This book reflects practical approaches to answering a variety of biological and medical questions using DNA fingerprinting and genetic profiling in a broad sense that also includes statistical evaluation of the data. It has been written for biology, biochemistry and medical students, graduates, postdoctoral fellows, academic teachers and for all researchers in the theoretical and applied sciences wherever genetic identification and relationship analysis are required.

The 6th volume of "Advances in Forensic Haemogenetics" comprises the scientific contributions to the 16th Congress of the International Society for Forensic Haemogenetics ISFH held on Sept., 12-16, 1995 at Santiago de Compostela, Spain. The numerous papers mainly deal with the applicability of DNA technology to forensic questions. The invited speakers approached important topics such as variation of mitochondrial DNA in ancient and modern humans, the "STR approach" to solve forensic questions, the statistical analysis of STR data, automation of DNA analysis, long PCR and its applications, national DNA databases and ethical and legal aspects of DNA analysis. It has become obvious that PCR based polymorphic systems clearly dominate the scene of forensic DNA analysis worldwide. It will however be necessary to make efforts to standardize the still increasing number of systems with regard to nomenclature to achieve a universal comparability of results. Legal systems differ from country to country which has to be taken into account when reporting DNA results. There is still controversy about the way DNA results are to be presented in court-rooms. We should make efforts to assess the value of DNA evidence by a common scientifc statistical approach that is comprehensive enough to treat all possible hypotheses such as involved relatives, different ethnics and/or the not so rare situations with mixed stains.

This updated volume on clinical forensic medicine covers the topics required for forensic healthcare professionals working in general forensic medicine and sexual offence medicine. All chapters have been reviewed and revised to reflect how the provision of forensic medical services has changed since the previous edition with multidisciplinary teams working in the custodial environment, comprising doctors, nurses, and paramedics and those practitioners providing sexual offence examinations. New and updated topics include: the increasing importance of photo documentation by health care professionals; updated information on strangulation, torture; a review of bite mark injuries; the explosion of Novel Psychoactive Substances worldwide; the changing patterns of deaths in custody and deaths following police contact; and the introduction in various jurisdictions of legal limits for drugs based on zero tolerance or a risk based approach. Written by a team of experts, the new edition of this book is a valuable resource for forensic healthcare professionals including doctors, nurses and paramedics working in general forensic medicine and sexual offence medicine, as well as emergency physicians, pediatricians and gynaecologists.

Professor Patrice MANGIN President of the XVlth Congress of the International Academy of Legal Medicine and Social Medicine The International Academy of Legal Medicine and Social Medicine was founded in 1938 in Bonn. The motive for founding the Academy was to promote associating and confronting on an international background the scientific research work produced in the various domains dealing with the Legal and Social Medicine. As first presi dent of the International Academy of Legal Medicine and Social Medicine, Professor Knud Sand from Copenhagen, assisted by colleagues of the Praesidium appointed as national representatives, succeeded in gathering together nearly the whole aca demic people involved in Legal and Social Medicine. Thus one year later, in 1939, The Academy became a worldwide institution of 450 members from thirty nations. After the war, what had been before of considerable interest for the progress of the knowledge and techniques in Legal Medicine remained again a pressing necessity leading to the second meeting of the Academy in 1947 in Brussels under the presi dency of Professor De Laet. Since then the meetings of the Academy followed one another every three years. At this point, I would like to thank all the past presidents of the Academy and in particular Professor Roche and Professor Andre for their contribution without which the Academy would not be what it is presently."

Introduction to Forensic Sciences, Second Edition is the current edition of this bestselling introductory textbook. Dr. William Eckert, one of the world's foremost authorities in the area of forensic medicine, presents each of the distinct fields that collectively comprise the forensic sciences in a logical, relatively non-technical fashion.

Each chapter is written by a well-known expert in his/her respective field, and each specialty area is thoroughly treated. When appropriate, the various methods of applying these sciences in different countries are covered. Heavily illustrated, the Second Edition has been updated to include current procedures and techniques that were not available or usefully developed when the first edition was published.

Features include:

th This volume comprises the Proceedings of the 15 Congress of the International Society of Forensic Haemogenetics (ISFH), held for the first time in Venezia Lido, th th Italy, on 13 -15 October 1993. The abstracts of the scientific contributions sent to the Congress have been sub divided into chapters with numbers and headings corresponding to the Congress sessions listed in the final programme. A general index of all authors, in alpha betical order, is given at the end of the book. The book consists of 188 contributions and addresses several problems presently being discussed in forensic haemogenetics. The main portion is, of course, devoted to DNA technology: present and future trends in DNA method ology, DNA polymorphisms in paternity testing and in criminal investigation, DNA sequencing, PCR methodology, quality control and quality assurance. Data have been accumulated on population genetics and biostatistics. A new look has been given at old friends, with important contributions on the molecular biology of classical markers. Conventional genetic markers have been studied. Problems connected with genetic typing and human rights have been dealt with in depth, and the history and geography of human genes have been elucidated."

