In "Malaria: Poverty, Race, and Public Health in the United States," Margaret Humphreys presents the first book-length account of the parasitic, insect-borne disease that has infected millions and influenced settlement patterns, economic development, and the quality of life at every level of American society, especially in the south.

Humphreys approaches malaria from three perspectives: the parasite's biological history, the medical response to it, and the patient's experience of the disease. It addresses numerous questions including how the parasite thrives and eventually becomes vulnerable, how professionals came to know about the parasite and learned how to fight them, and how people view the disease and came to the point where they could understand and support the struggle against it.

In addition "Malaria: Poverty, Race, and Public Health in the United States "argues that malaria control was central to the evolution of local and federal intervention in public health, and demonstrates the complex interaction between poverty, race, and geography in determining the fate of malaria.

Evaluates the findings of close to 600 studies aimed at determining whether the health risks associated with tobacco use are enhanced by co-exposure to numerous chemical, biological, and physical agents commonly found in the workplace. Co-exposures in the domestic and general environment, which are especially important in newly industrializing countries, are also considered in this comprehensive review. Although all forms of tobacco use are covered, particular attention is given to risks arising from exposure to mainstream and sidestream smoke from cigarettes. The book has four chapters. The first summarizes what is known about the health risks caused by tobacco use. A brief overview of the history of tobacco use is followed by a detailed explanation of the chemistry of processed tobacco and the many toxic compounds found in tobacco and in mainstream and sidestream smoke. The chapter also includes an overview of all documented acute and chronic adverse effects of tobacco, including smokeless tobacco. The second and most extensive chapter evaluates the evidence on health effects caused by interactions between tobacco smoke and asbestos, non-asbestos fibres, seven inorganic chemicals, five organic chemical agents, including ethanol, four physical agents, and seven biological agents, including two widespread infectious agents. The chapter also includes an explanation of the concept of interaction and how it can be measured, a discussion of vector effects, whereby cigarettes become contaminated with toxic chemicals in the workplace, and a review of data indicating that tobacco smoking can alter the metabolism of therapeutic drugs and other chemicals. Chapter three considers whether adverseeffects following co-exposure to tobacco smoke and other agents are separate effects or possible interactions. The report found evidence for synergism in the production of adverse effects, including cancer, between tobacco smoking and exposure to asbestos, ethanol, silica, and radiation. The report also found evidence that tobacco smoking affects the health risks of exposure in coal mining, pesticide handling, and in the rubber and petroleum industries. In addition, tobacco smoking can increase the risk of byssinosis produced by exposure to cotton dust, and nasal cancer caused by exposure to wood dusts. On the basis of this evaluation, the final chapter concludes that all possible measures should be taken to eliminate tobacco use, particularly smoking. To avoid interaction with occupational exposure and to eliminate hazards arising from exposure to environmental tobacco smoke, the report concludes that smoking in the workplace should be prohibited.

A state-of-the-art review of methods and procedures for assessing the risks to human health posed by environmental chemicals. Addressed to regulatory authorities, risk managers and other decision-makers, the book aims to demystify the principles of risk assessment and thus encourage wider use of this powerful tool for protecting populations. Since the detection of chemical hazards may have socioeconomic and political consequences, the book gives particular attention to methods for the accurate identification of risks and determination of their severity. The book has four chapters covering each logical step in the process of risk assessment. The first, on hazard identification, explains how data on a chemical's toxicity and mode of action can be used to determine whether the chemical will cause adverse effects on health. The strengths and limitations of different types of data are discussed together with criteria commonly used to establish causality. Methods for assessing dose-response relationships are reviewed in chapter two, which explains how to characterize the relationship between the dose administered or received and the incidence of an adverse effect. Exposure assessment is covered in the next chapter, which describes methods for determining the nature and extent of contact with chemical substances and discusses the characteristics of exposure in the general environment, in the workplace, and from consumer products. The final chapter explains the procedure of risk characterization as a decision-making tool that brings together estimates of exposure levels and risks and summarizes sources of uncertainty in the scientific data. Practical options for risk management are presented asa range of regulatory, non-regulatory, economic, and technological measures.

