The book contains the knowledge needed to understand novel properties of functionalized graphite demonstrating the occurrence of remarkable phenomena in disordered graphite and graphite-based heterostructures. It also discusses applications of thin graphitic samples in future electronics. Graphite consists of a stack of nearly decoupled two-dimensional graphene planes. Because of the low dimensionality and the presence of Dirac fermions, much of graphite physics resembles that of graphene. On the other hand, the multi-layered nature of the graphite structure together with structural and/or chemical disorder are responsible for phenomena that are not observed yet in graphene, such as ferromagnetic order and superconductivity. Each chapter was written by one or more experts in the field whose contributions were relevant in the (re)discovery of (un)known phenomena in graphite. The book is intended as reference for beginners and experts in the field, introducing them to many aspects of the new physics of graphite, with a fresh overview of recently found phenomena and the theoretical frames to understand them.

This second edition is a comprehensive introduction to all aspects of thermoelectric energy conversion. It covers both theory and practice. The book is timely as it refers to the many improvements that have come about in the last few years through the use of nanostructures. The concept of semiconductor thermoelements led to major advances during the second half of the twentieth century, making Peltier refrigeration a widely used technique. The latest materials herald thermoelectric generation as the preferred technique for exploiting low-grade heat. The book shows how progress has been made by increasing the thermal resistivity of the lattice until it is almost as large as it is for glass. It points the way towards the attainment of similar improvements in the electronic parameters. It does not neglect practical considerations, such as the desirability of making thermocouples from inexpensive and environmentally acceptable materials. The second edition was extended to also include recent advances in thermoelectric energy conversion, particularly the production of bulk nanostructures, new materials with higher thermoelectric figures to use the possibility of large scale thermoelectric generation, as part of the worldwide strategy for making better use of energy resources. This book guides the newcomer towards the state of the art and shows the principles for further advancement to those who are already familiar with the subject. The author has been able to draw on his long experience to cover the science and technology in a balanced way while drawing on the expertise of others who have made major contributions to the field.

Nowadays it is hard to find an electronic device which does not use codes: for example, we listen to music via heavily encoded audio CD's and we watch movies via encoded DVD's. There is at least one area where the use of encoding/decoding is not so developed, yet: Flash non-volatile memories. Flash memory high-density, low power, cost effectiveness, and scalable design make it an ideal choice to fuel the explosion of multimedia products, like USB keys, MP3 players, digital cameras and solid-state disk.

In ECC for Non-Volatile Memories the authors expose the basics of coding theory needed to understand the application to memories, as well as the relevant design topics, with reference to both NOR and NAND Flash architectures. A collection of software routines is also included for better understanding.

The authors form a research group (now at Qimonda) which is the typical example of a fruitful collaboration between mathematicians and engineers.

"Microelectronic Test Structures for CMOS Technology and Products" addresses the basic concepts of the design of test structures for incorporation within test-vehicles, scribe-lines, and CMOS products. The role of test structures in the development and monitoring of CMOS technologies and products has become ever more important with the increased cost and complexity of development and manufacturing. In this timely volume, IBM scientists Manjul Bhushan and Mark Ketchen emphasize high speed characterization techniques for digital CMOS circuit applications and bridging between circuit performance and characteristics of MOSFETs and other circuit elements. Detailed examples are presented throughout, many of which are equally applicable to other microelectronic technologies as well. The authors' overarching goal is to provide students and technology practitioners alike a practical guide to the disciplined design and use of test structures that give unambiguous information on the parametrics and performance of digital CMOS technology. "

Over the last fifty-plus years, the increased complexity and speed of integrated circuits have radically changed our world. Today, semiconductor manufacturing is perhaps the most important segment of the global manufacturing sector. As the semiconductor industry has become more competitive, improving planning and control has become a key factor for business success. This book is devoted to production planning and control problems in semiconductor wafer fabrication facilities. It is the first book that takes a comprehensive look at the role of modeling, analysis, and related information systems for such manufacturing systems. The book provides an operations research- and computer science-based introduction into this important field of semiconductor manufacturing-related research.

To push MOSFETs to their scaling limits and to explore devices that may complement or even replace them at molecular scale, a clear understanding of device physics at nanometer scale is necessary. Nanoscale Transistors provides a description on the recent development of theory, modeling, and simulation of nanotransistors for electrical engineers, physicists, and chemists working on nanoscale devices. Simple physical pictures and semi-analytical models, which were validated by detailed numerical simulations, are provided for both evolutionary and revolutionary nanotransistors. After basic concepts are reviewed, the text summarizes the essentials of traditional semiconductor devices, digital circuits, and systems to supply a baseline against which new devices can be assessed. A nontraditional view of the MOSFET using concepts that are valid at nanoscale is developed and then applied to nanotube FET as an example of how to extend the concepts to revolutionary nanotransistors. This practical guide then explore the limits of devices by discussing conduction in single molecules

• Offers a basic, up-to-date introduction to semiconductor fabrication technology, including both the theoretical and practical aspects of all major steps in the fabrication sequence
• Presents comprehensive coverage of process sequences
• Introduces readers to modern simulation tools
• Addresses the practical aspects of integrated circuit fabrication
• Clearly explains basic processing theory

Advanced Flip Chip Packaging presents past, present and future advances and trends in areas such as substrate technology, material development, and assembly processes. Flip chip packaging is now in widespread use in computing, communications, consumer and automotive electronics, and the demand for flip chip technology is continuing to grow in order to meet the need for products that offer better performance, are smaller, and are environmentally sustainable.

Future Directions in Silicon Photonics, Volume 101 in the Semiconductors and Semimetals series, highlights new advances in the field, with this updated volume presenting the latest developments as discussed by esteemed leaders in the field silicon photonics.

A strong spin-orbit interaction and Coulomb repulsion featuring strongly correlated d- and f-electron systems lead to various exotic phase transition including unconventional superconductivity and magnetic multipole order. However, their microscopic origins are long standing problem since they could not be explained based on conventional Migdal-Eliashberg theorem. The book focuses on many-body correlation effects beyond conventional theory for the d- and f-electron systems, and theoretically demonstrates the correlations to play significant roles in "mode-coupling" among multiple quantum fluctuations, which is called U-VC here. The following key findings are described in-depth: (i) spin triplet superconductivity caused by U-VC, (ii) being more important U-VC in f-electron systems due to magnetic multipole degrees of freedom induced by a spin-orbit interaction, and (iii) s-wave superconductivity stabilized cooperatively by antiferromagnetic fluctuations and electron-phonon interaction contrary to conventional understanding. The book provides meaningful step for revealing essential roles of many-body effects behind long standing problems in strongly correlated materials.