DNA fingerprinting had a well-defined birthday. In the March 7, 1985 issue of Nature, Alec Jeffreys and coworkers described the first develop ment ofmu1tilocus probes capable of simultaneously revealing hypervari ability at many loci in the human genome and called the procedure DNA fingerprinting. It was a royal birth in the best British tradition. In a few months the emerging technique had permitted the denouement of hith erto insoluble immigration and paternity disputes and was already heralded as a major revolution in forensic sciences. In the next year (October, 1986) DNA fingerprinting made a dramatic entree in criminal investigations with the Enderby murder case, whose story eventually was turned into a best-selling book ("The Blooding" by Joseph Wambaugh). Today DNA typing systems are routinely used in public and commercial forensic laboratories in at least 25 different countries and have replaced conventional protein markers as the methods of choice for solving paternity disputes and criminal cases. Moreover, DNA fingerprinting has emerged as a new domain of intense scientific activity, with myriad applications in just about every imaginable territory of life sciences. The Second International Conference on DNA Fingerprinting, which was held in Belo Horizonte, Brazil in November of 1992, was a clear proof of this."

Forensic mental health assessment (FMHA) continues to develop and expand as a specialization. Since the publication of the First Edition of Forensic Mental Health Assessment: A Casebook over a decade ago, there have been a number of significant changes in the applicable law, ethics, science, and practice that have shaped the conceptual and empirical underpinnings of FMHA. The Second Edition of Forensic Mental Health Assessment is thoroughly updated in light of the developments and changes in the field, while still keeping the unique structure of presenting cases, detailed reports, and specific teaching points on a wide range of topics. Unlike anything else in the literature, it provides genuine (although disguised) case material, so trainees as well as legal and mental health professionals can review how high-quality forensic evaluation reports are written; it features contributions from leading experts in forensic psychology and psychiatry, providing samples of work in their particular areas of specialization; and it discusses case material in the larger context of broad foundational principles and specific teaching points, making it a valuable resource for teaching, training, and continuing education. Now featuring 50 real-world cases, this new edition covers topics including criminal responsibility, sexual offending risk evaluation, federal sentencing, capital sentencing, capacity to consent to treatment, personal injury, harassment and discrimination, guardianship, juvenile commitment, transfer and decertification, response style, expert testimony, evaluations in a military context, and many more. It will be invaluable for anyone involved in assessments for the courts, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and attorneys, as well as for FMHA courses.

The dramatic development of chromatographic techniques, specially high per formance or high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) has made possible the easy analysis of organic compounds, including drugs and drug components, for last two decades. This rapid increase and improvement of analytical methodology with HPLC has enabled researchers and scientists to cope with other scientific and instru mental developments in their fields of work. Thousands of impressive and original scientific publications, text books and monographs describe the techniques for drug analysis with high performance liquid chromatography. However, no concise presentation of the general proper ties of the drugs and their HPLC methodology exists together in the market. This work contains the general properties necessary for the analysis of 232 drugs as well as the HPLC methods for many other drugs and drug components. It is hoped that it will fill a gap and provide a precise survey of the HPLC methods for drug analysis. It is intended as an immediate guide in the laboratory and will be of help to the scientists, researchers and technicians in the field of analysis.

Constantin Blanke-Roeser fuhrt zunachst in die Grundlagen der Hirnaneurysmen ein und wertet sodann ein grosses, einschlagiges Untersuchungskollektiv aus dem Hamburger Raum aus. Der Autor interpretiert die Ergebnisse, verknupft sie mit dem aktuellen Forschungsstand und gibt Empfehlungen fur die Differentialdiagnose. Den Abschlussteil der Studie bilden eine Untersuchung der Histologie blutender Hirnaneurysmen sowie Vorschlage fur die Differenzierung von Aneurysma- und Trauma-bedingten Subarachnoidalblutungen (SAB) anhand der Computertomographie. Etwa 4-5 Prozent der Bevoelkerung weltweit sind von Hirnaneurysmen betroffen. Diese koennen ploetzlich zu einer spontanen SAB fuhren. Die Falle sind von traumatisch bedingten SAB zu unterscheiden. Deren Differentialdiagnose ist unter forensischen und versicherungsrechtlichen Aspekten entscheidend.

