Black business activity has been sustained in America for almost four centuries. From the marketing and trading activities of African slaves in Colonial America to the rise of 20th-century black corporate America, African American participation in self-employed economic activities has been a persistent theme in the black experience. Yet, unlike other topics in African American history, the study of black business has been limited. General reference sources on the black experience--with their emphasis on social, cultural, and political life--provide little information on topics related to the history of black business. This invaluable encyclopedia is the only reference source providing information on the broad range of topics that illuminate black business history.

Providing readily accessible information on the black business experience, the encyclopedia provides an overview of black business activities, and underscores the existence of a historic tradition of black American business participation. Entries range from biographies of black business people to overview surveys of business activities from the 1600s to the 1990s, including slave and free black business activities and the Black Wallstreet to coverage of black women's business activities, and discussions of such African American specific industries as catering, funeral enterprises, insurance, and hair care and cosmetic products. Also, there are entries on blacks in the automotive parts industry, black investment banks, black companies listed on the stock market, blacks and corporate America, civil rights and black business, and black athletes and business activities.

The mining industry traditionally has not incorporated behavioral science concepts in its organizational philosophy. Using it as a case study, "Organization and Development in the Mining Industry" describes organization development in action, reviews principles and lessons from short -- and long-term programs of intervention, and presents case studies which illustrate the process of organizational change.

In the last few years, most parts of the world have morphed into an electronically interdependent economic unit where a disruption in one marketplace affects the others. New technologies have emerged, transforming the ways we do business and, consequently, redesigning the world. Innovation in disruptive technologies pushes new and more agile firms to set new benchmarks and forces established companies to revisit existing models or re-invent themselves to stay competitive. Disruptive Technologies, Innovation and Global Redesign: Emerging Implications provides case studies as well as practical and theoretical papers on the issues surrounding disruptive technologies, innovation, global redesign. This book will be a useful reference for academics, students, policymakers and professionals in the fields of emerging and disruptive technologies, innovation, economic planning, technology and society, technology transfer, and general technology management.

Johnston and Edwards propose that high technology will be at the heart of the United States economy as it enters the 21st century. They also state that small business will be the key to the expansion of the United States economy in the year 2000. In this volume, the authors analyze some significant trends that tend to support their proposals. Drawing upon case studies from the bio-technology and microelectronics industries, they discuss how changing the relationship between industry, universities, and the government is encouraging an entrepreneurial way of thinking. "Business Library Newsletter"

Management strategy now is the management of continuous change, and this timely book provides an in depth view of the remarkable opportunities that will be present for those who understand its message.

"D. Bruce Merrifield, Assistant Secretary for Productivity, Technology, and Innovation, U.S. Department of Commerce"

"Entrepreneuial Science" is a provocative analysis of some of the most significant new trends in the high technology-based economy. Authors Johnston and Edwards use case studies from the biotechnology and microelectronics indstries to illustrate how the traditional relationships between industry, universities, and the government are shifting towards new entrepreneurial relationships that will have significant and lasting effects on the U.S. economy. Demonstrating that the entrepreneurial firm is better equipped to develop the early stages of technology than the large company, they contend that both individuals and corporations must adapt to an entrepreneurial way of thinking if they are to compete successfully in the marketplace over the next decade.

Drawing heavily upon their own considerable experience in the biotechnology industry, Johnston and Edwards fully discuss such emerging trends as the commercialization of the university, innovative regional technology development programs, the links between small entrepreneurial firms and university laboratories, and the collaboration between large research-based corporations and startup companies. As they clearly illustrate, each of these trends is related and all will work together to radically alter the traditional path by which a product gets from the laboratory bench to the marketplace. Corporate managers, entrepreneurs, public policy experts, and university administrators will find this book an indispensable aid as they plan for the future in their own institutions.

Based on the 2005 publication The Financial Appraisal Profile Model , this book discusses how the FAP model can present an integrated process for the appraisal of financial and strategic benefits and the assessment of risk in ICT (Information Communication Technology) project proposals.

This study focuses on China's state and agricultural economy, in the basic time range of the Opium War of the 1840s through 1948, the eve of the Communist government.

