A comprehensive guide to approaches to decoding, synthesizing and modeling pulse width modulation (PWM) converters Origin of Power Converters explores the original converter and provides a systematic examination of the development and modeling of power converters based on decoding and synthesizing approaches. The authors--noted experts on the topic--present an introduction to the origins of the converter and detail the fundamentals related to power the converter's evolution. They cover a range of converter synthesis approaches, synthesis of multi-stage/multi-level converters, extension of hard-switching converters to soft-switching ones, and determination of switch-voltage stresses in the converters. In later chapters, this comprehensive resource reviews conventional two-port network theory and the state-space averaged (SSA) modeling approach, from which systematic modeling approaches are based on the graft switch technique. In addition, the book reviews the converter layer scheme and some fundamental circuit theories. This important book: - Contains a review of several typical transfer codes, such as step-down, step-up, step-up&-down, and +/- step-up&-down - Describes the syntheses of pulse width modulation (PWM) converters such as voltage-fed z-source, current-fed z-source, quasi z-source, switched capacitor, and switched inductor converters - Presents two application examples based on previously proposed modeling approaches Written for academic researchers, graduate students, and seniors in power electronics, Origin of Power Converters provides a comprehensive understanding of the evolution of the converter and its applications.

This book presents a comparative analysis of energy efficiency policies in developing countries. Although there is a vast amount of literature available about renewable energy policy and implementation in the developing world, energy efficiency tends to lack attention. This book fills this lacuna by examining the current state of the field and scope for future improvements. Drawing on a wide range of case studies including Brazil, China and Chile, the authors use a comparative approach to examine the policies and programmes being implemented, looking at the existing legal frameworks and regulatory challenges. By showcasing stories of success, as well as barriers to energy efficiency, they highlight the opportunities for increased energy access and efficiency and demonstrate how these opportunities may directly impact on climate change mitigation. This volume will be a useful resource for scholars and practitioners with an interest in energy policy and efficiency, climate change and international development.

Making Energy Markets charts the emergence and early evolution of electricity markets in western Europe, covering the decade from the late 1980s to the late 1990s. Liberalising electricity marked a radical deviation from the established paradigm of state-controlled electricity systems which had become established across Europe after the Second World War. By studying early liberalisation processes in Britain and the Nordic region, and analysing the role of the EEC, the book shows that the creation of electricity markets involved political decisions about the feasibility and desirability of introducing competition into electricity supply industries. Competition introduced risks, so in designing the process politicians needed to evaluate who the likely winners and losers might be and the degree to which competition would impact key national industries reliant on cross-subsidies from the electricity sector, in particular coal mining, nuclear power and energy intensive production. The book discusses how an understanding of the origins of electricity markets and their political character can inform contemporary debates about renewables and low carbon energy transitions.

This Handbook has proven to be helpful to plant designers and operators for engineering and production of aluminium recycling plants. The book deals with aluminium as material and its recovery from bauxite, the various process steps and procedures, melting and casting plants, metal treatment facilities, provisions and equipment for environmental control and workforce safety, cold and hot recycling of aluminium including scrap preparation and remelting, operation and plant management. Due to more and more stringent regulations for enviornmental control and fuel efficiency as well as quality requirements sections about salt slag recycling, oxy-fuel heating and heat treatment processes are now incorporated in the new edition. The reader is thus provided with a detailed overview of the technology of aluminium recycling.

Thermofluids: From Nature to Engineering presents the fundamentals of thermofluids in an accessible and student-friendly way. Author David Ting applies his 23 years of teaching to this practical reference which works to clarify phenomena, concepts and processes via nature-inspired examples, giving the readers a well-rounded understanding of the topic. It introduces the fundamentals of thermodynamics, heat transfer and fluid mechanics which underpin most engineering systems, providing the reader with a solid basis to transfer and apply to other engineering disciplines. With a strong focus on ecology and sustainability, this book will benefit students in various engineering disciplines including thermal energy, mechanical and chemical, and will also appeal to those coming to the topic from another discipline.

