Piston Engine-Based Power Plants presents Breeze's most up-to-date discussion and clear and concise analysis of this resource, aimed at those working and researching in the area. Various engine types including Diesel and Stirling are discussed, with consideration of economic factors and important planning considerations, such as the size and speed of the plant. Breeze also evaluates the emissions which piston engines can create and considers ways of planning for and controlling those.

This book analyzes energy security through the lens of oil and natural gas and explains how geopolitics and security challenges affect India's quest for energy security. It also offers insights into India's international trade and investment in the overseas oil and natural gas markets and discusses shale energy, adopting region-specific (Africa, West Asia, Central Asia, and LAC), country-specific (Russia and the US), maritime-specific (Arctic and South China Sea), and pipeline-specific (TAPI, MBI, IPI, and RCI) approaches to analyze India's oil and natural gas trade and investment abroad. The introductory chapter examines energy perspectives in international relations and conceptualizes energy geopolitics and energy security from both international and Indian standpoints. The book also highlights the similarities and differences in the issues involved in the global oil and natural gas market, and India's approach to these, offering a roadmap for holistic and integrated energy security through oil and natural gas. Since India's energy trade and investment in the international oil and natural gas market are not free from the effects of political instability, corruption, environment crisis, militancy, terrorism, war, and geopolitical involvement and interference, the book investigates the nature and extent of the security threats and competition India faces in the oil and natural gas-producing countries while pursuing its trade and investments there. As major sources of energy, oil and natural gas are strategic assets, and energy security is one of the core areas of India's foreign policy pursuits. As such, the chapters critically assess India's energy policy and resource diplomacy, providing analyses of the issues raised, identifying the central arguments and presenting existing cooperations - with past examples where necessary. The book appeals to scholars and policymakers active in the fields of energy, political science, international relations, economics, foreign policy, peace and conflict, security and geopolitics, as well as non-experts interested in this topic.

"Energy Economics: CO2 Emissions in China" presents a collection of the researches on China's CO2 emissions as studied by the Center for Energy & Environmental Policy Research (CEEP). Based on the analysis of factors related to global climate change and CO2 emissions, it discusses China's CO2 emissions originating from various sectors, diverse impact factors, as well as proposed policies for reducing carbon emissions. Featuring empirical research and policy analysis on focused and critical issues involving different stages of CO2 emissions in China, the book provides scientific supports for researchers and policy makers in dealing with global climate change.

An introduction for postgraduate and undergraduate students to the chemical and physical principles of flame and combustion phenomena. This book should be of interest to undergraduate/postgraduate chemists; chemical engineers; undergraduate/postgraduate mechanical engineers and environmental scientists; and industrial combustion technologists.

This book provides IT professionals, educators, researchers, and students a compendium of knowledge on smart sensors and devices, types of sensors, data analysis and monitoring with the help of smart sensors, decision making, impact of machine learning algorithms, and artificial intelligence-related methodologies for data analysis and understanding of smart applications in networks. Smart sensor networks play an important role in the establishment of network devices which can easily interact with physical world through plethora of variety of sensors for collecting and monitoring the surrounding context and allowing environment information. Apart from military applications, smart sensor networks are used in many civilian applications nowadays and there is a need to manage high volume of demands in related applications. This book comprises of 9 chapters and presents a valuable insight on the original research and review articles on the latest achievements that contributes to the field of smart sensor networks and their usage in real-life applications like smart city, smart home, e-healthcare, smart social sensing networks, etc. Chapters illustrate technological advances and trends, examine research opportunities, highlight best practices and standards, and discuss applications and adoption. Some chapters also provide holistic and multiple perspectives while examining the impact of smart sensor networks and the role of data analytics, data sharing, and its control along with future prospects.

Fuel Production with Heterogeneous Catalysis presents the groundbreaking discoveries, recent developments, and future perspectives of one of the most important areas of renewable energy research-the heterogeneous catalytic production of fuels. Comprised of chapters authored by leading experts in the field, this authoritative text: Focuses primarily on the state-of-the-art catalysts and catalytic processes anticipated to play a pivotal role in the production of fuels Describes production of fuels from renewable sources using environmentally friendly technologies Exposes the advantages and disadvantages of each production process Suggests solutions to minimize the impact of fuel transportation Conveys the importance of catalysis for the sustainable production of fuels Fuel Production with Heterogeneous Catalysis delivers a comprehensive overview of the current state of the art of the heterogeneous catalytic production of fuels, providing reaction mechanism schemes, engineering solutions, valuable industry insights, and more.

