The Monte Carlo method is based on the munerical realization of natural or artificial models of the phenomena under considerations. In contrast to classical computing methods the Monte Carlo efficiency depends weakly on the dimen sion and geometric details of the problem. The method is used for solving complex problems of the radiation transfer theory, turbulent diffusion, chemi cal kinetics, theory of rarefied gases, diffraction of waves on random surfaces, etc. The Monte Carlo method is especially effective when using multi-processor computing systems which allow many independent statistical experiments to be simulated simultaneously. The weighted Monte Carlo estimates are constructed in order to diminish errors and to obtain dependent estimates for the calculated functionals for different values of parameters of the problem, i.e., to improve the functional dependence. In addition, the weighted estimates make it possible to evaluate special functionals, for example, the derivatives with respect to the parameters. There are many works concerned with the development of the weighted estimates. In Chap. 1 we give the necessary information about these works and present a set of illustrations. The rest of the book is devoted to the solution of a series of mathematical problems related to the optimization of the weighted Monte Carlo estimates."

A. AULICIEMS Living organisms respond to atmospheric variability and variation, and over time morphological and process differentiations occur both within individuals and the species, as well as in the environment itself. In systems language, the concern is with the atmospheric process-response system of energy and matter flows within the biosphere. The study of such interactions between living organ isms and the atmospheric environment falls within the field of bioclimatology, alternatively referred to as biometeorology. Amongst the more readily recognizable study areas under the bioclimatolog that investigate the effects of atmospheric variation and ical umbrella are those variability upon 1. Terrestrial and aquatic ecology (zoological, botanical and ethological), natural resource production and management (including silviculture, agri culture, horticulture, and grassland, wetland, and marine systems). 2. Stress, morbidity and mortality in animals and humans (including physiolog ical and psychological adaptations). 3. The built environment (all aspects of planning, urban design, and architec ture). 4. Economic systems and social activities (including organizational, individual, and group behavior and management). In addition, bioclimatology is very much concerned with the feedback loop, that is both 5. The inadvertent modification of the atmosphere by living systems, especially human, i.e., studies of pollution, changes to atmospheric amenity, and the processes of deterioration of landscape (deforestation and desertification), and 6. The advertent modifications of natural energy and matter flows within urban areas and indoor climate constructions."

It has been known for some time that the behavior of the short-term fluctuations of the earth's atmosphere resembles that of a chaotic non-linear dynamical system, and that the day-to-day weather cannot be predicted beyond a few weeks. However, it has also been found that the interactions of the atmosphere with the underlying oceans and the land surfaces can produce fluctuations whose time scales are much longer than the limits of deterministic prediction of weather. It is, therefore, natural to ask whether it is possible that the seasonal and longer time averages of climate fluctuations can be predicted with sufficient skill to be beneficial for social and economic applications, even though the details of the day-to-day weather cannot be predicted beyond a few weeks. The main objective of the workshop was to address this question by assessing the current state of knowledge on predictability of seasonal and interannual climate variability and to investigate various possibilities for its prediction.

Anthropogenic release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere has been recognized as the primary agent in global climate change.
The volume discusses the possibilities for limiting that increase by the long-term storage of carbon in soils, vegetation, wetlands and oceans. Each of these storage media is analysed in detail to elucidate those processes responsible for the uptake and release of carbon. Several chapters address the practical prospects for deliberate interventions aimed at adjusting the balance in favour of uptake over release, i.e. sequestration, while having regard to simultaneous changes in the various environments.

Acidic deposition and its effect on aquatic ecosystems have become major scientific and public policy issues in the United States since the early 1970s, and many diverse studies have been completed. This book is the first comprehensive, integrated synthesis of available information on current and potential effects of acidic precipitation on lakes and streams in geographic regions with a high number of low-alkalinity surface water from the Adirondacks and the Southern Blue Ridge to the Upper Midwest to the Rocky Mountains, the Sierra Nevada, and the Cascades. Written by leading authors, the book examines the current status of water chemistry and characterizes the processes controlling water chemistry on a regional basis by using and comparing high-quality data sets. Methods for the assessment of long-term changes in water chemistry and their effects in fish and other biota are also presented. The book amply illustrates the substantial diversity among geographical regions with respect to the nature of surface waters and the complexity of their response to acidic deposition. This volume will be of great interest to researchers in limnology, aquatic ecology, environmental chemistry, hydrology, and atmospheric sciences. It will also serve as an important reference for environmental managers and policy makers.