The ambition of most countries across the world is to develop a low-carbon economy, evidenced by the fact that the vast majority of countries have signed the Paris COP21 agreement. This book contends that this global societal transition to a low-carbon economy must be just. As such, it will be an invaluable and accessible reference for scholars from all research disciplines who aim in their research to see a fairer, more equitable and inclusive world where sustainability is at the fore and climate targets are achieved.This is the first in-depth and original analysis to explore the central importance of law in achieving a just transition to a low-carbon economy. In addition, it advances the JUST framework, a unique framework for assessing the just transition. This important research and theoretical tool provides a practical perspective as it ensures the geographical space and timelines of development are factored into analysis. The research also provides analysis on the just transition movement around the world and the influence of international institutions. Through several case studies on Just Transition Commissions and Critical Mineral Development, the book details and demonstrates key elements of justice, including distributive, procedural, restorative, recognition, and cosmopolitan justice. It is clear from the analysis that while these are vast areas for analysis, if applied in practice, they all centrally contribute to ensuring society will advance in achieving a just transition to a low-carbon economy.

Energy: Technology and Directions for the Future presents the fundamentals of energy for scientists and engineers. It is a survey of energy sources that will be available for use in the 21st century energy mix. The reader will learn about the history and science of several energy sources as well as the technology and social significance of energy. Themes in the book include thermodynamics, electricity distribution, geothermal energy, fossil fuels, solar energy, nuclear energy, alternate energy (wind, water, biomass), energy and society, energy and the environment, sustainable development, the hydrogen economy, and energy forecasting. The approach is designed to present an intellectually rich and interesting text that is also practical.This is accomplished by introducing basic concepts in the context of energy technologies and, where appropriate, in historical context. Scientific concepts are used to solve concrete engineering problems.
The technical level of presentation presumes that readers have completed college level physics with calculus and mathematics through calculus of several variables. The selection of topics is designed to provide the reader with an introduction to the language, concepts and techniques used in all major energy components that are expected to contribute to the 21st century energy mix. Future energy professionals will need to understand the origin and interactions of these energy components to thrive in an energy industry that is evolving from an industry dominated by fossil fuels to an industry working with many energy sources.
*Presents the fundamentals of energy production for engineers, scientists, engineering professors, students, and anyone in the field who needs a technical discussion of energy topics.
*Provides engineers with a valuable expanded knowledge base using the U.S. National Academy of Sciences content standards.
*Examines the energy options for the twenty-first century as older energy sources quickly become depleted.

This book focuses on strategies to achieve economic diversification in Asian landlocked countries. It does so by analysing the impact of the Dutch disease, non-resource firm heterogeneity, trade logistics operations, trade facilitation, aid for trade, small and medium-sized enterprises, and foreign direct investment. Offering a wide range of expert views and opinions, research findings, information and data, the book will be of value to policy makers and students of trade and development economics.

This book presents a comprehensive review of renewable energy sources, the environment and sustainable development. This includes all the renewable energy technologies, materials and their development, energy efficiency systems, energy conservation scenarios, energy savings and other mitigation measures necessary to reduce climate change. Also explored in this volume is ocean energy, its benefits and barriers and solar radiation as a primary daytime source of energy. Various scenarios are extrapolated in order to assess the potential environmental impact of increasing world population and consumption throughout the 21st century and a general overview of the world-wide trend in fossil fuels.

This book reviews how man has discovered and used energy throughout the ages with a psychological perspective by using Greek mythology Gods as archetypes. Written in layman's terms, this resource book also presents a vast array of emerging energy technologies that can help solve mankind's energy problem and global warming. New, robust and eco-friendly sustainable energy technologies are the Future of Energy!

The second edition of Sustainable Buildings and Infrastructure continues to provide students with an introduction to the principles and practices of sustainability as they apply to the construction sector, including both buildings and infrastructure systems. As a textbook, it is aimed at students taking courses in construction management and the built environment, but it is also designed to be a useful reference for practitioners involved in implementing sustainability in their projects or firms. Case studies, best practices and highlights of cutting edge research are included throughout, making the book both a core reference and a practical guide.

This widely respected and frequently consulted reference work provides a wealth of information and guidance on industrial chemistry and biotechnology. Industries covered span the spectrum from salt and soda ash to advanced dyes chemistry, the nuclear industry, the rapidly evolving biotechnology industry, and, most recently, electrochemical energy storage devices and fuel cell science and technology. Other topics of surpassing interest to the world at large are covered in chapters on fertilizers and food production, pesticide manufacture and use, and the principles of sustainable chemical practice, referred to as green chemistry. Finally, considerable space and attention in the Handbook are devoted to the subjects of safety and emergency preparedness. It is worth noting that virtually all of the chapters are written by individuals who are embedded in the industries whereof they write so knowledgeably.