This volume discusses the effects of indoor air environment and pollution in modern buildings on human health. Highlighting epidemiological studies and the determining factors, it offers proposals for improving indoor air quality (IAQ) in different environments. Focusing not only on homes and offices, but also vehicles and aircrafts, it details practical methods of measuring and assessing indoor air quality. Written by pioneering researchers, Indoor Environmental Quality and Health Risk toward Healthier Environment for All is a valuable resource for both new and established researchers as well as students seeking a comprehensive overview of the facts on indoor air quality and health. Also is also of interest to hygiene experts in industry, occupational health and safety professionals, governmental public health sectors and school physicians.

Summary: Explains the many simple things that community health workers can do to treat malaria, prevent new cases, and thus help reduce the alarming number of deaths, particularly in young children and pregnant women. Practical in its approach, the manual concentrates on activities that are within the competence of health workers and feasible and affordable at the community level. Information ranges from a basic explanation of the disease and its transmission, to tables illustrating correct treatment schedules for different age groups. The manual, which is abundantly illustrated, can be used in training courses, as a support to the health worker's day-to-day activities, or as a tool for health education in the community. The main purpose is to communicate basic facts and messages that, if widely understood within a community, could do much to reduce the incidence and severity of malaria. Chloroquine is presented as the first-line treatment. The manual has three parts. The first explains what community health workers can do to control malaria, and lists the essential medicines and equipment needed.Part two introduces basic facts about malaria and the behaviour of mosquitos, and elaborates three main approaches to malaria prevention in communities. The third and most extensive part sets out step-by-step instructions for the recognition and treatment of malaria, giving particular attention to standard malaria treatment schedules, measures for ensuring compliance, what to do when standard treatment fails, and how to recognize, treat, and refer severe cases. The management of malaria in young children and pregnant women also receives special attention.

Featuring the work of several world authorities, this volume places primary emphasis on the mechanism of parasite produced changes in the immune response (i.e. immunosuppression). The text covers parasitic diseases on which the World Health Organization has aggressively promoted research through its Program on Research and Training In Tropical Diseases. Chapters cover parasitic diseases such as malaria, American trypanosomiasis (Chagas' disease), African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness), leishmaniasis, schistosomiasis and onchocerciasis. Also included are discussions of toxoplasmosis and amebiasis. The material is drawn from the body of literature that has been rapidly accumulating for the last 15 years. An important feature of this text is that the contributors first outline existing knowledge about the immunology of each infection, thereby enabling the reader to more easily appreciate why and how the immunological alterations that accompany a disease are important, and then, to review the postulated mechanisms for such alterations. Consequently, the impact that each parasitic infection has on the immune system is always described in the "heart" of each chapter rather than at the beginning.

Updated and much expanded, the Second Edition of Parasitic Protozoa is designed to be useful to physicians, veterinarians, and research scientists concerned with diseases caused by protozoa in man, and in domestic and wild animals including fish, mollusks and insects, as well as the more commonly considered vertebrate animals. Each section contains information on disease pathogens, treatment, diagnosis, and epidemiology of the diseases caused by the various protozoans. The book is not limited to these medically-oriented subjects, but treats taxonomy, morphology, and metabolism of the organisms in such a way as to be of interest to scientists and graduate students working in the field of protozoology. The entire edition, published in ten volumes, is arranged so that subjects of common interest occupy individual volumes.

"Reads like a murder mystery. . . . [Desowitz] writes with uncommon lucidity and verse, leaving the reader with a vivid understanding of malaria and other tropical diseases, and the ways in which culture, climate and politics have affected their spread and containment."—New York Times

Why, Robert S. Desowitz asks, has biotechnical research on malaria produced so little when it had promised so much? An expert in tropical diseases, Desowtiz searches for answers in this provocative book.