The extraordinary growth and development of atmospheric sciences during the last dec ades, and the concern for certain applied problems, such as those related to the environ ment, have prompted the introduction of college and university courses in this field. There is consequently a need for good textbooks. A few appropriate books have appeared in the last few years, aimed at a variety of levels and having different orientations. Most of them are of rather limited scope; in par ticular, a number of them are restricted to the field of dynamics and its meteorological applications. There is still a need for an elementary, yet comprehensive, survey of the terrestrial atmosphere. This short volume attempts to fill that need. This book is intended as a textbook that can be used for a university course at a second or third year level. It requires only elementary mathematics and such knowledge of physics as should be acquired in most first-year general physicS courses. It may serve in two ways. A general review of the field is provided for students who work or plan to work in other fields (such as geophysics, geography, environmental sciences, space research), but are interested in acquiring general information; at the same time, it may serve as a general and elementary introduction for students who will later specialize in some area of atmospheric science."

It is now a quarter of a century since Junge and his coworkers recovered the first sample from the sulfate aerosol layer in the stratosphere. Since that time vast strides have been made in determining its physical properties and morphology. These investigations have been performed with instruments on board aircraft and balloon platforms as in the early days, with ground-based lidar (optical radar), and most recently with satellite-borne optical instruments. It will become evident in Chapter 2 that in situ measurements by aircI'aft and, balloon sensors complement rather than duplicate the remote techniques (lidar and satellite). Hence future programs will probably continue to utilize direct as well as indirect experimental techniques. Concurrently, with the observations of the gross properties of the aerosol layer, la oratory and theoretical studies have sought to elucidate the chemical and micro physical processes which influence the formation and growth of the aerosol par ticles. The laboratory investigations have included studies of gas phase chemistry, and particle nucleation and growth mechanisms. Theoretical studies have revolved mainly around a series of models developed by atmospheric scientists. The earliest of these models was constructed by Junge and his colleagues. With the advent of third- and fourth-generation computers, the capacity to solve the quite complex continuity equations whi h govern particle formation, growth, and removal has ad vanced to the point where most of the particle properties can be simulated with reasonable confidence."

This book deals with the problems and methods of paleohydrogeolo gy in relation to ore deposit studies. It presents a description of dif ferent techniques used in the course of structural-paleohydrogeologi cal, paleo hydrogeochemical and paleo hydro geothermal investiga tions. It also provides itlformation on the regular, regional patterns of formation and subsequent distribution of ground water within dif ferent shells of the Earth. The main aspects of metal content of ground water and contemporary processes of ore genesis are discuss ed. Ore deposits are classified according to paleohydrogeological con ditions under which they were formed. The readers are acquainted with paleohydrogeological analysis of these conditions for different types of ore deposits, namely (1) ore deposits formed in artesian basins, in which sedimentary rocks were predominant both at the time of magmatic activity and in the periods free of this activity; (2) ore deposits formed in artesian, ad artesian basins (and admassifs) characterized by extensive development of volcanic rocks and magmatic activity; (3) ore deposits that originated in hydrogeological massifs (and admassifs) in the process of formation of linear weather ing crusts. This book, which should be of great interest to geologists engaged in prospecting for and exploration and study of ore minerals, also in cludes 38 tables, 60 illustrations and a bibliography of 450 titles. EVGENY A. BASKOV Contents Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 The Science of Paleohydrogeology and Its Objectives in Ore Deposit Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2 Principal Distribution Patterns of Contemporary Ground Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 2. 1 Notion of Hydrosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ."

