Carbon dioxide (CO2) capture and storage (CCS) is the one advanced technology that conventional power generation cannot do without. CCS technology reduces the carbon footprint of power plants by capturing, and storing the CO2 emissions from burning fossil-fuels and biomass. This volume provides a comprehensive reference on the state of the art research, development and demonstration of carbon storage and utilisation, covering all the storage options and their environmental impacts. It critically reviews geological, terrestrial and ocean sequestration, including enhanced oil and gas recovery, as well as other advanced concepts such as industrial utilisation, mineral carbonation, biofixation and photocatalytic reduction.

Reactor Process Design in Sustainable Energy Technology compiles and explains current developments in reactor and process design in sustainable energy technologies, including optimization and scale-up methodologies and numerical methods. Sustainable energy technologies that require more efficient means of converting and utilizing energy can help provide for burgeoning global energy demand while reducing anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions associated with energy production. The book, contributed by an international team of academic and industry experts in the field, brings numerous reactor design cases to readers based on their valuable experience from lab R&D scale to industry levels. It is the first to emphasize reactor engineering in sustainable energy technology discussing design. It provides comprehensive tools and information to help engineers and energy professionals learn, design, and specify chemical reactors and processes confidently.

Unregulated distributed energy sources such as solar roofs and windmills and electric vehicle requirements for intermittent battery charging are variable sources either of electricity generation or demand. These sources impose additional intermittent load on conventional electric power systems. As a result thermal power plants whose generation is absolutely essential for any power system are increasingly being used for cycling operations thus increasing greenhouse gas emissions and electricity cost. The use of secondary energy storage might be a solution. Various technologies for storing electric energy are available; besides electrochemical ones such as batteries, there are mechanical, chemical and thermal means, all with their own advantages and disadvantages regarding scale, efficiency, cost, and other parameters. This classic book is a trusted source of information and a comprehensive guide to the various types of secondary storage systems and choice of their types and parameters. It is also an introduction to the multidisciplinary problem of distributed energy storage integration in an electric power system comprising renewable energy sources and electric car battery swap and charging stations. The 3rd edition has been thoroughly revised, expanded and updated. All given data has been updated, and chapters have been added that review different types of renewables and consider the possibilities arising from integrating a combination of different storage technologies into a system. Coverage of distributed energy storage, smart grids, and EV charging has been included and additional examples have been provided. The book is chiefly aimed at students of electrical and power engineering and design and research engineers concerned with the logistics of power supply. It will also be valuable to general public seeking to develop environmentally sound energy resources.

Energy storage is a main component of any holistic consideration of smart grids, particularly when incorporating power derived from variable, distributed and renewable energy resources. Energy Storage for Smart Grids delves into detailed coverage of the entire spectrum of available and emerging storage technologies, presented in the context of economic and practical considerations. Featuring the latest research findings from the world's foremost energy storage experts, complete with data analysis, field tests, and simulation results, this book helps device manufacturers develop robust business cases for the inclusion of storage in grid applications. It also provides the comparisons and explanations grid planners and operators need to make informed decisions about which storage solutions will be most successful when implemented in operational grids.

This book outlines the principles of thermoelectric generation and refrigeration from the discovery of the Seebeck and Peltier effects in the nineteenth century through the introduction of semiconductor thermoelements in the mid-twentieth century to the more recent development of nanostructured materials. It is shown that the efficiency of a thermoelectric generator and the coefficient of performance of a thermoelectric refrigerator can be related to a quantity known as the figure of merit. The figure of merit depends on the Seebeck coefficient and the ratio of the electrical to thermal conductivity. It is shown that expressions for these parameters can be derived from the band theory of solids. The conditions for favourable electronic properties are discussed. The methods for selecting materials with a low lattice thermal conductivity are outlined and the ways in which the scattering of phonons can be enhanced are described. The application of these principles is demonstrated for specific materials including the bismuth telluride alloys, bismuth antimony, alloys based on lead telluride, silicon-germanium and materials described as phonon-glass electron-crystals. It is shown that there can be advantages in using the less familiar transverse thermoelectric effects and the transverse thermomagnetic effects. Finally, practical aspects of thermoelectric generation and refrigeration are discussed. The book is aimed at readers who do not have a specialised knowledge of solid state physics.