Along with the increasing deregulation of European utility markets the dynamics of and the competitive pressure in the utility industries have steadily increased over the last years. These changes in the regulatory framework towards an integrated market environment have resulted in new challenges for the management of power and gas companies and in a substantial need for strategic reorientation. In the context of these developments the Handbook Utility Management reflects current challenges in the utility industries and provides solutions from a managerial perspective. The inclusion of latest insights from top managers, renowned researchers, professionals in utility-related investment banking and consulting, and professionals in public and supranational organizations on all value chain activities within the industry makes the Handbook an indispensable asset for both professionals and researchers.

"Principles of Solidification" offers comprehensive descriptions of liquid-to-solid transitions encountered in shaped casting, welding, and non-biological bulk crystal growth processes. The book logically develops through careful presentation of relevant thermodynamic and kinetic theories and models of solidification occurring in a variety of materials. Major topics encompass the liquid-state, liquid-solid transformations, chemical macro- and microsegregation, purification by fractional crystallization and zone refining, solid-liquid interfaces, polyphase freezing, and rapid solidification processing. Solid-liquid interfaces are discussed quantitatively both as sharp and diffuse entities, with supporting differential geometric descriptions. The book offers: - Detailed mathematical examples throughout to guide readers - Applications of solidification and crystal growth methodologies for preparation and purification of metals, ceramics, polymers and semiconductors - Appendices providing supporting information on special topics covered in the chapters. Readers in materials, metallurgical, chemical, and mechanical engineering will find this to be a useful source on the subjects of solidification and crystal growth. Chemists, physicists, and geologists concerned with melting/freezing phenomena will also find much of value in this book.

Oxy-fuel Combustion: Fundamentals, Theory and Practice provides a comprehensive review of various aspects of oxy-fuel combustion technology, including its concept, fundamental theory, pilot practice, large-scale feasibility studies and related practical issues, such as the commissioning and operation of an oxy-fuel combustion plant. Oxy-fuel combustion, as the most practical large-scale carbon capture power generation technology, has attracted significant attention in the past two decades. As significant progress has been achieved in worldwide demonstration and the oxy-combustion concept confirmed by Schwartze Pump, CUIDEN, Callide, Ponferrada and Yingcheng projects in the past five years, this book provides a timely addition for discussion and study.

Carbon materials play a significant role in the development of alternative clean and sustainable energy technologies. This new volume focuses on the new applications of different carbon nanomaterials and graphene-carbon-nanotube hybrids for energy generation, energy storage, and energy conversion. It presents a comprehensive overview of recent developments on carbon-based nanomaterials with a focus on sustainable and clean energy applications. With chapters written by the leading academicians and researchers working in the field, the volume explores state-of-the-art developments using both commercially available and emerging materials and their potential applications for energy storage and energy harvesting.

The handbook, for convenient use, is divided into eight main units: (1) The Solar Resource; (2) Solar Thermal Collectors; (3) Photovoltaics; (4) Bioconversion; (5) Wind Energy; (6) Solar Energy Storage Systems; (7) Applications of Solar Energy; (8) Non-technical Issues. In addition there are three Appendixes containing unit-conversion tables and useful solar data. It became obvious early in this project that if proper coverage were to be given each of these areas it would be necessary to divide the handbook into two volumes. The first six units constitute Part A, Engineering Fundamentals and the last two units constitute Part B, Applications, Systems Design, and Economics. These volumes have been prepared primarily as reference books, but it is felt that many of the sections will prove useful for practicing engineers, scientists and students.

This book features selected papers presented at the 16th International Conference on Electromechanics and Robotics 'Zavalishin's Readings' - ER(ZR) 2021, held in St. Petersburg, Russia, on April 14-17, 2021. The contributions, written by professionals, researchers and students, cover topics in the field of automatic control systems, electromechanics, electric power engineering and electrical engineering, mechatronics, robotics, automation and vibration technologies. The Zavalishin's Readings conference was established as a tribute to the memory of Dmitry Aleksandrovich Zavalishin (1900-1968) - a Russian scientist, corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, and founder of the school of valve energy converters based on electric machines and valve converters energy. The first conference was organized by the Institute of Innovative Technologies in Electromechanics and Robotics at the Saint Petersburg State University of Aerospace Instrumentation in 2006. The 2021 conference was held with XV International Conference "Vibration-2021. Vibration technologies, mechatronics and controlled machines" and VI International Conference "Electric drive, electrical technology and electrical equipment of enterprises", and was organized by St. Petersburg State University of Aerospace Instrumentation (SUAI), St. Petersburg Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences (SPC RAS), Southwest State University (SWSU) and Ufa State Oil Technical University (USPTU).