"Like such eminent science writers as Stephen Jay Gould and Lewis Thomas, Mr. Desowitz manages to make the basic principles of his subject immediately comprehensible to the general reader. He has also succeeded in giving us a profound appreciation of the ways in which scientific and medical knowledge advances, through hypothesis, error and experiment, through serendipity, dedication, and perseverance."—Michiko Kakutani, New York Times

"Like a novelist, [Desowitz] draws the reader into the human tragedy of disease. . . . Rich in historical-medical detective stories."—Betty Ann Kevles, Los Angeles Times

"A gripping account of how a one-celled protozoan has triumphed over modern science."—Wall Street Journal

"Just as it was not necessary to be an astrophysicist to feel the grandeur and scope of Stephen Hawking's A Brief History of Time, it is not necessary to be a parasitologist or specialist in tropical medicine to relate to the drama, tragedy and even romance of Desowitz's fascinating and provocative story. . . . Interesting and important."—New England Journal of Medicine

Updated and much expanded, the Second Edition of Parasitic Protozoa is designed to be useful to physicians, veterinarians, and research scientists concerned with diseases caused by protozoa in man, and in domestic and wild animals including fish, mollusks and insects, as well as the more commonly considered vertebrate animals. Each section contains information on disease pathogens, treatment, diagnosis, and epidemiology of the diseases caused by the various protozoans. The book is not limited to these medically-oriented subjects, but treats taxonomy, morphology, and metabolism of the organisms in such a way as to be of interest to scientists and graduate students working in the field of protozoology. The entire edition, published in ten volumes, is arranged so that subjects of common interest occupy individual volumes.

This new edition updates the previous one and adds additional content related to postoperative management, pain management, LGBTQ care, and uroradiology. This book is designed to meet the needs of nurse practitioners, advanced practice nurses globally and physician assistants working in urology. Content assumes some background knowledge regarding the normal anatomy and physiology of the genitourinary system and the pathophysiology underlying specific urologic health-related problems. This ensures that the provider can pursue exemplary management of patients with acute and chronic urologic conditions in a wide variety of settings, including independent practices, and academic urologic practices. This manual fills the gaps that traditional curricula may have left, permitting the reader to proceed with confident management of adult patients with urologic care needs, promoting the role of a skilled clinician in urology, especially for chronic, non-operative urologic conditions while recognizing those conditions which may benefit from surgical management.As the burden of urologic disease increases with an aging U.S. population, it is increasingly clear that nurse practitioners and physician assistants will be called on to move into roles caring for patients with urologic disease. Use of NPs and PAs to their highest education will become an increasingly important strategy for maintaining access and reducing costs, in the context of urologist workforce that is shrinking. However, urology topics receive sporadic attention in NP and PA curricula, leaving practicing NPs and PAs with gaps in their knowledge concerning trends and recommendations for management of urologic health conditions. As this demand for provider visits for urologic concerns increases, the demand for provider services to care for patients with urologic health concerns will also increase, and presents the opportunity for both NPs and PAs to move into specialty practice environments within urology.

Bekanntlich ist nach jahrelangen Diskussionen iiber eine moderne, effektive und zweckma8ige Ausbildung der Medizi ner am 28. Oktober 1970 die Approbationsordnung fUr Arzte im Bundesgesetzblatt veroffentlicht worden. Sie ist seit dem Winter-Semester 1972173 die Grundlage fUr die Ausbildung zum Arzt an den Universitaten der Bundesrepublik Deutsch land. Ziel dieser Approbationsordnung war: a) eine Verkiirzung des Studiums, b) eine Straffung des Unterrichts, c) eine Anpassung der Unterrichtsinhalte an die praktischen Bediirfnisse, d) eine Objektivierung der Priifungen und e) im Ganzen eine qualitative Verbesserung der iirztlichen Ausbildung. In den letzten Jahren hat erneut eine rege Diskussion fiber die Zielsetzungen und ihre Verwirklichung eingesetzt. Nach heute weitgehend iibereinstimmender Meinung ist durch verschiedene Faktoren bedingt eine qualitative Verbes serung insbesondere in den praktisch-klinischen Teilberei chen nicht erreicht worden. Als Griinde werden die standig steigenden Zahlen der Medizinstudenten, die Anderung des Lernverhaltens der Studenten, die Ausrichtung der Priifun gen auf die schriftliche Form, die Hauptvodesungen lediglich als Angebot usw. diskutiert. Auch nach der zwischenzeitlich erfolgten 5. Novellierung der Approbationsordnung ist eine schriftliche Priifung nach dem 2. klinischen Abschnitt obliga torisch vorgeschrieben. Hierbei hat die okologische Facher gruppe eine angemessene Beriicksichtigung gefunden.