"Solar Energy, Photovoltaics, and Domestic Hot Water" provides a fundamental understanding of heat and energy conversions and of both solar domestic hot water system types with associated components and photovoltaic/inverter system combinations. It provides the information needed to determine and understand the proper siting requirements, the amount of energy needed (based upon usage), the amount of solar energy available, the methods of comparing collectors for both hot water and photovoltaic situations, and the number of collectors necessary for either hot water or electricity." Solar Energy, Photovoltaics, and Domestic Hot Water" also details the investment and cost savings advantages of using solar energy through a unique compilation of information and explanations not available in other publications or on the internet. This includes comprehensive financial explanations with examples using basic engineering management analysis methods. These examples include present and future worth relative to break-even costs and cash flow analysis and actual quoted systems and worksheets for typical electrical solar PV and DHW demand scenarios allowing you to calculate your own cost estimates and to evaluate your own projects relative to investment payback. "Solar Energy, Photovoltaics, and Domestic Hot Water" will enable readers make informed decisions about the economic practicality of solar generation sources for residential or commercial use based upon location, energy demands, associated conventional fuel costs, solar energy system costs, and tax incentives.
Provides a fundamental understanding of solar DHW and photovoltaic systemsUses clear guidelines to evaluate solar DHW and photovoltaic systems value as a long-term investment vs traditional power and heat generation methods Discusses cost and operating expenses relative to investment and return on capital which will be beneficial to project planners, installers, energy managers, builders and property owners
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Batteries are a necessary part of a low-emission energy system, as they can store renewable electricity and assist the grid. Utility-scale batteries, with capacities of several to hundreds of MWh, are particularly important for condominiums, local grid nodes, and EV charging arrays. However, such batteries are expensive and need to be monitored and managed well to maintain capacity and reliability. Artificial intelligence offers a solution for effective monitoring and management of utility-scale batteries. This book systematically describes AI-based technologies for battery state estimation and modeling for utility-scale Li-ion batteries. Chapters cover utility-scale lithium-ion battery system characteristics, AI-based equivalent modeling, parameter identification, state of charge estimation, battery parameter estimation, offer samples and case studies for utility-scale battery operation, and conclude with a summary and prospect for AI-based battery status monitoring. The book provides practical references for the design and application of large-scale lithium-ion battery systems. AI for Status Monitoring of Utility-Scale Batteries is an invaluable resource for researchers in battery R&D, including battery management systems and related power electronics, battery manufacturers, and advanced students.

The introduction of Li-ion batteries in 1991 created a tremendous change in the handheld devices landscape. Since then, the energy stored and put to use in palm-sized electronic devices has quadrupled. Devices are continuously getting more power hungry, outpacing battery development. Written by leading engineers in the field, this cutting-edge resource helps professionals overcome this challenge, offering them an insightful overview and in-depth guide to the many varied areas of battery power management for portable devices. Engineers may find the latest details on optimizing charging circuits, developing battery gauges that provide the longest possible run-time while ensuring data protection, and utilizing safety circuits that provide multiple independent levels of protection for highly energetic batteries. This unique book features detailed design examples of whole systems, providing practitioners with the real-world perspective needed to put this knowledge into practice. Readers learn how to perfect their designs, helping to ensure the development of devices that will succeed in the fast-growing portable device marketplace.It is suitable for electrical and power engineers whose work involves the development of portable, industrial, medical, or military devices.