Thermal-hydraulic instability can potentially impair thermal reliability of reactor cores or other power equipment components. Thus it is important to address stability issues in power equipment associated with thermal and nuclear installations, particularly in thermal nuclear power plants, chemical and petroleum industries, space technology, and radio, electronic, and computer cooling systems. Coolant Flow Instabilities in Power Equipment synthesizes results from instability investigations around the world, presenting an analysis and generalization of the published technical literature. The authors include individual examples on flow stability in various types of equipment, including boilers, reactors, steam generators, condensers, heat exchangers, turbines, pumps, deaerators, bubblers, and pipelines. They also present information that has not been widely available until recently, such as thermal-acoustic instability, flow instability with supercritical parameters, and single-phase coolant flow static instability. The material described in this book is derived from vast amounts of experimental data from thermal-physical test facilities and full-scale installations. It is presented in a manner accessible to readers without advanced mathematical backgrounds. Particular attention has been paid to oscillatory (low-frequency and thermal-acoustic) and static thermal-hydraulic coolant flow instability. In addition, the physical mechanism of instability has been considered in detail. This book provides knowledge of the various types of flow instability, the equipment where this instability can manifest, and the ensuing consequences, as well as makes recommendations concerning possible removal or mitigation of these consequences. The authors provide this information as a useful reference for readers to facilitate the enhanced safety of modern power equipment through qualitative evaluation of design and flow parameters and subsequent selection of the optimal means for increasing flow stability.

The Design-Build Studio examines sixteen international community driven design-build case studies through process and product, with preceding chapters on community involvement, digital and handcraft methodologies and a graphic Time Map. Together these projects serve as a field guide to the current trends in academic design-build studios, a window into the different processes and methodologies being taught and realized today. Design-build supports the idea that building, making and designing are intrinsic to each other: knowledge of one strengthens and informs the expression of the other. Hands-on learning through the act of building what you design translates theories and ideas into real world experience. The work chronicled in this book reveals how this type of applied knowledge grounds us in the physicality of the world in which we live.

As the global nature of pollution becomes increasingly obvious, successful hazardous waste treatment programs must take a total environmental control approach that encompasses all areas of pollution control. With its focus on new developments in innovative and alternative environmental technology, design criteria, effluent standards, managerial decision methodology, and regional and global environmental conservation, Advance in Hazardous Industrial Waste Treatment provides the widest possible coverage drawn from the full spectrum of experts in the field

The volume covers environmental pollution sources, waste characteristics, control technologies, management strategies, facility innovations, process alternatives, costs, case histories, and effluent standards in industry. It delineates methods, technologies, and the regional and global effects of important pollution control practices. Chapters highlight innovative and alternative technologies, design criteria, managerial decision making, and regional and global environmental conservation specific to industrial hazardous wastes. They feature examples of major industrial hazardous pollutants that have significant effects on the environment, as well as extensive bibliographies for each industrial waste treatment practice that point to sources of further information.

Since the field of industrial hazardous waste treatment is very broad, no one can claim to be an expert in all industries. Therefore, editors Wang, Shammas, and Hung draw on collective contributions that reflect the depth and breadth of the field, making the resulting handbook the best available reference on chemical and environmental engineering for industrial hazardous waste treatment. They provide technical and economical information on the development of the most feasible total environmental control programs that can benefit industries and local municipalities.

This book serves as an introductory reference guide for those studying the application of models in energy systems. The book opens with a taxonomy of energy models and treatment of descriptive and analytical models, providing the reader with a foundation of the basic principles underlying the energy models and positioning these principles in the context of energy system studies. In turn, the book provides valuable insights into the varied applications of different energy models to answer complex questions, including those concerning specific aspects of energy policy measures dealing with issues of supply and demand. Case studies are provided in all of the chapters, offering real-world examples of how existing models fit the classification methods outlined here. The book's remaining chapters address a broad range of principles and applications, taking the reader from the basic principles involved, to state-of-the-art energy production and consumption processes, using modeling and validation/illustration in case studies to do so. With its in-depth mathematical foundation, this book serves as a comprehensive collection of work on modeling energy systems and processes, taking inexperienced graduate students from the basics through to a high-level understanding of the modeling processes in question, while also providing professionals and academic researchers in the field of energy planning with an up-to-date reference guide covering the latest works.