A work on turbulent premixed combustion is timely because of increased concern about the environmental impact of combustion and the search for new combustion concepts and technologies. An improved understanding of lean fuel turbulent premixed flames must play a central role in the fundamental science of these new concepts. Lean premixed flames have the potential to offer ultra-low emission levels, but they are notoriously susceptible to combustion oscillations. Thus, sophisticated control measures are inevitably required. The editors' intent is to set out the modeling aspects in the field of turbulent premixed combustion. Good progress has been made recently on this topic. Thus, it is timely to edit a cohesive volume containing contributions from international experts on various subtopics of the lean premixed flame problem.

Advanced Nanomaterials and Their Applications in Renewable Energy presents timely topics related to nanomaterials' feasible synthesis and characterization, and their application in the energy fields. In addition, the book provides insights and scientific discoveries in toxicity study, with information that is easily understood by a wide audience. Advanced energy materials are important in designing materials that have greater physical, electronic, and optical properties. This book emphasizes the fundamental physics and chemistry underlying the techniques used to develop solar and fuel cells with high charge densities and energy conversion efficiencies. New analytical techniques (synchronous X-ray) which probe the interactions of particles and radiation with matter are also explored, making this book an invaluable reference for practitioners and those interested in the science.

Renewable Energy Finance: Theory and Practice integrates the special characteristics of renewable energy with key elements of project finance. Through a mixture of fundamental analysis and real-life examples, readers learn how renewable energy project finance works in actual deals that mix finance, public policy, legal, engineering and environmental issues. The skills developed in analyzing non-recourse cash flow-based finance are applicable not only to green energy, but also apply more widely in project finance and infrastructure investing. The book's comparisons of developed and developing countries make it valuable to readers worldwide.

Since CAFE standards were established 25 years ago, there have been significant changes in motor vehicle technology, globalization of the industry, the mix and characteristics of vehicle sales, production capacity, and other factors. This volume evaluates the implications of these changes as well as changes anticipated in the next few years, on the need for CAFE, as well as the stringency and/or structure of the CAFE program in future years.

Motoren, Generatoren und Aktuatoren sind immer haufiger Schlusselkomponenten in komplexen Systemen. Ihre Wirkungsweise zu kennen, ist daher fur Hersteller und Nutzer von vitalem Interesse. Aufbauend auf den physikalischen Grundlagen werden in dem Band die Zusammenhange des Fachgebiets herausgearbeitet - unter Berucksichtigung neuer Technologien wie u. a. Echtzeitsignalerfassung oder integrierte Leistungshalbleitermodule. Leser lernen, mithilfe von CAE-Programmen Elektromotoren fur spezielle Anwendungen zu entwickeln und zu analysieren.

Die 4. Auflage dieses massgeblichen Nachschlagewerkes informiert umfassend uber den aktuellen Stand und die neuesten Entwicklungen der inzwischen 120 Jahre alten Dieseltechnologie. Mehr als 90 Experten aus Industrie und Wissenschaft zeigen zentrale sowie zukunftsweisende Innovationen zur Verbesserung der CO2- und Schadstoffemissionen, des Betriebsverhaltens, der Kosten, der Zuverlassigkeit und Robustheit des Dieselantriebs. Aktuelle Entwicklungen berucksichtigt das Werk mit Erweiterungen um Inhalte zu alternativen Kraftstoffen, insbesondere zu Gasanwendungen, sowie zur Einbindung des Dieselmotors in hybride Antriebskonzepte fur Pkw und Nutzfahrzeuge. Nach wie vor steht im Fokus der Entwicklungsanstrengungen, den Dieselmotor hinsichtlich seiner NOx- und Partikelemissionen zu verbessern, um auch kunftigen gesetzlichen Grenzwerten zu entsprechen. Das Buch befasst sich mit der Theorie, der Konstruktion und der Anwendung des Dieselmotors fur alle moeglichen Einsatzarten, vom Antrieb fur Pkw uber SUVs und Pick-ups bis hin zu den schwersten Nutzfahrzeugen und Lokomotiven, fur stationare und mobile Arbeitsmaschinen sowie fur nahezu alle Schiffsgroessen.

