In this volume, the authors present theoretical explanations for a few basic problems connected with the propagation of extra wide band, short impulses in linear media, and with the propagation of whistlers and megawhistlers in plasmas. In addition, the book provides an overview of ground and space based measurements, digital processing and signal analysis. The theoretical treatment in this volume is original in the sense that, unlike former solutions, the authors present a fundamentally non-monochromatic approach. A key feature of this approach is the application of the Laplace Transformation' and the Method of Inhomogeneous Basic Modes' to solve Maxwell's equations. It is shown that when the obtained theoretical results are applied to digital recordings, the wave analysis process becomes so flexible that it can also be used to investigate other wave propagation problems. These are both terrestrial phenomena (like atmospheric and seismic activity, buried target detection, etc.) and phenomena in space (planetary, interplanetary, plasmaspheric, whistler and megawhistler propagation). The book is aimed at a technical and professional audience working on whistler science and/or wave propagation problems.

The term "nonconventional machining" refers a group of processes that removes material by various methods involving thermal, electrical, chemical and mechanical energy. Nonconventional machining is required when workpieces are extremely hard, too flexible or have complex geometries. Most recent methods and applications are described by acknowledged experts in the field to provide a useful reference for academics, researchers and decision takers.

This publication is a comprehensive book on the welding of aluminium, aimed primarily at practising engineers and students of welding technology. After describing the properties of wrought and cast aluminium alloys, their applications, alloy designations and composition, both in heat-treatable and non heat-treatable alloys, it goes on to explain the process variables in weld metal transfer mechanisms, the ways of overcoming problems in GAS tungsten ARC welding, and distortion – also providing numerical methods of analysis. A thorough and timely guide to all aspects of aluminium welding.

This state-of-the-art book explores the concept of knowledge-intensive CAD systems. The topics covered range from ontology to knowledge representation, making it essential reading for researchers, engineers, and technical managers involved in the development of advanced applications for knowledge management, engineering design, and manufacturing.

Change, in products and systems, has become a constant in manufacturing. Changeable and Reconfigurable Manufacturing Systems discusses many key strategies for success in this environment. Changes can most often be anticipated but some go beyond the design range. This requires providing innovative change enablers and adaptation mechanisms.

Changeable and Reconfigurable Manufacturing Systems presents the new concept of Changeability as an umbrella framework that encompasses many paradigms such as agility, adaptability, flexibility and reconfigurability. The book provides the definitions and classification of key terms in this new field, and emphasizes the required physical/hard and logical/soft change enablers.

Over 22 chapters, the book presents cutting edge technologies, the latest thinking and research results, as well as future directions to help manufacturers stay competitive. It contains original contributions and results from senior international experts, experienced practitioners and accomplished researchers in the field of manufacturing, together with industrial applications. Changeable and Reconfigurable Manufacturing Systems serves as a comprehensive reference and textbook for industrial professionals, managers, engineers, specialists, researchers and academics in manufacturing, industrial and mechanical engineering; and general readers who are interested to learn about the new and emerging manufacturing paradigms and their potential impact on the workplace and future jobs.

All companies which reach a critical size are faced with outsourcing decisions that can increase the value of their products and services primarily through lower costs, greater reliability and improved efficiency. Successful outsourcing decisions have an important knowledge dimension, where the outsourcing professionals need to be supported by historical and contextual knowledge regarding their own products performance but also the performance of suppliers. "Outsourcing in Manufacturing: the Knowledge Dimension" explains in detail how a manager can acquire, create, transfer and use knowledge that optimizes their outsourcing decisions and improves the changes of marketplace success.

"Outsourcing in Manufacturing: the Knowledge Dimension" gives examples of the key decisions that needs to be taken by managers regarding effective outsourcing. Decisions are divided around the structural and infrastructural aspects of outsourcing and the key knowledge that needs to be managed to support good decisions. The book contains illustrations and examples of key processes throughout and concludes with a section dedicated to case studies. These case studies represent a variety of manufacturing system types and sizes focused on supply chain integration, and which deploy various manufacturing paradigms including craft, mass, lean, adaptive, and sustainable manufacturing.