All up-to-date aspects of DNA technology are discussed partly in review lectures but mostly in research articles in this volume: new methods, population statistics for different restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP's), new developments dealing with the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), biostatistical aspects of single locus and multi locus profiles as well as examples of practical applications in paternity testing and forensic stain analysis. Contributors to this volume include most internationally acclaimed researchers in this field. Besides facts that are primarily of interest to forensic scientists, immunohaematologists and human geneticists should also find some aspects for their research.

Neuere Entwicklungen in der Molekulargenetik sowie die Notwendigkeit, unanfechtbare Beweise zu liefern, haben zu immer schnelleren Fortschritten auf dem Gebiet der H{mogenetik in der Gerichtsmedizin gef}hrt. Dieser Band enth{lt die Beitr{ge mit neuesten Erkenntnissen, die hierzu auf dem Kongre im September 1991 in Mainz vorgetragen wurden. Im Zentrum steht die Frage der forensischen Anwendung bzw. Andwendbarkeit der DNS-technologischen Forschung. Einige Artikel befassen sich mit Standardisierungs-, Artefakt- und Identifikationsproblemen bez}glich menschlicher ]berreste. Auch ethische und juristische Gesichtspunkte werden diskutiert.

DNA fingerprinting is a revolutionary technique that enables law enforcement agencies, diagnostic laboratories and research scientists to identify minute pieces of tissue, to determine parentage and other biological family relationships. This is a study of its applications.

Since to date there is no record of systematic experience in treating sex offenders by psychotherapy, this book fills a gap in the literature. It is especially important at a time when the courts have also called for the treatment - instead of merely the punishment - of these delinquents. For the first time a report of not only individual cases, but also of a methodical study of a large patient group is available. By combining copious case studies with statistical methods, clear and scientifically valid knowledge results. In terms of psychodynamics, both behavioural and counselling techniques have been applied. The book thus contributes significantly to the present discussion of methods beyond those of classical psychotherapy in the treatment of sex offenders.

The third volume of "Advances in Forensic Haemogenetics" contains the th scientific contributions presented at the 13 Congress of the International Society for Forensic Haemogenetics, held on October 19-21, 1989 in New Orleans, USA. The conference was organized and chaired by Dr. Herbert Polesky from Minneapolis. He and the local organizing committee which consisted of our friends and colleagues (J. Soubrada, L.R.Bryant, Dale D.Dykes, Ch.Harrison, P.Newall and R. Walker) deserve the thanks of our Society for a very successful meeting. Herb Polesky has also contributed a great deal to the preparation of this book. The contributions to the conference covered all fields of forensic haemo genetics, but an outstanding highlight of this conference was the application ofDNA-polymorphisms to paternity and to the identification of stains. This included basic lectures on biostatistical approaches as well as on molecular biology and many new technical approaches to our general and special aims. Forensic haemogenetics has now merged into a new discipline without having lost its original identity. On behalf of the Executive Committee of our Society I would like to extend my thanks to the authors of the articles contained in this book and to Springer-Verlag for having made such a quick publication possible. The volume should give the reader a picture of the state of the art and a survey of the most recent developments in the field of forensic and general haemo genetics.

This compilation of articles, research studies and case material deals with the multi-faceted dimensions of hospital law. The volume brings together international experts' views on the interface between medicine, law and ethics as they relate to hospital policy and procedures. Topics explored include: ethics committees, informed consent, malpractice, medical experts and the courts, medical records, use of computers, DNR, death, organ transplants and bio-medical technology.

Publication of papers presented at the 12th International Meeting for Forensic Haemogentics Wien 1987. Topics covered included: Formal genetics, population genetics, biochemistry and serology of nearly all hereditary blood group poly- morphisms. Also several reviews of e.g. enzyme polymor- phisms; problems and aspects of the application for paternity testing; extensive articles on forensic stain information with numerous new methods and description of artifacts; polymorphisms in body fluids; quality control methods; use of biostatistics in forensic haemogentics.

