Made in Italy holds a highly significant position in the global luxury market, as an economic, cultural and social phenomenon and textbook example of the country-of-origin effect. Whilst in the past luxury was conceptualised as an exclusive benefit of the few, it is now a highly diversified ecosystem with disruptive challenges to its identity and authenticity, led by new customer segments. This book - through an analysis of diverse cases - answers the key issues in the industry of the new Made in Italy luxury, with a particular focus on sustainability. The book provides an in-depth view into luxury Made in Italy, from historical roots, heritage and tradition to major forces of change and innovative, entrepreneurial adaptations in the twenty-first century. It situates Made in Italy in the broader global context of change, with regards to the call for sustainable manufacturing and consumption. Written by an international pool of academics and experts in luxury brand management, the book presents a series of case studies to explore how the industry is responding to new consumer expectations and demand to maintain competitive advantage. This unique collection will be of interest for academics, scholars and upper-level students across the fields of luxury management and marketing, brand management, consumer behaviour as well as sustainability.

This book analyzes the factors behind the poor industrial performance in African countries under structural adjustment policies in the eighties and discusses prospects for recovery and further industrialization in the nineties. The focus is on the African textile sector in a worldwide comparative perspective and Tanzania has been chosen for a detailed case-study. Macro- and microeconomic explanations are given and combined with an analysis of the state. The conclusion is that lack of adequate industrial policy threatens to undermine past industrialization efforts.

Health care arguably is the single most regulated industry in industrial countries, and possibly in newly industrialized and developing countries as well. But what exactly is being regulated, what are the instruments used, and what are the effects and side-effects of such regulation? Regulation of Health: Case Studies of Sweden and Switzerland seeks to resolve problems in answering these key questions regarding the health care sector in two countries - Sweden and Switzerland. The volume contains a series of studies that compare the regulation of health and health care in these two apparently very similar countries, in considerable detail. The contributing teams acquired a great deal of knowledge about health regulation in both countries; they also derived comparative predictions when regulation differs, using actual observations to check whether these predictions are borne out. These comparisons are based on the conditions prevailing in the mid-nineties.

Although all economic activities take place in sectors, economists often devote little attention to differences between and characteristics of sectors. This book tries to show that mesoeconomics, the economic exploration of sectors and groups, is a useful instrument of analysis between microeconomics (the analysis of markets) and macroeconomics (the analysis of economies). In order to do so, economists and social scientists from related disciplines and coming from Europe, Australia and Asia, demonstrate that sectors matter for economic development and the formation of societies. The book includes chapters with rigorous economic analysis, outlooks on economic history, and case studies in order to show the relevance of sectoral issues, this broad range of content making it likely the most comprehensive book on mesoeconomics to date.

Chile's export diversification and industrial development since 1974 represents a laboratory case of market liberalization based on neoclassical principles. Advocated by the World Bank as the chief development strategy for most developing countries, Chile implemented what the World Bank is recommending as the lesson of East Asia. The book examines whether the continuous implementation of these policies since 1974 turned Chile into a Tiger. This book investigates these issues in detail with original evidence and analyses at the macro, industrial and microeconomic levels.

Corporations are often so focused on making short-term profits for their stockholders that they behave in ways that adversely affect their employees, the environment, consumers, American politics, and even the long-term well-being of the corporation, says Lawrence Mitchell in this provocative book. This is a significant issue not only in the United States but also in the world, for many countries are beginning to emulate the American model of corporate governance. Mitchell criticises this emphasis on profit maximisation and the corporate legal structure that encourages it, and he offers concrete proposals to bring about more socially responsible corporate behavior. Mitchell declares that managers should be freed from the legal and structural constraints that make it difficult for them to exercise ordinary moral judgment and be held accountable for their actions. He suggests, for example, that earnings reports be required annually rather than quarterly, that the capital gains tax be increased on stocks held for fewer than thirty days, and that elections of corporate boards of directors be held every five years rather than every year. Mitchell places the problem of corporate irresponsibility within the broader context of American life and demonstrates the extent to which contemporary corporate behaviour represents a corruption of our cherished liberal values of personal freedom and individuality.

German unification evoked ambivalent reactions outside its borders: it revived disquietingmemories of attempts by German big business during the two world wars to build an economic empire in Europe in conjunction with the military and the government bureaucracy. But thereare also high hopes that German finance and industry will serve as the engine of reconstruction in eastern Europe, just as it played this role in the postwar unification of western Europe.