"Outsourcing in Manufacturing: the Knowledge Dimension" covers many theoretical and practical examples of critical outsourcing decisions, their knowledge aspects and how knowledge challenges can be dealt with in a systematic way. It provides a key resource for students, lecturers and industry managers looking to solidify their understanding and application of outsourcing decision making strategies.

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Unternehmen mit kurzen Lieferzeiten, hoher Liefertreue und niedrigen Bestanden wachsen schnell und erzielen hohe Gewinne. Wie Unternehmen diese logistische Herausforderung meistern konnen, zeigt das Buch anhand von aktuellen Forschungsergebnissen der Leibniz Universitat Hannover. Der Band gibt einen umfassenden Uberblick uber die Aufgaben und Verfahren der Fertigungssteuerung und befahigt Leser dazu, Schwachen in diesem Bereich zu erkennen und zu korrigieren. Ein fundiertes Nachschlagewerk fur Studierende, Dozenten, Ingenieure und Wissenschaftler.

LESLIE J. JARDINE Lmvrence Livermore National LaboratOlY Livermore, CA 94551 U. S. A. The Advanced Research Workshop (ARW) on Nuc1ear Materials Safety held lune 8-10, 1998, in St. Petersburg, Russia, was attended by 27 Russian experts from 14 different Russian organizations, seven European experts from six different organizations, and 14 V. S. experts from seven different organizations. The ARW was conducted at the State Education Center (SEC), a former Minatom nuc1ear training center in St. Petersburg. Thirty-three technical presentations were made using simultaneous translations. These presentations are reprinted in this volume as a formal ARW Proceedings in the NATO Science Series. The representative technical papers contained here cover nuc1ear material safety topics on the storage and disposition of excess plutonium and high enriched uranium (HEU) fissile materials, inc1uding vitrification, mixed oxide (MOX) fuel fabrication, plutonium ceramics, reprocessing, geologic disposal, transportation, and Russian regulatory processes. This AR W completed discussions by experts of the nuc1ear materials safety topics that were not covered in the previous, companion ARW on Nuc1ear Materials Safety held in Amarillo, Texas, in March 1997. These two workshops, when viewed together as a set, have addressed most nuc1ear material aspects of the storage and disposition operations required for excess HEV and plutonium (see Fig. 1, Opening Remarks).

IMS'97, the fourth in the series of IFAC Workshops on Intelligent Manufacturing Systems, was held in Seoul, Korea, on July 21-23, 1997. It was sponsored by the IFAC Technical Committee on Advanced Manufacturing Technology and organized by the Engineering Research Center for Advance Control and Instrumentation at Seoul National University on behalf of the Institute of Control, Automation and Systems Engineers in Korea.

Rapid progress in the area of modern manufacturing is probably most evident through the developments in intelligent manufacturing systems. The same fast advancements have made the objective of achieving a balanced technical program a challenging task. The International Program Committee (IPC) wanted the Workshop to include the most notable and recent results, but still to reflect the versatility of maturing IMS technologies.

In the Workshop, the importance of intelligence in modern manufacturing has gained considerable recognition from engineers and researchers due to today's unforeseen manufacturing environment change. This Workshop focused on the issue "intelligent manufacturing," especially, with two intriguing keynote speeches, a special invited session on the worldwide IMS Project and two tutorial programs as well as the 64 papers from 16 countries worldwide. We do hope that this event has provided the excellent opportunity to identify the future trends as well as exchange and learn ideas and experiences in intelligent manufacturing.