Current changes to the energy market, as well as an ambition to achieve decarbonation and highly energy efficient systems, will lead to a fundamental change in the way in which energy systems are designed and managed. In particular, the growth of renewable and renewed energy will introduce a level of design and management complexity with a greater need for efficient energy storage. Beginning with the earliest methodologies (pinch), this book explores the methodology and tools necessary for the design of flexible energy efficient systems. In addition to studying the related literature, the author details original developments where exergy consumption is introduced as an objective function to minimize in mathematical programming models for both continuous and batch processes. Most of these developments were made in the Center for Energy Efficiency of Systems at Mines ParisTech and reported in PhD dissertations and published articles. The whole methodology is implemented in the open source CERES platform.

Solar technologies are emerging as the sustainable technology of choice for those commissioning new buildings. Integrated photovoltaics offer huge potential for delivering renewable energy without generating harmful pollutants.

Discussing current market conditions and the economics of this technology, the author balances the physics and engineering background of solar heating, cooling and building integrated photovoltaics with practical applications.

A complete overview of solar technologies relevant to the built environment, this book

• Explains how to integrate solar technology into building design concepts.
• Outlines the use of passive solar energy for daylighting and heating supply.
• Discusses solar thermal energy for heating and cooling as well as photovolatics for electricity production.
• Presents the meteorological background to irradiance calculations.
• Provides engineering planning aids for innovative energy supply systems.
• Contains practical examples and calculation methods to enable component and system simulation.

Solar Technologies for Buildings is an excellent reference for scientists, engineers, planners, researchers and students, involved in developing solar energy systems. Architects integrating solar technologies in building design will find this application-orientated approach useful.

Uncover the Technology behind Hybrids and Make an Intelligent Decision When Purchasing Your Next Vehicle With one billion cars expected to be on the roads of the world in the near future, the potential for war over oil and the negative environmental effects of emissions will be greater than ever before. Now is the time to seriously consider an alternative to standard automobiles. Exploring practical solutions to these problems, Hybrid Vehicles and the Future of Personal Transportation provides broad coverage of the technologies involved in manufacturing and operating hybrids. It reviews key components of hybrid and pure electric vehicles, including batteries, fuel cells, and ultracapacitors. The book also discusses both concept and production-bound hybrids as well as the economics and safety issues of hybrid ownership. In addition, the author supplies effective tips on how to save gasoline with conventional and hybrid automobiles. Making the jargon of fuel-efficient vehicles accessible to a wide audience, this guide explains the history of hybrids, how they work, and their impact on the environment. It will help you make a sound decision concerning the purchase and operation of a hybrid or electric vehicle.

* Build more roads and congestion goes up, not down; improve engine efficiency and people drive more, increasing (as opposed to decreasing)emissions - these are examples of Jevons' Paradox, and clearly illustrate its importance in modern debates around resource use* From an international team of researchers, this is the first book to tackle the issues head-on - with special focus on the case of oil usage* Will be an essential addition to any economics, energy or resource management departmental bookshelf 'Jevons' Paradox', which was first expressed in 1865 by William Stanley Jevons in relation to use of coal, states that an increase in efficiency in using a resource leads to increased use of that resource rather than to a reduction. This has subsequently been proved to apply not just to fossil fuels, but other resource use scenarios. For example, doubling the efficiency of food production per hectare over the last 50 years (due to the Green Revolution) did not solve the problem of hunger. The increase in efficiency increased production and worsened hunger because of the resulting increase in population. The implications of this in today's world are substantial. Many scientists and policy makers argue that future technological innovations will reduce consumption of resources; Jevons' Paradox explains why this may be a false hope.This is the first book to provide a historical overview of Jevons' Paradox, provide evidence for its existence and apply it to complex systems. Written and edited by world experts in the fields of economics, technology and the environment, it explains the myth of efficiency and explores its implications for resource usage (particularly oil). It is a must read forpolicy makers, natural resource managers, academics and students concerned with the effects of efficiency on resource use.

What role will biofuels play in the scientific portfolio that might bring energy independence and security, revitalize rural infrastructures, and wean us off of our addiction to oil? The shifting energy landscape of the 21st century, with its increased demand for renewable energy technology, poses a worrying challenge. Discussing the multidisciplinary study of bioenergy and its potential for replacing fossil fuels in the coming decades, Introduction to Biofuels provides a roadmap for understanding the broad sweep of technological, sociological, and energy policy issues that intermingle and intertwine. Copiously illustrated and with numerous examples, this book explores key technologies, including biotechnology, bioprocessing, and genetic reprogramming of microorganisms. The author examines the future of biofuels from a broader perspective, addressing the economic, social, and environmental issues crucial for studying the sustainable development of bioenergy. Each chapter begins with questions and provides the answers later in the chapter as key informational points. Embedded Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) sections provide detailed derivations and equations for a subset of topics that can be found easily as buzzwords in popular media and on web sites. Together, the STEM topics form a thread of essential technologies and a guide to how researchers have established quantitative parameters that are crucial to the ever-growing biofuels database. With so much information scattered throughout the literature, it is often difficult to make sense of what is real and what is an optimistic selling of ideas with no scientific credibility. This book does an excellent job of filtering through volumes of data, providing a historical perspective on which to anchor the information, and outlining the strengths and constraints of the different biofuels.