Generally accepted scientific priniciples and requirements applied to neurotoxicology.

In its first edition, Principles of Clinical Medicine for Space Flight established itself as the authoritative reference on the contemporary knowledge base of space medicine and standards of care for space flyers. It received excellent notices and is used in the curricula of civilian and military training programs and used as a source of questions for the Aerospace Medicine Certifying Examination under the American Board of Preventive Medicine. In the intervening few years, the continuous manning of the International Space Station has both strengthened existing knowledge and uncovered new and significant phenomena related to the human in space. The Second Edition incorporates this information. Gaps in the first edition will be addressed with the addition new and revised chapters. This edition is extensively peer reviewed and represents the most up to date knowledge.

A wide-ranging account of traditional medical practices is intended to provide health administrators and practitioners with background information that may help them improve health care coverage, especially in developing countries, through a judicious blending of orthodox and unorthodox health resources.

The lifestyles and socio-economic status that are prevalent in regions of the world with limited resources form the background for the unique features of neoplastic diseases in these areas, where the majority of the world population lives. The predominance of the world's retroviral burden of in these areas further compounds the nature and challenges of the cancer there. Much of the international cancer literature covers the nature and challenges of the disease as seen in high-income regions of the world, thereby giving a skewed view of the global cancer challenges. As the low- and middle-income regions of the world transition from communicable to non communicable disease patterns, there is a need for a corresponding paradigm shift, with increased emphasis on what the world needs to know about non communicable diseases, including cancer, where the disease is hitherto poorly documented. The main goal of the proposed book is to contribute to this outcomes.

Dieses Handbuch dient als Praxisleitfaden fur Arbeits- und Gesundheitsschutzbeauftragte. Es gibt Hilfestellung beim Aufbau der Organisation des betrieblichen Arbeits- und Gesundheitsschutzes. Dies soll Unternehmen dazu befahigen, basierend auf den gesetzlichen Anforderungen ein zum jeweiligen Betrieb passendes System zu installieren. Neben der rechtlichen Einordnung beschreiben die Autoren in kleinen Schritten und praxisgerecht die erforderlichen planerischen und organisatorischen Aspekte. Das Handbuch enthalt Vorlagen und Checklisten. Diese koennen direkt verwendet und auf die eigenen betrieblichen Belange angepasst werden. Unternehmen, die das Handbuch nutzen und mit Leben fullen, haben damit die Grundlage fur ein Arbeitsschutzsystem geschaffen, dass zu einem Arbeitsschutzmanagement ausgebaut werden kann. Dieses Handbuch wird Betriebspraktiker interessieren, ihnen hilfreiche Impulse fur die eigene Arbeit sowie fur die Umsetzung vor Ort geben.

Principles of Medicine in Africa combines classical clinical medicine with a rich understanding of the major environmental and cultural influences on health and disease, providing comprehensive guidance for anyone intending to practise medicine in Africa. Disease is presented in the context of family and culture, and the effects of inequality and problems of limited resources are addressed. The authors have a wealth of experience in front line healthcare and provide practical, evidence-based management guidelines for all the common and less common conditions likely to be encountered. This fourth edition has been thoroughly updated to incorporate the latest research findings and management guidelines. It includes an expanded section on maternal and child health, but careful editing has generated a slimmer volume, whilst retaining all of the essential content. This is the one essential text for medical students and healthcare professionals wanting a complete and up-to-date reference book on medicine in Africa.