This book is motivated by the need to understand and predict the complex stress distributions, transfer mechanisms, warpage, and potential failures arising from the encapsulation of devices in plastic. Failures like delaminations, package cracking, and metal shift occur due to the build-up of residual stress and warpage in the packages because of the TCE mismatch between the package materials as the package cools from its molding temperature to room temperature. The correct use of finite element tools for these problems is emphasised. F.E. techniques are used to predict the internal package stress distribution and help explain the stress transfer mechanism between the die, die paddle, and plastic after molding. Out-of-plane shear stress components are shown to be responsible for experimentally observed metal shift patterns on the die surface. Delaminations dramatically alter the internal stress state within a package, increasing the tensile stress in the plastic and so the likelihood of plastic cracks, the stress on wire bonds, and the incidence of wire bond failure. The application of F.E. techniques to predict the post-mold warpage of both thermally enhanced PQFPs and TQFPs is described. Simulations of a thermally enhanced PQFP warpage based on standard modelling assumptions alone fail to predict either the magnitude or its direction correctly. The modelling assumptions need to be modified to include the chemical shrinkage of the molding compound to enable accurate predictions of package warpage to be made, particularly when the packages are asymmetric in structure. Microsystem packaging in both plastic and 3D package body styles is reviewed. Although microsystem packaging is derivedfrom IC packaging, additional requirements for microsystems, not common to IC packaging are highlighted. The assembly stresses on a novel microsystem, incorporating a micromachined silicon membrane pump integrated into a 3D plastic encapsulated vertical multichip module package (MCM-V), are analysed.

FRANCIS W. HOLM 7102 Meadow Lane, Chevy Chase, MD 20815 The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) sponsored an Advanced Research Workshop (ARW) in Prague, Czech Republic, on 1-2 July 1996, to collect and study information on mobile alternative and supplemental demilitarization technologies and to report these fmdings. The mobile, or transportable, technologies identified for assessment at the workshop are alternatives to incineration technology for destruction of munitions, chemical warfare agent, and associated materials and debris. Although the discussion focused on the treatment of metal parts and explosive or energetic material, requirements for decontamination of other materials were discussed. The mobile alternative technologies are grouped into three categories based on process bulk operating temperature: low (0-200 C), medium (200-600 C), and high (600- 3,500 C). Reaction types considered include hydrolysis, biodegradation, electrochemical oxidation, gas-phase high-temperature reduction, stearn reforming, gasification, sulfur reactions, solvated electron chemistry, sodium reactions, supercritical water oxidation, wet air oxidation, and plasma torch technology. These categories represent a broad spectrum of processes, some of which have been studied only in the laboratory and some of which are in commercial use for destruction of hazardous and toxic wastes. Some technologies have been developed and used for specific commercial applications; however, in all cases, research, development, test, and evaluation (RDT &E) is necessary to assure that each technology application is effective for destroying chemical warfare materiel.

Quality-Oriented Design of Business Processes introduces a modeling method, Integrated Enterprise Modelling' (IEM), which is related to ISO standards and provides manufacturing organizations with the means of analyzing, improving, and redesigning their business processes. The purpose of the book is to improve the quality of products and organizational performance through optimizing complex business processes and organizational design. Clearly, changing markets and innovative competitors force each company to study and improve its organization, its business processes, and the technologies it employs. Whoever drops behind in these times loses market share and endangers the long-term existence of the company. Hence, it is critical to realign the entire corporate planning and design throughout the value-added chain to speed up the business processes. The book is the result of a scientific study funded by the German Federal Ministry for Research and Technology. The authors develop the concept of Quality-Oriented Design of Business Processes, which is the underlying motivation for IEM. Moreover IEM is the engine for achieving the integration of quality management into the design and planning of business processes. The book discusses the IEM method thoroughly and applies it to the concept of Quality-Oriented Design of Business Processes' throughout the book. This concept is illustrated with an example of a company. A computer-aided tool kit, called MOOGO (on a CD-ROM), is provided with the book. This software tool kit enables an organization to involve all appropriate personnel for purposes of modelling and optimizing business processes. Finally, the book describes the entry of the IEM methodinto national, European and international standardization.