In order to regain its competitiveness, Japan is restructuring and globalizing its business and economics system, as well as other aspects of society. How it is resolving this is of huge interest to its global trading partners. With contributions from well known North American and Japanese academics, this book discusses these issues from historical, analytical and empirical perspectives. JENNIFER CHAN-TIBERGHINEN Faculty of Education, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada KEISUKE ENOKIDO School of Community and Regional Planning, Vancouver, Canada KAZUHIRO HARAKAWA Faculty of Business and Commerce, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan KOZO HORIUCHI Faculty of Humanity and Environment, Hosei University, Tokyo, Japan ETSUKO KATO Division of International Studies, International Christian University, Tokyo, Japan TAKANOBU NAKAJIMA Faculty of Business and Commerce, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan ALICE NAKAMURA School of Business, University of Alberta, Canada PITMAN POTTER Institute of Asian Research, University of British Columbia, Canada ATSUSHI SEIKE Faculty of Business and Commerce, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan SHUJIRO URATA School of Social Sciences, Waseda University, Tokyo,

Regulations to promote health and safety may be costly relative to the expected health and safety benefits, and may actually have negative effects on health and safety. These negative effects, or costs, may be due to reduced private spending on health and safety, moral hazard, or the creation of new risks. This volume considers the use of costs--benefit analysis, risk--risk analysis, and health--health analysis to determine the mortality cost associated with regulatory expenditures.

The electric utility industry and its stakeholders in the. United States appear to be at a critical juncture in time. Powerful forces of global proportions are propelling the industry instinctively and in a secular fashion towards restructuring. That the industry will change is a fait accomplii. The nature and timing of the change is still a matter of intense debate, however. Because of the evolution of the industry into its present-day form, i.e. regulated local monopolies in their designated franchise service territories, the relative roles and expectations of various institutions would have to change to conform to the new state in the future. In either encouraging, or allowing this change to happen, society is essentially saying that future societal welfare would be better served by the changed structure contemplated. What that assumption translates into in more direct terms is that creation of future wealth would be better accomplished through redistribution of wealth today. Thoughtful individuals recognize the enormous responsibility placed upon the various entities empowered with jurisdiction over the timing and nature of the structural change. They are trying hard to bring analytical rigor to bear on the debate. One very critical element of this debate on restructuring is the issue of the treatment of transmission. The issue has been variously labeled transmission access, or pricing. Volumes have been written and spoken on this topic.

Understanding how firms and national economic systems respond to globalization is one of the most urgent and demanding tasks listed in the current agenda of researchers and policy makers. The papers presented in this volume tackle the theme of defining firms' objectives in this comparatively new perspective. This collection of original studies illuminates the links between the internal structure of firms, their incentives, and their performance.
This volume presents theoretical and empirical papers investigating crucial aspects of firm's structure and strategies, such as cross-border mergers, outsourcing, innovation and the maximization of non-profit objectives, in connection with the new challenges posed by globalization.
This book is indispensable reading for all interested in trade theory and policy, and development economics.

The distinction between 'capitalism from above' and 'capitalism from below' is important in the analysis of the agrarian question in poor countries. The 'Prussian path' and the 'American path' are here examined, against existing historical scholarship. Their unfolding, from their earliest roots to the point of final 'agrarian transition' in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, is considered. The dialectic between social relations and productive forces, mediated as it was by the state, is treated and the implications for capitalist industrialisation scrutinised.

This book analyzes the dynamics and impacts of software development and discusses new institutional and economic changes in the context of digital market economies. Regulatory approaches in OECD countries are compared and country studies evaluated with respect to innovation and welfare aspects. The book furthermore examines telecommunications regulation of fixed line networks, cable TV and mobile communications. Also discusses the role of EU framework regulation and issues of market power.

This volume features the proceedings of the NATO AR Workshop held in Kishinev, the capital of Moldova, a fom1er Soviet Republic in the South Eastern Europe. OUiing 3 working days 26 reports were presented, 8 of them by, or in collaboration with, speakers from Kishinev. The reports arc presented in the order they were given at the Workshop. As the topic was rather wide-ranged, all the sittings were plenmy. The opening communication was made by the Mayor of Kishinev S. Urckian, who was the Chainnan of the Organizing Committee. It was followed by other reports of general orientation. The second half of the first day was devoted to the research results and problems of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova. On the second day the Workshop was hosted by the Technical University of Moldova. At the beginning, the ceremonial sitting of its Scientific Council took place, at which two scientists were made doctors Honoris Causa of that University: Prof. K. Frolov from Russia and Prof. G.Parissakis from Greece. Then the plenary sessions continued. The round-table talk, held in the second half of the last day, appeared to be very fruitful. A relaxed and friendly atmosphere of it was appropriate for establishing closer contacts and discussing problems of mutual interest for scientists, ingineers, managerial heads and officers and businessmen."