This invaluable handbook provides a basic knowledge of muscle action and co-ordination with which students of occupational therapy can applying specific techniques to specific conditions of muscle insufficiency for the restoration of function. It is particularly designed for those who have already studied anatomy and physiology, and will be useful in conjunction with an authorized anatomy text. Students and teachers of physio-therapy will find considerable value in it. Miss McMurrich's book is the result of many years' experience in teaching anatomy to students of occupational and physical therapy. In her introductory chapter, she endeavours to clarify for beginners any difficulties in the subject matter, and to condense for the advanced reader the existing knowledge on muscle action. Her main contention is that the application of craft-work, games or exercises for the restoration of function can be varied indefinitely if the therapist's knowledge of muscle action and co-ordination is sound. She makes suggestions for certain muscles or muscle groups; and leaves to the ingenuity of the therapist, with sound knowledge of muscle action, appropriate additions. Her accounts of the signs of nerve lesions and falsification of movement will be of great us to students.

Dieses essential stellt ein wissenschaftlich fundiertes System der psychischen Gefahrdungsbeurteilung vor, das den gesetzlichen Vorgaben entspricht. Es zeigt auf, welche Schritte ein umfassendes und betriebsspezifisches Gefahrdungscontrolling beinhaltet und welche Rolle der psychischen Gefahrdungsbeurteilung in diesem Prozess zukommt. Die Methode der evidenzbasierten psychischen Gefahrdungsbeurteilung dient als Grundlage, um Gefahrdungen adaquat zu erfassen und wirksame (Gegen-)Massnahmen einzuleiten und hilft bei der Implementierung des Gefahrdungscontrollings. So kann ein kontinuierlicher und nachhaltiger Lernprozess im Unternehmen angeregt werden, von dem Arbeitnehmer und Arbeitgeber profitieren.

Wars in the 19th Century were accompanied by a very heavy loss of life from infectious diseases. Typhus fever, dysentery, malaria, typhoid fever and yellow fever caused many more deaths than wounds inflicted by enemy actions. During the Peninsular War, for example, for every soldier dying of a wound, four succumbed to disease. This book examines the development and evolution of surgical practice against this overwhelming risk of death due to disease. It reviews three major conflicts during this time: the Peninsular War, the Crimean War and the Boer War and also considers many minor wars fought by the British Empire in the intervening years, and highlights significant medical and surgical developments during these conflicts. War surgery in the first part of the 19th Century was brutal, and it had to be carried out swiftly. It was performed at speed because there were no anaesthetics and the wounded often died during the procedure. Surgeons focussed their attention on wounds of the arms and legs, because limbs were both easily accessible to the surgeon (unlike organs inside the abdomen and chest) and lent themselves well to amputation. This was commonly the operation of choice for many war wounds of arms and legs. Some surgeons performed more difficult surgical procedures to try to preserve the limbs and attempted to repair damaged tissues, but these operations took longer and caused greater suffering to the patient. Abdominal and chest wounds were not treated since surgeons did not have the means, the ability, or the understanding, to cut into the abdomen and chest to repair the damaged organs successfully. An important development which contributed to surgery moving forwards was the discovery of general anaesthesia, which became available in time for the Crimean War. However, whilst it certainly rendered operations pain-free, it was associated with significant numbers of deaths during surgery on wounded soldiers because of the poorly understood effects that anaesthetics had, particularly on the heart. As a result, operative surgery did not extend its scope a great deal, and military surgery remained focussed on surgery of the limbs. However, fewer amputations were performed during the Boer War at the end of this period. Britain sent observers to several wars in which it was not involved to learn military lessons and to understand the medical and surgical aspects of war. The American Civil War and the Franco-Prussian War were two such conflicts. The Russo-Japanese War resulted in a very significant advance in surgery for abdominal wounds, but Western observers either failed to notice or ignored pioneering work performed by a Russian female surgeon called Vera Gedroits. As a result, when the Great War began in 1914, lessons had to be re-learned by British surgeons, and many soldiers who suffered penetrating abdominal wounds lost their lives when they should have survived. Unfortunately, one of the hallmarks of war surgery is that successive generations of surgeons make the same mistakes as their forebears and the same lessons have to be learned time and again.

