A reprint of the classic volume originally published by Harper & Brothers in 1947, this scholary work provides important insights for understanding contemporary issues in African-American business and business education as well as in the rebuilding of American communities today.

A deepening economic crisis and a demoralized work force are the primary issues of concern in Henry K.H. Woo's examination of the overall direction of reform in China. Untenable reform initiatives during the 1980s which led to public disillusionment, financial chaos, and ultimately to the bloody collision between government and students in 1989 are closely scrutinized with a commitment to their remedy. Woo's recommendations for viable reform are grounded in his assertion that China's problems can be helped only by recognizing the essential nature of China as a socialist country whose economy is primarily agricultural and is still developing.

The major portion of the text develops reform strategies that both acknowledge China's cultural and political framework and challenge existing conventional tenets of developing economies. China as a stable agriculture-first economy in which there will be eventual implementation of price decontrol is Woo's vision, a concept that will no doubt stimulate debate among economists, sinologists, scholars, and policymakers interested in or integral to China's future.

This book analyzes China's historical experience of industrialization. It adopts a critical stance towards China's development strategy and proposes an alternative approach, outlining its main features. Due to the great importance and special problems of China's rural modernization, special attention is devoted to analysis of the rural sector. Many of China's rural socio-economic problems are similar to those encountered in other developing countries. It is intended that this book will increase understanding of China's socio-economic development as well as contributing to wider debates in the theory of economic development.

My interest in X-Efficiency (XE) dates back to 1978. At the time, I was writing the dissertation for my Ph. D. at Washington State University. My dissertation was concerned with the role of attitudes in the school-to-work transition among young men. I was advised by Professor Millard Hastay (a member of my committee) to look at Leibenstein's "new" book, Beyond Economic Man. One of the things that caught my attention was his behavioral description of (selective) rationality. It seemed that Leibenstein' s behavioral description of a (selectively) rational individ ual was very similar to what psychologists such as Abraham Maslow were reporting as being the product of a particular motivational system. In other words, I was impressed with the idea that what Leibenstein was referring to as X-inefficiency was being discussed by psychologists as "the way it (often) is. " So from the beginning I always considered the concept ofX-(in)efficiency to be a valuable one for understanding human behavior. I have since come to believe that this is particularly true when considering behavior in non-market environments, i. e., within the firm. Work on this book, however, can most realistically said to have started with work which I began in 1982 while I was a Visiting Scholar at Harvard University. Professor Leibenstein suggested that I consider how some empirical evidence which was being cited as evidence for the role of property rights might also be consistent with XE theory. (The consistency, in both directions, is considerable."

In the 1990s, development policy advocated by international financial institutions was influenced by Washington Consensus thinking. This strategy, based largely on liberalization, privatization, and price-flexibility, downplayed, if not disregarded, the role of government in steering the processes of technological learning and economic growth. With the exception of the Far East, many developing countries adopted the view that industrial policy resulted in inefficiency and poor economic growth.
Ample historical evidence shows that industrial policy does work, when the right technologies and industries are supported and when appropriate combinations of policy measures are implemented. This book provides an in-depth exploration of which industrial policies have been successful, the trade-offs associated with these microeconomic approaches to growth and development, and the opportunities and constraints associated with the current organization of international economic relations.

In this work, Professor Niemi offers statistical evidence as to the dispersal of industry after the Civil War and its later concentration as well as the changes in the structural composition of American manufacturing output.

Postal service has received considerably less attention in the economics literature than traditional public utilities. Postal service is facing some very important challenges arising out of the increasingly high-tech nature of postal service, the entry of competition into the business, and new attitudes on the part of government to postal service. In the United Kingdom and Germany the increased interest in privatization and recognition of the benefits of competition are likely to have an impact on postal service. These challenges mean that postal managers must learn new ways of doing business, not just in successfully introducing new hardware and in new internal operating procedures, but also in the development of new pricing and costing methodologies and in the introduction of new management information systems. In order to deal with these new developments managers need a solid foundation in applied microeconomic theory as it relates to postal service. This book encompasses the theoretical foundation for postal policy, particularly with regard to pricing, service quality, and competitive issues.

This book explores the drivers of technological upgrading and catch-up in the emerging economies, paying specific attention to technology and innovation policies, national innovation systems, the role of foreign direct investment and small and medium enterprises. It provides practical implications for other developing countries

This book explores the causes and nature of the industrial revolution through a comparative study of the main wool textile manufacturing regions of England. Based on extensive archival research and including several new or little-known sources, it addresses many of the current debates in economic history and eighteenth-century studies by examining how the interplay between merchants, markets, and producers shaped the pace and character of economic growth during the eighteenth century. Particular attention is paid to the rapid growth of product innovation and the export trade as both of these factors affected evolving structures of marketing and production.