As the Earth's oil supply runs out, and the effects of climate change threaten nations and their populations, the search for carbon-neutral sources of energy becomes more important and increasingly urgent. This book focuses on solutions to the energy problem, and not just the problem itself. It describes the major energy-generation technologies currently under development, and provides an authoritative summary of the current status of each one. It stresses the need for a balanced portfolio of alternative energy technologies. Certain solutions will be more appropriate than others in particular locations, due to the differences in availability of natural resources such as solar, wind, wave, tidal and geothermal. In addition, nuclear options (both fission and fusion), as well as technologies such as fuel cells, photovoltaics, artificial photosynthesis and hydrogen (as an energy carrier), all have a potential role to play. A state-of-the-art critique of energy efficiency in building design is also included. Each chapter is written by an acknowledged international expert and provides a non-technical overview of the competing and complementary approaches to energy generation.
Broad in scope and comprehensive in treatment, Energy..beyond Oil provides an authoritative synthesis of the scientific and technological issues which are essential to the survival of the human race in the near future. The book will be of interest and use to graduate students and researchers in all areas of energy studies, and will also be highly useful for policy-makers and professionals in the environmental sector as well as a more general readership who wish to learn more about this extremely topical subject.

This book discusses dynamic modeling, simulation, and control strategies for Photovoltaic (PV) stand-alone systems during variation of environmental conditions. Moreover, the effectiveness of the implemented Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) techniques and the employed control strategy are evaluated during variations of solar irradiance and cell temperature. The simulation results are based on the reliability of the MPPT techniques applied in extracting the maximum power from the PV system during the rapid variation of the environmental conditions. The authors review two MPPT techniques implemented in PV systems, namely the perturb and observe (P&O) MPPT Technique and the Incremental Conductance (InCond) MPPT technique. These two MPPT techniques were simulated by the MATLAB/Simulink and the results response of the PV array from voltage, current, and power are compared to the effect of solar irradiation and temperature change.

The energy efficiency paradigm associated with Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) and the Internet of Things (IoT) is a major bottleneck for the development of related technologies. To overcome this limitation, the design and development of efficient and high-performance energy harvesting systems for WSN and IoT environments are being explored. This edited book comprehensively covers energy harvesting sources and techniques that can be used for WSN and IoT systems. The authors cover energy harvesting, energy management and energy prediction models to maximize the energy harvested. They also identify major architecture advances to develop cost-effective, efficient, and reliable energy harvesting systems. This is a useful reference for researchers, engineers, practitioners, designers, and R&D staff involved in the development of energy harvesting models, architectures and technologies for practical deployments in WSN and IoT environments. The book will be of interest to professionals involved in developing energy harvesting systems, industry practitioners, and manufacturers in IoT, sensing, and energy harvesting technologies. Finally, it will also be a useful reference for graduate, PhD and postdoctoral students following courses in WSNs, IoT and energy harvesting technologies.

This is the first machine-generated scientific book in chemistry published by Springer Nature. Serving as an innovative prototype defining the current status of the technology, it also provides an overview about the latest trends of lithium-ion batteries research. This book explores future ways of informing researchers and professionals. State-of-the-art computer algorithms were applied to: select relevant sources from Springer Nature publications, arrange these in a topical order, and provide succinct summaries of these articles. The result is a cross-corpora auto-summarization of current texts, organized by means of a similarity-based clustering routine in coherent chapters and sections. This book summarizes more than 150 research articles published from 2016 to 2018 and provides an informative and concise overview of recent research into anode and cathode materials as well as further aspects such as separators, polymer electrolytes, thermal behavior and modelling. With this prototype, Springer Nature has begun an innovative journey to explore the field of machine-generated content and to find answers to the manifold questions on this fascinating topic. Therefore it was intentionally decided not to manually polish or copy-edit any of the texts so as to highlight the current status and remaining boundaries of machine-generated content. Our goal is to initiate a broad discussion, together with the research community and domain experts, about the future opportunities, challenges and limitations of this technology.

This book presents advanced studies on the conversion efficiency, mechanical reliability, and the quality of power related to wind energy systems. The main concern regarding such systems is reconciling the highly intermittent nature of the primary source (wind speed) with the demand for high-quality electrical energy and system stability. This means that wind energy conversion within the standard parameters imposed by the energy market and power industry is unachievable without optimization and control. The book discusses the rapid growth of control and optimization paradigms and applies them to wind energy systems: new controllers, new computational approaches, new applications, new algorithms, and new obstacles.