This book originally appeared in German in 1974, under the title "Bergschadenkunde" (mining subsidence engineering), and then in Russian in 1978, published by Nedra of Moscow. When the German edition was almost out of print, Springer-Verlag decided to bring out a new edition, this time in English. For this English version the text has been thoroughly revised, enlarged, and sup plemented by over 100 new figures. The book deals with the current state of international knowl edge on strata and ground movement over mine workings, with its damaging effects on mine shafts and the land surface, and with measures for regulating mining damage in law and reducing it in practice. Discussion begins with the mine excavation underground - the cause - and ends with the damage to surface structure- the effect. Methods of roof control, including the subject of rock bursts, are not discussed, since that is a field concerned more with the safety of underground workings than with minimizing damage at the surface. Of the 500 literature references in the German edi tion, only the more important for an international readership have been retained, but no value judgement on the many pUblica tions not mentioned should be read into this. The book is principally intended as a working aid for the mine surveyor, the mining engineer, the architect, and the civil engineer. For the student and the post-graduate researcher, it of fers a summary and guide to this whole field of knowledge."

Scientists concerned with the processes occurring in the stratosphere are becoming more and more aware of the role that the stratosphere may play in the global climate and in global change in general. This book focuses on the basic processes taking place in the stratosphere and on the stratospheric changes which may occur from either natural or anthropogenic forcing. Of major concern here is the consequence of the increasing Antarctic Ozone Hole and the possibility of similar processes occurring at northern latitudes. One of the expected consequences of the change in the stratospheric composition, mainly ozone depletion, is the change in the penetration of UV-B in the troposphere, at the surface, and in the top layers of the ocean. Monitoring and modeling of those changes are still in infancy, even though the implications may be of utmost importance for the entire biosphere. Several aspects of these consequences with regard to aquatic ecosystems, terrestrial vegetation and human health are presented by experts in these fields.

Since the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949there has been a rapid advance in climatology in China. The number of climatological stations has increased from less than 100 to more than of Chinese climatologists covers various 2,000, and the research work fields. The climate of China is no longer just a description of the average weather for an area or locality, but covers many fields such as the monsoon climate, the fluctuation of climate, the spatial and temporal variations of the climatic elements and physical and dynam ic climate. Four books on the climate of China, written in Chinese, have been published so far. There is, however, no excellent book written in English on the climate of China, although Volume 8 of the World Survey oj Climatology, dealing with the climates of northern and eastern Asia, edited by H. Arakawa in 1969, contains a chapter on the climate of China and Korea written by LE. M. Watts. The data sources for China are based mainly on observations from 1940-1952 and the climatological charts of China published by the Central Weather Bureau of China in 1953 and 1955. This monograph on The Climate ojChina by Prof. Dr. M. Dom ros and Prof. Peng Gongbing is the first comprehensive and advanced book in English on the climate of China."

Little more than ten years have passed since spaceprobe-borne instruments con clusively demonstrated the existence of the solar wind. These observations con firmed the basic validity of a theoretical model, first proposed by E. N. Parker, predicting a continuous, rapid expansion of the solar corona. The subsequent decade has seen a tremendous growth in both the breadth and sophistication of solar wind observations; the properties of the interplanetary plasma near the orbit of the earth are now known in great detail. The theory of the coronal ex pansion has also been highly refilled both in the sense of including additional physical processes, and of treating more realistic (time-dependent and non spheri cally-symmetric) coronal boundary conditions. The present volume is an attempt to synthesize the solar wind observations and coronal expansion models from this decade of rapid development. The ultimate goal is, of course, the interpretation of observed solar wind phenomena as the effects of basic physical processes occurring in the coronal and interplanetary plasma and as the natural manifestations of solar properties and structures. This approach implies an emphasis upon the "large-scale" features revealed by the observations. It requires extensive use of the concepts and methods of fluid mechanics."