This book reveals how the Japanese national ministries can exploit their Special Status Corporations (public corporations, supported primarily with public funding from a state-run banking agency) in order to intensify their administrative power over industries and local governments and to perpetuate the interests of elite civil servants by facilitating the migration to post-retirement positions in the private sector. The book explains why the existence of these organizations inhibits the Prime Ministers efforts to implement structural reforms.

Economists have long studied the efficiency of firms, industries, and entire economies. This volume brings together leading scholars to make connections between efficiency and a number of diverse areas of current interest to economists, including an examination of the efficiency of tax systems across generations that overlap, and the efficiency of firm mergers that highlights the tradeoff between the synergy of the merger and the problem of managerial oversight in the now larger firm. An empirical look at productivity growth of states uses a tripartite decomposition of labor productivity into technological innovation, improvement in efficiency, and the capital deepening brought about by new business investment, shedding light on important debates on their relative importance. The efficiency of patent laws is examined in a modern model of economic growth. These contributions are complemented by analyses of methodological problems involved in the measurement, estimation and aggregation of efficiency indices.

This series provides overviews and case studies of states and sectors, classes and companies in the new international division of labour. These embrace political economy as both focus and mode of analysis. The series treats polity-economy dialects at global, regional and national levels and examines novel contradictions and coalitions between and within each. There is a special emphasis on national bourgeoisies and capitalisms, on newly industrializing or influential countries and on novel strategies and technologies.;The concentration throughout is on uneven patterns of power and production, authority and distribution, hegemony and reaction. Attention is paid to redefinitions of class and security, basic needs and self-reliance and the range of critical analysis includes gender, population, resources, environment, militarization, food and finance.;This particular volume looks at the industrialization of Singapore and challenges the dominant understanding of Singapore as a case where "correct" policies have made rapid industrialization possible and raises questions about the possibility and appropriateness of its emulation. The study focuses on the relationship between internationa

How do small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) adopt environmental innovations? Do they have the necessary internal competence? Is any support offered by external parties (i.e. network involvement)? What are the policy implications? This book is based on extensive fieldwork, conducted in four traditional industrial sectors: offset printing, electroplating, textile finishing, and industrial painting. The work was carried out in Denmark, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal and the UK. Twenty company-based case studies were analyzed and a telephone survey was conducted among 527 companies. As a result, the Innovation Triangle came to be formulated, which is presented here, defining and combining the determinants of SME innovativeness. The Innovation Triangle distinguishes three major determinants of innovativeness: business competence, environmental orientation, and network involvement. The Innovation Triangle allows one to diagnose current environmental and innovation policies, indicating which policy measures might be effective in increasing the adoption of environmentally friendly technologies, allowing environmental objectives to be achieved.

This book is a collection of the best papers presented at the Seventh International Conference on the Management of Technology held in Orlando, Florida, February 16th to 20th 1998. All papers were evaluated by at least two referees and both referees needed to agree on the high quality of a paper for it to be included in these proceedings. The papers cover a vast array of topics and the authors come from the four corners of the globe. This is a strong indication that technology management is a very real preoccupation in many countries.
The book is divided into four major sections. The first section brings together the conceptual papers, papers that deal with the management of technology as a whole, its definition, its evolution, its applications, and some of its specificities. The second section embraces other preoccupations with a very fundamental, recurring issue in the field: management of research and development, which continues to be a major concern for companies, governments and industries. The third and largest section includes papers on innovation and technology transfer. In a world where regional disparities are great, technology transfer constitutes an important lever that can be used to narrow the gap between the rich and poor countries. The topic of commercialization, or how to profit from innovation, is dealt with in the last section of the book.

Using data and examples from all over the world, this book explores how the symbiotic relationships between the aircraft industry and national governments have arisen, how they influence all facets of aircraft manufacture, and what implications they have for the future. The authors outline the production patterns and markets for both civil and military aircraft, as well as government's role as agent in both these areas. They also show how the government of a nation influences the location of aircraft plants, provides the bulk of R & D funds necessary to maintain the industry's technological progress, and frequently offers an alternative form of business organization to that available in free enterprise.

In this volume, three respected business leaders examine fundamental issues involving American business and the economy. Michael J. Solomon, President, Warner Brothers International Television Distribution, addresses international telecommunications, describing its growth and significance and highlighting the changes to come with new technologies such as HDTV and laser disk technology. Edward E. Barr, President and Chief Executive Officer, Sun Chemical Corporation and DIC Americas, Inc., outlines an industrial strategy to help maintain America's competitive economic position and an education strategy that reworks a major precept--the priority and purpose of educating our youth. Finally, Shelley Schwab, President, MCA TV Universal Studios, examines television in the nineties and the ramifications of new approaches to the medium, including interactive programming, video on demand, and virtual reality. The Joseph I. Lubin Memorial Lectures were established through the generosity of the late Joseph I. Lubin, a distinguished business, philanthropic, and civic leader. The lectures are presented by the Leonard N. Stern School of Business at New York University.