This book identifies the factors--geographic, economic, cultural, and technical--that must be considered if technology transfer is to be effective. Samli and his contributors emphasize cultural barriers as the greatest challenge to a successful transfer. They advance an all important principle, that of congruence among the sender, the technology, and the receiver. Among the questions the book answers are: What sender strategies are most successful in technology transfer? What technologies should have higher priorities and how should these be established? What are the cultural barriers to technology transfer? What are the institutional instruments of technology transfer and how do they proceed in transfer activities? How should the process of technology transfer and its aftermath be monitored? Sixteen essays, written by scientists, economists, and marketing specialists, answer each of these and many other questions about technology transfer.

After the dramatic failures of the dot coms in 2000 and 2001, many observers were quick to report on the death of electronic commerce. Investor confidence sagged, stock prices of technology firms in nearly all of the related sectors suffered. In reality, the picture is not nearly as dismal as the press would have us believe. E-commerce is not dead, but it has moved beyond its overhyped beginning stage. This book is an effort to sort through the hype, providing a realistic assessment of the state of electronic commerce today, and the important areas of opportunity and challenge for tomorrow. The book sees all kind of developments where e-business is becoming an integral part of 'traditional' business processes, with special emphasis on practical and policy importance. E-commerce scholars from a number of disciplines and countries contribute to assess the impact of the dot com bust and the current state of e-commerce.

In 1989 the late Prof Michael Beesley and Prof David Hensher convened a workshop of an invitational group of academics, transport operators and government regulators to review and report on the recent reforms in the British bus sector. The workshop was held in Thredbo, Australia. At the time this was a once off activity. Its success was such that it spawned a series of biannual conferences (now known as the Thredbo series) held in Finland (1991), Canada (1993), New Zealand (1995), England (1997), South Africa (1999), Norway (2001), Brasil (2003) and Portugal (2005). The conference series attracts a unique mix of researchers and practitioners with the common aim to share their experiences throughout the world on topics related to the institutional reform of land passenger transport (especially bus, rail and ferry). The focus is on workshops and plenary sessions in which participants are engaged in intense discussions that lead to the production of workshop reports that set the agenda for reform for the next period between the conferences. In the past workshop reports have been published in a major international journal and selected papers in special issues of journals. The growing number of citations of the material from the thredbo series has motivated this book, providing an opportunity to bring together in one volume the best papers from the conference plus the workshop reports. All chapters have been peer refereed. The themes in this volume (the first in a new series) include competition and regulation, contract specifications (especially performance-based contracts), regulatory and planning tools, institutional frameworks, service quality and pricing and performance data andmeasurement. Within one volume we provide a comprehensive update and review of the reform programs throughout the world in the land passenger transport sector. The Volume is edited by Professor David Hensher, co-founder of the series and a recognized world authority in the field.
* The most current global assessment of reforms in land passenger transport
* Papers written by those who influence policy and institutional reform in over 20 countries
* A comprehensive statement of the successes and failures in public transport reform
* Many of the authors are regarded as the leading authorities in the field
* The case studies throughout the world are not available in any other single source

Through analyzing recent change within six industries this book develops a resolutely interdisciplinary approach to studying globalization. By combining questions and methodologies from institutionalist economics and political science, it proposes a generalizable model for studying the politics of industry. It then tests a causal hypothesis.

This chapter is organized as follows. The economic problem on which this book focuses is motivated in Section 1. The two tools used to study this economic problem, which are real options theory and game theory, are discussed in Sections 2 and 3, respectively. Section 4 surveys the contents of this book. In Section 5 some promising extensions of the research presented in this book are listed. 1. TECHNOLOGY INVESTMENT Investment expenditures of companies govern economic growth. Es pecially investments in new and more efficient technologies are an impor tant determinant. In particular, in the last two decades an increasing part of the investment expenditures concerns investments in informa tion and communication technology. Kriebel, 1989 notes that (already) in 1989 roughly 50 percent of new corporate capital expenditures by major United States companies was in information and communication technology. Due to the rapid progress in these technologies, the tech nology investment decision of the individual firm has become a very complex matter. As an example of the very high pace of technological improvement consider the market for personal computers. IBM intro duced its Pentium personal computers in the early 1990s at the same price at which it introduced its 80286 personal computers in the 1980s. Therefore it took less than a decade to improve on the order of twenty times in terms of both speed and memory capacities, without increasing the cost (Yorukoglu, 1998)."