This book covers emerging energy storage technologies and material characterization methods along with various systems and applications in building, power generation systems and thermal management. The authors present options available for reducing the net energy consumption for heating/cooling, improving the thermal properties of the phase change materials and optimization methods for heat storage embedded multi-generation systems. An in-depth discussion on the natural convection-driven phase change is included. The book also discusses main energy storage options for thermal management practices in photovoltaics and phase change material applications that aim passive thermal control. This book will appeal to researchers and professionals in the fields of mechanical engineering, chemical engineering, electrical engineering, renewable energy, and thermodynamics. It can also be used as an ancillary text in upper-level undergraduate courses and graduate courses in these fields.

Introduction to Transfer Phenomena in PEM Fuel Cells presents the fruit of several years of research in the area of fuel cells. The book illustrates the transfer phenomena occurring inside a single cell and describes the technology field of hydrogen, explicitly the production, storage and risk management of hydrogen as an energy carrier. Several applications of hydrogen are also cited, and special interest is dedicated to the PEM Fuel Cell. Mass, charge and heat transfer phenomena are also discussed in this great resource that includes explanations, illustrations and governing equations for each section.

Lithium air rechargeable batteries are the best candidate for a power source for electric vehicles, because of their high specific energy density. In this book, the history, scientific background, status and prospects of the lithium air system are introduced by specialists in the field. This book will contain the basics, current statuses, and prospects for new technologies. This book is ideal for those interested in electrochemistry, energy storage, and materials science.

This book discusses the design and scheduling of residential, industrial, and commercial energy hubs, and their integration into energy storage technologies and renewable energy sources. Each chapter provides theoretical background and application examples for specific power systems including, solar, wind, geothermal, air and hydro. Case-studies are included to provide engineers, researchers, and students with the most modern technical and intelligent approaches to solving power and energy integration problems with special attention given to the environmental and economic aspects of energy storage systems.

Nanowires for Energy Applications, Volume 98, covers the latest breakthrough research and exciting developments in nanowires for energy applications. This volume focuses on various aspects of Nanowires for Energy Applications, presenting interesting sections on Electrospun semiconductor metal oxide nanowires for energy and sensing applications, Integration into flexible and functional materials, Nanowire Based Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells, Semiconductor Nanowires for Thermoelectric Generation, Energy Scavenging: Mechanical, Thermoelectric, and Nanowire synthesis/growth methods, and more.

The series Topics in Current Chemistry Collections presents critical reviews from the journal Topics in Current Chemistry organized in topical volumes. The scope of coverage is all areas of chemical science including the interfaces with related disciplines such as biology, medicine and materials science. The goal of each thematic volume is to give the non-specialist reader, whether in academia or industry, a comprehensive insight into an area where new research is emerging which is of interest to a larger scientific audience. Each review within the volume critically surveys one aspect of that topic and places it within the context of the volume as a whole. The most significant developments of the last 5 to 10 years are presented using selected examples to illustrate the principles discussed. The coverage is not intended to be an exhaustive summary of the field or include large quantities of data, but should rather be conceptual, concentrating on the methodological thinking that will allow the non-specialist reader to understand the information presented. Contributions also offer an outlook on potential future developments in the field. The chapters "Ionic Liquid-Liquid Chromatography: A New General Purpose Separation Methodology", "Proteins in Ionic Liquids: Current Status of Experiments and Simulations", "Lewis Acidic Ionic Liquids" and "Quantum Chemical Modeling of Hydrogen Bonding in Ionic Liquids" are available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.

This book contains selected papers presented during the bi-annual World Renewable Energy Network's Med Green Forum aimed at the international community as well as Mediterranean countries. This forum highlights the importance of growing renewable energy applications in two main sectors: Electricity Generation and the Sustainable Building Sector. In-depth chapters highlight the most current research and technological breakthroughs, covering a broad range of renewable energy technologies and applications in all sectors - for electricity production, heating and cooling, agricultural applications, water desalination, industrial applications and for the transport sectors.