Mass customization is an emerging paradigm that is gathering a growing interest in many different industrial fields. The EUROShoE project, financed by the European Commission, explored the applicability of and developed technologies for the adoption of such a paradigm in the footwear business. The three-year research made evident the benefits that shoe companies can obtain by switching to the new business models and contributed to the development of many of the enabling technologies that adopting the new paradigm appears to have. Mass Customization and Footwear: Myth, Salvation or Reality is the only monograph dedicated to the application of mass customization in a particular industry. Based on the outcomes of the EUROShoE project, the book is a detailed analysis of the most relevant case studies of early mass customizers in the footwear sector, highlighting reasons for their failure or success. Both the technological aspects and the business aspects of mass customization, together with some relevant economic indicators are covered in the book. By showing examples of how a mature manufacturing sector like shoe making can be thoroughly renovated in business and mentality by applying this paradigm; Mass Customization and Footwear: Myth, Salvation or Reality will interest both practitioners in the footwear sector and postgraduates, researchers and lecturers in the area of mass customization.

Foldable Flex and Thinned Silicon Multichip Packaging Technology presents newly emerging methods used to make stacked chip packages in the so-called 2-1/2 D technology (3-D in physical format, but interconnected only through the circuits on folded flex). It is also being used in single chip packages where the thinness of the chips and the flex substrate made packages significantly thinner than through any other means.

Asphaltenes have traditionally been viewed as being extremely complex, thus very hard to characterize. In addition, certain fundamental properties of asphaltenes have pre viously been inaccessible to study by traditional macroscopic methods, further limiting understanding of asphaltenes. These limitations inhibited development of descriptions regarding the microscopic structure and solution dynamics of asphaltenes. However, a variety ofmore recent studies have implied that asphaltenes share many chemical properties with the smaller, more tractable components of crude oils. Recent measurements have indicated that asphaltene molecular weights are not as arge as previously thought, perhaps in the range of 600 to I 000 amu. In addition, new experimental methods applied to asphaltene chemical structures have been quite revealing, yielding a broad understanding. Conse quently, the ability to relate chemical structure with physical and chemical properties can be developed and extended to the understanding of important commercial properties of asphal tenes. This book treats significant new developments in the fundamentals and applications of asphaltenes. In the first section ofthe book, new experimental methods are described that characterize asphaltene structures from the molecular to colloidallength scale. The colloidal properties are understandable in terms of asphaltene chemical structures, especially with regard to the heteroatom impact on bonding. However, quantitative measurements of the of asphaltene self-association still need to be determined. In the second section of enthalpy this book, the fundamental understanding of asphaltenes is related riirectly to asphaltene utilization."

Benefiting from Thermal and Mechanical Simulation in Micro-Electronics presents papers from the first international conference on this topic, EuroSimE2000. For the first time, people from the electronics industry, research institutes, software companies and universities joined together to discuss present and possible future thermal and mechanical related problems and challenges in micro-electronics; the state-of-the-art methodologies for thermal & mechanical simulation and optimization of micro-electronics; and the perspectives of future simulation and optimization methodology development. Main areas covered are:- The impact of simulation on industry profitability Approaches to simulation The state-of-the-art methodologies of simulation Design optimization by simulation GBP/LISTGBP Benefiting from Thermal and Mechanical Simulation in Micro-Electronics is suitable for students at graduate level and beyond, and for researchers, designers and specialists in the fields of microelectronics and mechanics.

As manufacturing technology and its applications become more complex and beyond the scope of conventional approaches, there has been considerable interest in developing computational methods for optimizing manufacturing. Computational Methods for Optimizing Manufacturing Technology: Models and Techniques contains the latest research developments in manufacturing technology and its optimization, and demonstrates the fundamentals of new computational approaches and the range of their potential application. Including research on topics such as cellular manufacturing systems, evolutionary algorithms, mobile robots, and particle swarm optimization, this book serves as a useful reference for academics, manufacturing and computational science researchers, mechanical, industrial and manufacturing engineers, and professionals in related industries.