Chikungunya (CHIKV) is a viral infection spread by mosquitoes that can cause symptoms such as fever, joint pain, muscle pain, headache, fatigue, and rash, which can become severe. While symptoms generally subside within a week or two, the disease nonetheless imposes a burden on societies around the world and carries a death risk of 1 in 1,000 infections. Chapter One details the history and evolution of the virus, including its epidemiology and extensive spread, and discusses disease prevention and vector control measures. Chapter Two describes the geographical distribution, transmission, and alternative hosts of Chikungunya. Chapter Three provides an insight into the different immunotherapy and immunoprophylaxis strategies that have demonstrated promising results so far for the treatment of this disease. Lastly, Chapter Four provides an overview of the potential therapeutics that have been proposed and developed for CHIKV.

In the developing countries, pollution through solid waste, sludge from water and wastewater treatment plants and pollution of natural water resources have become one of the grave issues. The root cause is population explosion, industrialization, urbanization and other anthropogenic activities. The increase rate of solid waste has become a major challenge for sustainable development of the environment. Poor management of solid waste and sludge from water and wastewater treatment plants may be the cause of health hazards and environmental problems. The book presents new methods and technologies to combat the aforementioned problems and focuses on the importance of using the recycled products. The technologies related to waste and sludge treatment are economical, eco-friendly and bring economic returns, and can be applied to most of the developing countries where waste treatment technologies, viz. composting, anaerobic digestion, recycling of plastic and agricultural waste in construction can be used. The aim of the book is to support everyone who is involved in academics, teaching, research related to solid waste management and water and wastewater treatment study in the leading academic and research organizations globally. This book will be of prodigious value to upcoming researchers, scholars, scientists and professionals in Environmental Science and Engineering fields, and global and local authorities and policy makers responsible for the management of solid wastes and sludge. Globally, universities can develop new prospectuses on sustainable and eco-friendly waste and sludge management, which are relating to the book's theme. This book can also be of great source for designing and operation of waste reuse and recycling programmes.

Newly organized and featuring new editors and hundreds of new images, Peters' Atlas of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Seventh Edition, brings you up to date with today's greatest challenges in tropical medicine. Increased global travel, climate change, human conflict, short-term/large-scale human assemblies, potent therapeutic agents, drug resistance, and vaccine misinformation have contributed to a greatly changed landscape in this complex field. This practical, highly visual guide provides more than 1,300 stunning illustrations, making it an authoritative parasitology resource for accurate diagnosis of complex diseases. Contains hundreds of new images, including more than 50 completely revised life cycles and epidemiological maps. Provides current information on Zika virus, chikungunya virus, Ebola virus, SARS and MERS-CoV caused by enzootic corona virus, tuberculosis, ceftriaxone-resistant gonorrhea, malaria, and much more. Features a completely updated and significantly streamlined text, now organized not only by primary mode of disease transmission, but extended to define disease more strictly according to the route of acquisition - a logical change that reflects the principles applied to control measures for most infections. Presents the knowledge and expertise of new editors Drs. Laura Nabarro, Stephen Morris-Jones, and David A. J. Moore. Enhanced eBook version included with purchase. Your enhanced eBook allows you to access all of the text, figures, and references from the book on a variety of devices.

Over the past four decades, the prevalence of autism, asthma, ADHD, obesity, diabetes, and birth defects has increased substantially among children throughout the world. Not coincidentally, more than 80,000 new chemicals have been developed and released into the global environment during this same period. Today the World Health Organization attributes more than one third of all childhood deaths to environmental causes. Children's environmental health is a new and growing discipline that responds to the expanding threat of chemical and environmental hazards to child health. Amid mounting evidence that children are especially sensitive to their environment-and that exposure during their developmental "windows of susceptibility" can trigger cellular changes that lead to lifelong disease and disability-there is a compelling need for continued scientific study of the relationship between children's health and their environment. Children and Environmental Toxins: What Everyone Needs to Know (R) offers an authoritative yet accessible question-and-answer guide to the "silent spring" of threats in our collective backyard. As the burdens of environmental toxins and chronic disease continue to defy borders, this book will be an invaluable addition to the conspicuously sparse literature in this area.