In this volume, we present the lectures given during the 1984 OHOLO Conference, held in Zichron Yaacov, Israel. The Conference was organized by the Israel Institute for Biological Research, Department of Mathematics, which is involved in Environmental Risk Evaluation, and in Projects Estimating the Potential of Wind Energy. The lectures cover a broad spectrum of mathematical models, ranging from those that deal with the solution of atmospheric conservation equations, and to those models that yield empirical estimates based on real time measure ments and thus are unique to the locale where measured. The goal of the Conference was to allow scientists from various countries to meet and discuss topics of mutual interest, including the following: 1. Structure of the boundary layer - primarily models dealing in the understanding of the various processes of atmospheric energy transfer, and their influence on the size and composition of the boundary 1 ayer. 2. Advanced mathematical techniques for describing flow and diffusion - lectures on approximations and techniques for solving the diffu sion and transport equations. 3. Flow over complex terrain - research into various aspects of the problem - mathematical models, physical models, experimental results. 4. Models of pollution transport and deposition."

This volume is based on a workshop on "Effects of accumulation of air pollutants in forest ecosystems'; held in GOttingen, Federal Republic of Germany, from May 16-18, 1982. This work'shop was initiated and sponsored by the Environmental Agency of the Federal Republic of Germany (project officer: Dr. J. Pankrath) as part of a research contract (project leader: Dr. B. Ulrich). THE PROBLEM SEEN UNDER THE ASPECT OF ADMINISTRATION The problem of forest damage caused by air pollution is not new in Europe. Already in 1983 a comprehensive report from Schroeder and Reuss about vegetation damages by fume in the Harz mountains was published. In 1923, Prof. Dr. Julius Stocklasa of the Bohemian Technical Highschool in Prague was concerned with research of toxical effects of sulphur dioxide in his publication "The damage of vegetation by flue gas and exhalations of facili ties". This comprehensive and instructive work concludes with the sentence: "It is already high time for the governments of all cultural states to take legal, police and private measures in order to prevent damage by flue gases". In the neighbourhood of industries with high gaseous and dust emissions damages have been shown to occur for a long timei these deleterious effects have influenced the growth of trees and in extreme cases have even caused their early death.

Unique properties of laser radiation including its monochromatic properties, polarization, high spectral intensity, coherence, narrow beam divergence, the possibility of controlling the pulse duration and radiation spectrum and, finally, the fact that extremely high power and energy create very favorable conditions for the extensive application of lasers to communi cation systems, systems for the lidar sensing and ultra-high-precision ranging, navigation, remote monitoring of the environment, and many other systems operating in the atmosphere. The operative efficiency of the above systems depends significantly on the state of the atmosphere and the corresponding behavior of laser radia tion propagating through it. This circumstance has stimulated the studies of the above regularities during the passt 10-15 years. For the investiga tions to be carried out the scientists were forced to develop new theories and methods for studying the problem experimentally. Moreover, during such investigations some previously unknown phenomena were observed, among them the nonlinear effects accompanying high-power laser radiation propagating through the atmosphere are of paramount importance. Among the nonlinear effects caused by high-power laser radiation inter action with the atmosphere, the effects accompanying the propagation of high-power radiation through the atmospheric aerosols are of particular interest. Aerosols always occur in the atmosphere. It should be noted that the microphysical and optical characteristics of atmospheric aerosols vary widely, this fact causes a great variety in the features of their inter action with radiation."

Geysers. What makes them work? Many who have seen a geyser in action know only that it spouts hot water into the air. Many others have never seen one. Chapter 1, Geysers of the World, delineates their distinguishing features, locates the geyser regions of the world, and places investigations by world travelers and scientists in historic perspective. One of the quickest ways to become acquainted with a geyser is to observe it. The descriptions of several well known geysers, some based on past observations by others, but frequently by me, do not neces sarily portray current behavior. They do, however, represent general features. Geysers exist as a result of a delicate and unique interplay among the heat, the water, and the rocks of the earth. In essence, heat and water must be available, transported, distributed, stored, and finally released. Chapter 2, The Geologic, Thermal, and Hydrologic State of the Earth, especially that close to its surface, sets the stage for Chapter 3, Fundamentals of Geyser Operation. The geyser is treated here as a simple system consisting of three major interacting elements: a source of water, a source of heat, and a reservoir for storing water. The discus sion centers around the actions occurring within idealized columnar and pool geysers, and more complex systems. Some of the more workable geyser theories are evaluated."