Building Information Modeling (BIM) is the digital and graphical representation of the physical and functional characteristics of a structure. It provides a reliable basis for decisions throughout a building's lifecycle, and with BIM it is possible to design, plan, build and track projects. In particular, BIM has sparked a transformation of the railway sector. Railway Information Modeling RIM is a compilation of two years' worth of academic, conceptual and practical research on the integration of BIM into railway. It summarizes and focuses on a survey carried out by the authors, who are experts in the field. The book also contains a literature review and a case study to demonstrate the benefits and sustainability of BIM integration, and finishes with the practical steps and considerations for the successful management of the integration process.

A master storyteller as well as a leading energy expert, Daniel Yergin continues the riveting story begun in his Pulitzer Prize-winning book, "The Prize." In "The Quest," Yergin shows us how energy is an engine of global political and economic change and conflict, in a story that spans the energies on which our civilization has been built and the new energies that are competing to replace them.
"The Quest" tells the inside stories, tackles the tough questions, and reveals surprising insights about coal, electricity, and natural gas. He explains how climate change became a great issue and leads readers through the rebirth of renewable energies, energy independence, and the return of the electric car. Epic in scope and never more timely, "The Quest "vividly reveals the decisions, technologies, and individuals that are shaping our future.

Investing responsibly is one of the most powerful ways that you can fight climate change. No longer a niche sector for rebel fund managers, conscious investing has the potential to raise huge sums of money to the companies and organisations on the front line fighting the climate crisis and make investors positive returns in the process.

In this essential introduction to green investing, Alice Ross shows you how you can turn your savings and pensions, however big or small, into a force for change.

You will learn:

• Which sectors are leading the charge by developing cutting-edge solutions; from smart farming to renewable energy
• How to cut through 'alphabet soup' jargon and identify 'greenwashing'
• The ways you can maximise your economic power and hold those you're investing in to account

Indirect Solar, Geothermal & Nuclear Energy

Over the last 60 years, electronics has undergone important and rapid developments. This has generated a large range of theoretical and practical notions. This book presents a comprehensive treatise on the evolution of electronics and allows the reader to grasp both the fundamental concepts and the associated practical applications through examples and exercises. Following on from Volume 1, which studied elementary devices, their electrical models and basic functions, Volume 2 was devoted to linear and stationary systems in the continuous-time regime. This third volume deals with the properties of discrete-time and quantized level systems over two chapters. The first presents an analysis of sampled signals and systems, with applications on switched capacitors circuits, analog and digital phase locked loops, frequency synthesis and filters characterized by either finite or infinite impulse response. Most tools are useful to elucidate the properties of both analog and digital systems. The second chapter focuses on the properties of analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog converters. Various principles that are used to perform these conversions are described. Finally, a large section is devoted to sigma-delta converters. Throughout this whole chapter, the signal-to-noise ratio, which is a central issue in these quantized level systems, is analyzed and discussed. Both chapters are followed by useful exercises which illustrate the general principles addressed. The exercises further build on the material covered in the chapters, particularly that which may not have been covered in detail.

Security of Energy supply is a major concern for all modern societies, intensified by skyrocketing demand in India and China and increasing international competition over fossil fuel deposits. "Energy Security: An Interdisciplinary Approach" gives A comparative analysis from both consumers' and producers' perspectives. It uniquely combines economics, geology, international relations, business, history, public management and political science, in one comprehensive volume, highlighting the vulnerabilities and need to move to more sustainable energy sources.

The author provides a number of useful case studies to demonstrate the theory, including perspectives from consuming regions such as the United States, the European Union, and China, and from exporting regions; the Middle East, Africa, Russia and the Caspian Sea.

Key features include: coverage on theoretical and empirical frameworks so readers are able to analyse concepts relevant to new laws and policies in energy securityup-to-date coverage on 'green energy', outlining research on the balance between meeting energy needs and avoiding polluting the environmentan examination of the three most prominent international energy organizations; International Energy Agency, International Energy Forum, and Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries a full Glossary listing all important terms used in the energy field

This study holds important information for policymakers, politicians, energy specialists, scientists and post-graduate and final year students of energy and international relations. With its clear written style, it will also engage other professionals who are interested in international political economy and the future of global energy.