For the first time, the proceedings of our biennial congress of the Society for Forensic Haemogenetics will be published by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York. The different areas of research now include cellu- lar allotypes, i. e. not only the traditional red cell antigens, but also those of white cells and platelets. Plasma isoproteins and intracellular isoenzy- mes, DNA polymorphisms (restriction length fragment and banding), and biostatistics are further topics in our Society. They also deserve our special attention in the future. The practical applications comprise paren- tage testing, stain analysis, population genetics, molecular biology and other immunogenetic aspects. The 11th Congress in Copenhagen was an excellent opportunity to pre- sent our broad spectrum of scientific activities at an international forum. Among the many outstanding lectures from different parts of the world, D. A. Hopkinson's contribution on genetic variation of human enzymes and H. Matsumoto's lecture on immunoglobulin allotypes in China should be mentioned here and also L. Bolund's communication on DNA. An optimal exchange of scientific information was achieved by the arrangement of main lectures, poster sessions and workshops. The Con- gress president Dr. Klavs Henningsen deserves our special thanks for his efforts in the excellent organization of this congress.

G. di Gennaro Abuse of drugs has reached such magnitude that it is regarded by most govern ments, scholars, and experts as one of the major problems of present-day society. The highest values of individuals and social groups are strongly attacked or are at risk as a result of the spread of drug abuse. As a consequence, society is deprived of the contribution of many of its members toward the establishment of better condi tions of life. On the other hand, considerable portions of the limited resources of so ciety are diverted to assist, cure, and rehabilitate drug addicts. The enormous gains derived from illicit traffic in drugs are contributing tremendously to the strengthen ing of criminal organizations and the rise of new aggressive criminal syndicates. The financial means of these groups are invested in illegal enterprises which extend the criminals' power to various sectors of the economy. One should recognize that the vast criminal network which is behind this crimi nal big business has achieved such strength that it acts as a counter-power. Corrup tion, racketeering, oppression, and illicit influences are among the dreadful ele ments which unavoidably accompany drug trafficking. The price paid for this by humanity is incommensurate."

The papers in this section on the legal aspects of nursing can be divided into two parts: (a) the rights and responsibilities of nurses, patients, and the medical system and (b) treatment, with its legal ramifications. How does one decide whether patients' rights or the health professional's rights are to be considered more seriously? Is there an absolute "right" or "wrong"? Since legal rights are sanctioned by constantly changing social and political climates, this may, in effect, diminish the possibility of anything absolute. The question of the "equivalency" of legal and moral rights is also addressed. Due to the prevalent vagueness with regard to bioethical issues as they affect hu man and legal rights, often we become absorbed in philosophical polemics without being able to arrive at anyone answer. In order to move beyond the ethical/theoret ical fonnulations, there is daily confrontation in the nursing profession -the practi cal application of theoretics."

In 1980 the Directorate-General of Labor, Ministry of Social Affairs and Employment, the Netherlands, requested the Coronel Laboratory for Occupational and Environmental Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Amsterdam, to carry out "a critical study of literature on health risks to women from industrial and occupational exposure to chemical agents which are different from risks to male workers, or which have only been observed in female workers. " The principal investigator was Mrs. A. Stijkel, medical biologist; a part of the study was carried out by R. L. Zielhuis, physician. M. M. Verberk, physician, and Mrs. M. v. d. Poel-Bot, librarian, provided continuous assistance. The final report (in Dutch) covering the literature up to and including 1981, was submitted to the government in October 1982. A somewhat abridged and modified English text, updated to include 1982, was prepared. The Editorial Board and the publisher of the International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health kindly made possible the publishing of this text in a special issue of the journal. The authors express their thanks to the Directorate-General of Labor, the Editorial Board and the publisher for making this publication possible. We sincerely hope that this report will be of assistance in making the industrial and occupational environment safer. Prof. Dr. R. L. Zie1huis Table of Contents Introduction 1 1 1. 1 Objective 1 Theoretical Possibilities for Extra Health Risks in Female 1. 2 Workers. 2 1. 2. 1 Differences Between Women and Men Apart from Reproduction .

The Medicolegal Library is the first and only series of its kind. Its importance is self-evident. During the last decade, science, especial ly medical practice, has become an increasingly complex undertak ing. Recent dramatic developments in medicine have given rise to both theoretical controversies and practical dilemmas. Society is struggling with new scientific, economic, cultural, and legal issues. The establishment of a series such as this appears vital for lawyers and physicians, for sociologists and psychologists, and for the pub lic at large. The editorial board of the Medicolegal Library consists of dis tinguished scientists from many different countries and disciplines. Judge Amnon Carmi acts as principal series editor. Judge Carmi is the author of many books and articles on medical law, and is Editor in-Chief of Medicine and Law: An International Journal. The Medicolegal Library will issue two books each year. The first four books, soon to be published, will deal with child abuse, euthanasia, disability, and nursing, laws and ethics."