Our motivation for calling a conference on climatic change was to stimulate interdisciplinary exchange between researchers in various fields concerned with climatic research, which include meteorology, oceanography, limnology, palynology, glaciology, dendrochronology, and climate modeling. The philosophy behind this attempt at cross- fertilization is much the same as that of previous conferences on cli- matic change in the NATO-series ("Climatic variations and variability, facts and theories", Berger, 1981; "Milankovitch and climate", Berger et al., 1984). The past is the key to the range of future possibilities. It is for this reason that we stressed history and case studies in convening the present symposium on abrupt climatic change, without however forget- ting that modeling, conceptual and mathematical, ultimately provides the understanding necessary for prediction. We attempted to strike a bal- ance between these complementary aspects of current climatological re- search, aiming at a symposium situated in scope about halfway between "Climate in Earth history" (Berger and Crowell, 1982) and "Climate pro- cesses and climate sensitivity" (Hansen and Takahashi, 1984). We con- centrated, therefore, on the last 20,000 years, where the time-scales are potentially good enough to document rapid change.

The development of numerical integration techniques and the pioneering efforts of Von Neumann and his associates at the Institute for Advanced Studies (Princeton) have spurred the renewed interest of many leading fluid dynamicists and meteorologists in the theory and numerical simulation of planetary atmosphere and oceans circulations. Their work during the last 15 years, now culminating in the Global Atmospheric Research Program, has led to the possibility of vastly improved weather forecasts as wei I as the development of a ful I fledged branch of the physical sciences: geophysical fluid dynamics. Simultaneously, great strides have been made in developing new instruments, operating from earth orbiting satel I ites, to powerful observe the meteorological phenomena and to determine the state of motion of the atmosphere. Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES) of France has very significantly contributed to this effort by developing the EOLE navigation and data collection satell ite, launched on 16 August 1971 to interrogate 500 instrumented platforms measuring meteorological para meters. It is fitting then, that CNES should have brought together lead ing scientists in the field of dynamic meteorology, to participate in its 1970 Summer School on Space Physics.

The content of this book are lectures and research papers presented at the NATO Advanced Study Institute on -Chemistry of the Unpolluted and Polluted Troposphere-held from September 28 to October 10, 1981, on the Island of Corfu, Greece. The realization of the scientific event was made possible by the sponsorship of the NATO Scientific and Environmental Affairs Division. We must express our gratitude first to this Institution for the important assistance and cooperation we received. For additional assistance we are much obliged to our distinguished co sponsors: Carl Zeiss Werk, Oberkochen, FRGj Biotronik GmbH, Frankfurt, FRGj Bodenseewerk Perkin Elmer u. Co GmbH, Ueberlingen, FRGj and TSI Deutschland Inc., Aachen, FRG. To Mr. Dimitris Bouas, the Director of the Grand Hotel Glyfada, we would like to express our thanks and appreciation for the excellent services. The Center of Environmental Protection of the University of Frankfurt, FRG, conducted the NATO Advanced Study Institute because of the rapidly increased interest in the problems of air chemistry and air pollution. This development has contributed in recent years to a significant expansion of knowledge in the field of atmospheric chemistry, where several of the classic disciplines like meteorology, physics and chemistry have joined in combined research. The Advanced Study Institute offered an ideal opportunity to give a comprehensive survey of the present knowledge in this relatively new field of atmospheric science.