Facing the challenge of the fast changing technological environment, many companies are developing an interest in the field of technology intelligence. Their aim is to support the decision-making process by taking advantage of a well-timed preparation of relevant information by means of systematic identification, collection, analysis, dissemination, and application of this information. This book covers the gap in literature by showing how a technology intelligence system can be designed and implemented.

This book examines the management of technical change in manufacturing and services through an explicit political-economic framework. It examines the management of automation in Britain and America since 1950, and it applies the same useful framework to explore the impact of Japanization on both Britain and the US in the 1980s and 1990s.

This book examines how the internationalization of corporate activities has affected the commercial policy preferences of Japanese corporations. Using case studies of three industrial sectors and of Keidanren (Japan's most influential business federation), the author argues that growth of international operations is one of the major reasons why internationally oriented firms and their main business federation have committed themselves to promoting the opening of keiretsu groups, and to promoting market access for foreign firms and products. The book includes much new and valuable information about business-government relations, political conflict and policy making and implementation processes in Japan.

In the course of the tremendous political and economic upheaval starting in 1989/1990 many industrial cities and regions in Central and Eastern Europe have been confronted with profound problems. This book presents eleven detailed national reports which describe the situation in such cities and regions as well as the strategies which have been employed to cope with structural change. The country reports are complemented by short case studies of selected cities and regions. An introduction gives background to such topics as structural change and the ramifications of EU enlargement. Finally some conclusions are drawn and recommendations offered for future policy.

This book represents a continuation of an uninterrupted record of international research pertaining to high technology small firms (HTSFs) over a period that has witnessed a rebirth of interest in the growth problems of the small firm, and is a further addition to a portfolio of specialist work by academics and practitioners on the issues facing new technology-based firms (NTBFs).
The book begins with a conceptual overview on the broad theme of innovation in NTBFs, providing a theoretical perspective on the problems of innovation at the end of the twentieth century and setting in context the more specific contributions to follow. A continuing theme of HTSF research is innovation management, and seven chapters are included under this heading focusing on topics such as university spin-out companies and the role of non-executive directors. The successful management of innovation in NTBFs is clearly critical to their survival and growth. Another key and recurrent area of interest to researchers concerned with the problems of NTBFs is finance, with three chapters here addressing the funding problems faced by NTBFs during often lengthy periods of product development. The book concludes with a set of contributions which deal with the increasingly important issues of clustering and location as they affect NTBFs.
The chapters included in this book represent a strong set of themes indicative of what key workers in the area of NTBF development are thinking at the turn of the millennium. These issues of effective management, funding and networking are key themes that will continue in the new millennium.

The growing use of the internet by businesses and consumers is rapidly changing the structure, conduct, and performance of different sectors of the global economy. This ten chapter volume on organizing the "new economy" documents some of these changes, and examines the ramifications for business strategy and public policy.

Chapters in this volume explain how the Internet has altered the conduct of firms competing in "new economy" markets (such as the online market for air travel information), changed the competitive and technological structure of a host of industries, and has impacted the valuation and performance of businesses (including online-retailers). In addition, contributors to this volume document that online price dispersion is ubiquitous worldwide, quantify the value of reputation in online auction markets, and explain optimal business behavior in "new economy" settings where network effects, product compatibility, and market dynamics are important.

The breadth of topics in this volume, coupled with the expertise and diverse backgrounds of its contributors, make Organizing the New Industrial Economy a unique and valuable addition to the growing literature in the area. This volume is part of Elsevier's Advances in Applied Microeconomics series - an annual research volume that disseminates frontier research well in advance of journals and other outlets. For additional information about Internet-related projects, or for more information about this series and planned future volumes, please visit the editor's site at http: //www.nash-equilibrium.comhttp: //www.nash-equilibrium.com

This timely volume offers a comprehensive assessment of the dynamics of firms' behaviour and organization, providing an essential outline of the ways in which our understanding of firms and markets is evolving. Key topics, such as the interplay between labour and capital, the choice of the optimal product range and the dynamics of capital accumulation and innovation are investigated. All of these aspects of the evolution of a market are evaluated in connection with the manifold issue of information, be that related to demand uncertainty, accountancy data, the diffusion of technological knowledge, or the nature of strategic interaction among firms in market games. Technology, Information and Market Dynamics is an extensive and detailed book, offering useful indicators for both theoretical and applied research. It will appeal to economists and researchers of industrial organization and innovation.