Batteries are of vital importance for storing intermittent renewable energy for stationary and mobile applications. In order to charge the battery and maintain its capacity, the states of the battery - such as the current charge, safety and health, but also quantities that cannot be measured directly - need to be known to the battery management system. State estimation estimates the electrical state of a system by eliminating inaccuracies and errors from measurement data. Numerous methods and techniques are used for lithium-ion and other batteries. The various battery models seek to simplify the circuitry used in the battery management system. This concise work captures the methods and techniques for state estimation needed to keep batteries reliable. The book focuses particularly on mechanisms, parameters and influencing factors. Chapters convey equivalent modelling and several Kalman filtering techniques, including adaptive extended Kalman filtering for multiple battery state estimation, dual extended Kalman filtering prediction for complex working conditions, and particle filtering of safety estimation considering the capacity fading effect. This book is necessary reading for researchers in battery research and development, including battery management systems and related power electronics, for battery manufacturers, and for advanced students in power electronics.

This book presents a new topology of the non-isolated online uninterruptible power supply (UPS) system consisting of 3 components: bridgeless boost rectifier, battery charger/discharger, and an inverter. The online UPS system is considered to be the most preferable UPS due to its high level of power quality and proven reliability against all types of line disturbances and power outages. The new battery charger/discharger reduces the battery bank voltage, which improves performance and reliability, while a new control method for the inverter regulates the output voltage for both linear and nonlinear loads. The proposed USP system shows an efficiency of 94% during battery mode and 92% during the normal mode of operation.

The advent of lithium ion batteries has brought a significant shift in the area of large format battery systems. Previously limited to heavy and bulky lead-acid storage batteries, large format batteries were used only where absolutely necessary as a means of energy storage. The improved energy density, cycle life, power capability, and durability of lithium ion cells has given us electric and hybrid vehicles with meaningful driving range and performance, grid-tied energy storage systems for integration of renewable energy and load leveling, backup power systems and other applications. This book discusses battery management system (BMS) technology for large format lithium-ion battery packs from a systems perspective. This resource covers the future of BMS, giving us new ways to generate, use, and store energy, and free us from the perils of non-renewable energy sources. This book provides a full update on BMS technology, covering software, hardware, integration, testing, and safety.

Research on deformable and wearable electronics has promoted an increasing demand for next-generation power sources with high energy/power density that are low cost, lightweight, thin and flexible. One key challenge in flexible electrochemical energy storage devices is the development of reliable electrodes using open-framework materials with robust structures and high performance. Based on an exploration of 3D porous graphene as a flexible substrate, this book constructs free-standing, binder-free, 3D array electrodes for use in batteries, and demonstrates the reasons for the research transformation from Li to Na batteries. It incorporates the first principles of computational investigation and in situ XRD, Raman observations to systematically reveal the working mechanism of the electrodes and structure evolution during ion insertion/extraction. These encouraging results and proposed mechanisms may accelerate further development of high rate batteries using smart nanoengineering of the electrode materials, which make "Na ion battery could be better than Li ion battery" possible.

The Power Grid: Smart, Secure, Green and Reliable offers a diverse look at the traditional engineering and physics aspects of power systems, also examining the issues affecting clean power generation, power distribution, and the new security issues that could potentially affect the availability and reliability of the grid. The book looks at growth in new loads that are consuming over 1% of all the electrical power produced, and how combining those load issues of getting power to the regions experiencing growth in energy demand can be addressed. In addition, it considers the policy issues surrounding transmission line approval by regulators. With truly multidisciplinary content, including failure analysis of various systems, photovoltaic, wind power, quality issues with clean power, high-voltage DC transmission, electromagnetic radiation, electromagnetic interference, privacy concerns, and data security, this reference is relevant to anyone interested in the broad area of power grid stability.