The present monograph is dedicated to a new branch of the theory of climate, which is titled by the authors, "Mathematical Theory of Climate. " The foundation of this branch is the investigation of climate models by the methods of the qUalitative theory of differential equa tions. In the Russian edition the book was named "Fundamentals of the Mathematical Theory of Climate. " Respecting the recommenda tions of Wayne Yuhasz (we are truly grateful to him for this advice), we named the English edition of the book "Mathematics of Climate Modelling. " This title appears to be more appropriate, since the con structive results of the theory are at present preliminary and have not been fully tested with experiments in climate modelling. This branch of science is yet developing and its practical results will be obtained only in the near future. Nevertheless, we want to keep the terminology which we have used in the introduction to the Russian edition of the book, since the authors hope that this term will be accepted by the scientific community for identification of a given branch of climate theory. On preparing the English edition, new ideas were established con necting some significant new research results obtained by the author. We are deeply grateful to G. Marchuk for continual encourage ment of this scientific enterprise and fruitful discussions, to our young colleagues A. Gorelov, E. Kazantsev, A. Gritsun, and A."

These proceedings are based upon the review lectures, the re search talks and the accompanying discussion from the NATO Advanced Study Institute on "The Dynamical and Chemical Coupling of the Neutral and Ionized Atmosphere" held at Spatind, Norway April 12-22, 1977. In recent years, in spite of the many subdivisions of atmospher ic physics it has become clear that a complete understanding of the subject matter requires an interdisciplinary effort of the scien tists working on a variety of atmospheric phenomena. This Advanced Study Institute was organized in order to meet this demand. A number of eminent scientists were invited to review the major subfields in atmospheric physics and expose the areas where the coupling between the neutral and ionized atmosphere is evident. These review papers were supported by current research results. However, the material covered here is by no means complete con sidering the range of subject matter covered by the title. The re sponsibility for this inadequacy lies with the editors and the pro gram committee, rather than with the individual contributors. Oslo, June 1977. B. Grandal J.A. Holtet. PARTICIPANTS Max-Planck-Institute for Nuclear Physics Arnold, F. P.O.Box 1248, D-0069 Heidelberg F.R.G. Bj centsrn, L. Uppsala Ionospheric Observatory S-755 90 Uppsala Sweden The Institute for Mathematical and Physical Brekke, A."

Long-Range Transport of Airborne Pollutants and Acid Rain Conference This issue of Water, Air, and Soil Pollution is devoted to the collection of papers presented at the Long-Range Transport of Airborne Pollutants and Acid Rain Con ference held at Albany, N.Y., April 27-30, 1981. The issue includes most of the invited papers as well as a good number of the poster papers. The conference consisted of seven plenary sessions at which the invited papers were presented. After each session the participants discussed the session topic in the poster area where the subject was further explored and expanded. The seven technical sessions were: (1) Networks. (2) Models of Delivery. (3) Interactions with Soils and Ground Water. (4) Calibrated Water Sheds. (5) Effects on Aquatic Biota. (6) Effects on Terrestrial Biota. (7) Health implications. The closing session was devoted to the topic 'The Application of Scientific and Technical Data to the Development of Government Policy; Acid Rain - A Case Study'. The four papers given are not included here."

In November 1981 a first symposium with the topics of "Acid Deposition of Atmospheric Pollutants" was organised in OberursellTaunus to introduce the problems and first results of research-activities on wet and dry deposition of pollutants and on acid precipitation. In the meantime the hazard to forest and vegetation became more dramatic and research-projects to investigate the input of pollutants to forest-ecosystems have been initiated by several interdisciplinary groups. The rapidly increasing interest in the problems of forest decay and the many open questions with respect to the diagnosis of the forest-damage were the background for the organisation of a second symposium which was held in November 1985 at the same location in Oberursel/Taunus. It was mainly concerned with new techniques of sampling and analyzing pollutants in forest areas. Besides deposition, one important pathway of pollutants in orographic terrain is the interception of fog-droplets by vegetation. Special emphasis was laid on the chemical composition of fog. The symposium successfully assembled scientists from the field of atmospheric research with those studying the effect of pollutants on trees and vegetation in order to reduce the many open questions in connection with forest desease. The proceedings presented in this volume are a substantial contribution to the understanding of deposition and interception of pollutants in forest-areas. Thanks to the authors the volume contains a lot of new research .results and presents therefore a true picture of our present knowledge."