This volume consitutes a summary of several years' multi-disciplinary research by a group of Swedish researchers. The project 'Sweden's Technological Systems and Future Development Potential' was initiated by the Swedish National Board for Industrial and Technical Development (NUTEK) and has been carried out at the Department of Industrial Management and Economics at Chalmers University of Technology in Gothenburg, the Research Policy Institute at the University of Lund, the Industrial Institute for Economic and Social Research (lUI) in Stockholm, and the Department of Industrial Economics and Management at the Royal Insitute of Technology, Stockholm, under the direction of Bo Carlsson, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio. The project group decided early on to focus fIrst on the technological system for factory automation - a relatively mature system of great importance to Swedish industry and in which Sweden has reached a leading position internationally - and then to shift the attention to other systems in various stages of development and with varying Swedish strength. The work on factory automation resulted in numerous papers and publications, summarized in a volume published in 1995 (Technological Systems and Economic Performance: The Case of Factory Automation, ed. Bo Carlsson. Dordrecht.

Innovation is central to the dynamics and success of organizations and society in the modern world, the process famously referred to by Schumpeter as 'gales of creative destruction'. This ambitious and wide ranging book makes the case for a new approach to the study of innovation. It is the editors' conviction that this approach must accomplish several objectives: it must recognise that innovation encompasses changes in organizations and society, as well as products and processes; it must be genuinely interdisciplinary and include contributes from economics, sociology, management and political science; It must be international, to reflect both different patterns or systems of innovation, and different research traditions; and it must reflect the fundamental changes taking place in science, research and knowledge creation at all levels. To this end they have gathered together a distinguished group of economists, sociologists, political scientists, and organization, innovation and institutional theorists to both assess current research on innovation, and to set out a new research agenda. This has been achieved through careful planning and development of the project, and also through the ensuing structure of the book which looks in turn at Product and Process Innovation (perhaps the best established focus of existing research on innovation), Scientific Research (assessing the changing character of basic research and science policy); Knowledge Dynamics in Context (encompassing organizational learning in all its aspects); and Institutional Change (an analysis of the institutional context that can shape, enable and constrain innovation). This carefully integrated and wide ranging book will be an ideal reference point for academics and researchers across the Social Sciences interested in all dimensions of innovation - be they in the field of Management Studies, Economics, Organization Studies, Sociology, Political Science and Science and Technology Studies.

This volume is part of a growing body of work that maps the evolution of high technology small firm research over almost a complete decade since 1993. Begun during a period of relative neglect of high technology small firms (HTSFs) during the early 1990s, the book series has witnessed, and perhaps played some part in creating, a resurgence of interest in this type and scale of enterprise in the United Kingdom and mainland Europe by the turn of the century. Throughout this period, specific interest within the high technology small firm study area has ebbed and flowed, with some rather obviously important issues (e.g. policy and finance) often to the fore, while new and resurrected areas of concern have also contributed to the research agenda. Perhaps the best example of resurrection has been the rebirth of interest in the subject of clustering (or agglomeration) as it applies to HTSFs, notably led by Michael Porter. This interest has extended, and put a new slant upon, work consistently well represented in these volumes on networking. This trend is evidenced by the presence of four papers in the concluding Part IV of this volume on "Clusters and Networks". Earlier themes comprise groups of papers on "Science Parks and University Spin offs" (Part II), and "Markets, Strategy and Globalization" (Part III). Both individually and in aggregate, this series of books on HTSF development and growth issues represents a "one stop shop" for all those seeking to gain a broad understanding of the evolution of HTSF research since 1993 by providing a record of the manner in which this research agenda has evolved over these years.

Conventional wisdom recommends the superiority of private ownership of enterprises. The reality confronts it with a rich diversity in ownership and governance structures. This book examines five types of unorthodox ownership and governance forms emerging in the industrial sector across major economies. It analyses two cases to demonstrate that there are alternative ways to harden budget constraints of state-owned enterprises. It investigates the driving forces behind these evolving dynamics and explores policy implications for developing and transition economies.

The US political system has come to depend upon money too much. The US health care industry spends the most on political lobbying among all the 13 industrial sectors in the US economy. The government regulatory agencies at both federal and state levels have been "captured" by the health industry interest groups meaning that the regulatory agencies respond to the interests of the industry but not those of citizens. This book employs a broad theoretical framework of crony capitalism to understand US health care system dysfunction. This framework has not been applied before in any serious manner to understand the shortcomings in the US health care system. Specifically, the book examines the role of seven key players using this framework - politicians/interest groups, pharmaceutical companies, private health insurers, hospitals/hospital networks, physicians, medical device manufacturers, and the American public. Crony capitalism is a destructive force and is rampant in US health care system, causing much waste, inefficiencies, and malaise in the system. Current efforts and initiatives, such as patient-centered medical homes and precision medicine, for improving/reforming the system are of mere academic interest and tantamount to taking aspirin to treat cancer. They do not even pretend to address the root cause of the problem, namely, crony capitalism. Offering prescriptions to fix the U.S. health care system based on a comprehensive diagnosis of the dysfunction, this book will be of interest to researchers, academics, policymakers, and students in the fields of health care management, public and non-profit management, health policy, administration, and economics, and political science.