Both the early use of artificial lighting and current manufacturing methods concerning incandescent and fluorescent lamps are covered in this book. The protocols for manufacture of fluorescent lamp phosphors and those used in cathode ray tubes are also treated in some detail. This text surveys the amazing, vast array of artificial lighting devices known to date in terms of how they arose and are, or have been used by mankind.

A complete description of the formulations and methodology for manufacturing all known phosphors is given. The book will serve as a repository of such phosphor manufacturing methods, including that of cathode ray tube phosphors. Methods of manufacture of lamp parts are also presented, including that of tungsten wire. The original approaches used are described as well as improvements in technology. These will serve as comparative methods for present day manufacture of these components. A history of the lamp industry is presented. Several methods are given which may serve as a source for further work in the lamp industry. Some of the earliest work has been applied in the laser industry to develop new types of discharge lasers. These include nitrogen-gas lasers and the rare gas (excimer) lasers. Previous work on lamps may also be applied in the development of new types of lasers.

The first edition of the book Coal: Typology - Chemistry - Physics - Constitution appeared in 1961. In 1981 a new edition was published in which the text was unaltered proving that after 20 years the book was still considered a standard work in its field. The enormous activities in the 80's in the field of coal conversion processes (especially gasification and
liquefaction) and the equally amazing development of instrumental techniques of observation and analysis prompted a complete revision and update of the book. The present edition contains 1000 pages compared to the 514 pages of its predecessors of 1961 and 1981. The number of illustrations has greatly increased from 253 to 574 and that of the tables from 76 to 208. These figures amply testify to the increase in coal research.

Compared with its former editions, the present book treats a considerable number of new subjects: modern concepts of geotectonics and of organic geochemistry; the problem of pseudohomogeneity of vitrinite; developments of the classification and systematics of coals and coal components (macerals); an expose on electron microscopy and the most important instrumental physical methods of analysis (FTIR, NMR, ESCA and analytical pyrolysis combined with gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy); the principles of physical-statistical structure analysis based on the concept of additivity of a large number of molar functions; a revision of Seyler's ideas of discrete steps in coalification; an essay on coal fluorescence; and the survey on magnetic properties - magnetic susceptibility and magnetic resonance - is considerably enlarged. A completely new chapter is added on cohesion and adhesion phenomena as found in coals. The chapter on solvent extraction and solubilisation is
significantly enlarged and new concepts are discussed. The actions of hydrogen, molecular oxygen and oxidising agents on coal are updated and a newly written chapter treats the grand processes of coal conversion (combustion, gasification, carbonisation and liquefaction). Coal constitution in its diverse aspects is revised with a practically complete survey of many proposed coal models. Essays on synthetic coal analogues and on the simulation of natural coalification are added. Also new is the compendium, a set of comprehensive tables, containing the most important numerical data of this book in a fully
comparative form.

Every chapter has its own bibliography, divided into general references (leading books on the treated subject) and special references, which are quotations of scientific papers discussed in the text. The extensive subject index, complete index of names and the compendium are provided in order to facilitate usage as an encyclopedic work.

Modular products are products that fulfill various overall functions through the combination of distinct building blocks or modules, in the sense that the overall function performed by the product can be divided into sub-functions that can be implemented by different modules or components. An important aspect of modular products is the creation of a basic core unit to which different components (modules) can be fitted, thus enabling a variety of versions of the same module to be produced. The core should have sufficient capacity to cope with all expected variations in performance and usage. Components used in a modular product must have features that enable them to be coupled together to form a complex product. Modularity will promote: reduction in product development time; customization and upgrades; cost efficiencies due to amortization; quality design standardization; and reduction in order lead time. The purpose of this book is to develop a structured approach to the design of products using the concept of modularity, assembly, and manufacturability. The book has proposed and developed a structured and systematic approach to product and systems design using the modularity concept. Mathematical and genetic algorithm models are developed to support the developed methodology.