As mankind searches for energy alternatives with minimal environmental consequences and acceptable cost, it is necessary to identify valid areas of endeavor that can activate favorable energy sources and technological developments. Toward that end, The Dynamics of Energy: Supply, Conversion, and Utilization develops competence in energy matters on three levels: basic concepts, essential computations, and dynamic modeling. The book reviews the laws of thermodynamics and rate relationships between flows and gradients as a foundation for subsequent topics. Using dynamic analysis, it examines the potential of current energy sources to serve the needs of a growing world economy. The text also describes key fossil conversion, renewable conversion, and utilization technologies. It presents a technique to assess efficiencies from ground (or harvest) to end use, explores the effects of energy use on the environment, and offers an introduction to dynamic modeling. The book concludes with a description of energy technologies that, if suitably employed, could configure a sustainable energy future. Studying the dynamics of thermal systems is conducive to ascertaining what technologies could indeed make a difference for a desirable energy future. Suitable response time to demand and acceptable fuel lifetimes are necessary conditions for energy systems to compete in the marketplace. The planning effort that should lead the energy endeavor requires projection of the time span of pollution effects. Harnessing the flexibility and speed of VisSim (TM) for dynamic modeling, this book provides the tools to model most thermal systems with moderate complexity. It also evaluates energy supplies, conversion, and end use.

Refiners' efforts to conform to increasingly stringent laws and a preference for fuels derived from renewable sources have mandated changes in fluid cracking catalyst technology. Advances in Fluid Catalytic Cracking: Testing, Characterization, and Environmental Regulations explores recent advances and innovations in this important component of petroleum refining technology and evaluates how the industry has been changed by environmental regulations worldwide. Measurement, testing, and improvement Modern spectroscopic techniques continue to be essential to the understanding of catalyst performance and feedstock properties. The book contains a detailed review of the use of adsorption microcalorimetry to measure acidity, acid site density, and the strength of the strongest acid sites in heterogenous catalysts. It also discusses the use of 1H-NMR to characterize the properties of a FCCU feedstock. In addition, the book dedicates several chapters to pilot plant testing of catalysts and nontraditional feedstocks, maximizing and improving LCO (heating oil) production and quality, and improving FCCU operations. Complying with the EPA The EPA has identified the petroleum refining industry as a targeted enforcement area for the Clean Air Act (CAA) passed in 1970 and the CAA Amendments of 1990. The final chapters of the book examine the evolution of the EPA's attempts to encourage the refining industry to enter into voluntary consent decrees to comply with the CAA and the 1990 amendments. The book describes consent decree negotiations as well as FCC emissions (SOx, NOx, CO, PM) reduction technologies through consent decree implementations. Containing contributions from a panel of worldwide experts, the book demonstrates how the global shift toward environmentalism has engineered significant changes in the petroleum refining industry at a critical level.

The analysis of energy systems is of paramount importance in modern societies, since it is fundamental to guarantee a sustainable economic development. It combines technical and economic research with a specific focus on quantitative modelling, in order to optimize the modalities of energy demand and supply globally. The book covers major advanced topics related to the analysis of energy by considering different aspects, namely management, planning and policies. The most recent trends, such as smart grids, transition from fossil fuels to renewables based energy systems and distributed generation, are also discussed in this book. Intended to be a collection of various contributions from experts all around the world, it includes latest research results, innovations and methodologies about the analysis of energy systems. The book also focuses to contribute to the current debate related to the evolution of energy systems, by discussing in an open way the pro's and con's without any pre-constitute point of view. Title is aimed to be a reference for the academic community, students and professionals with a wider interdisciplinary background. Key Features: Presents integration of renewable sources with conventional energy systems. Topic is addressed from a multidisciplinary point of view, i.e. economy, technical, modelling, planning. Investigates management and planning aspects of future energy supplies. Multidimensional nature of energy systems is highlighted and discussed. Contributes towards implementing policy measures to reduce primary energy consumptions and carbon footprint.