China s rapid economic growth in the recent decades has produced an unprecedented energy vulnerability that could threaten the sustainability of its economic development, a linchpin to social stability and ultimately the regime legitimacy of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) as well as the foundation for China's rising power aspirations. What is the Chinese perception of the energy security and challenges, how has the Chinese government responded to the challenges? What are the international implications of China s search for energy security?

This collection of contributions by leading scholars seeks answers to these extremely important questions. The book is divided into three parts. Part I presents an overview of China s sense of energy security and its strategic responses. Part II examines China s energy policy-making processes, the efforts to reform and reorganize the energy sector and reset policy priorities Part III focuses on the international implications of China s search for energy security.

This book consists of articles published in the Journal of Contemporary China."

Leading architectural firms are now using in-house design simulation to help make more sustainable design decisions. Taking advantage of these new tools requires understanding of what can be done with simulation, how to do it, and how to interpret the results. This software-agnostic book, which is intended for you to use as a professional architect, shows you how to reduce the energy use of all buildings using simulation for shading, daylighting, airflow, and energy modeling. Written by a practicing architect who specializes in design simulation, the book includes 30 case studies of net-zero buildings, as well as of projects with less lofty goals, to demonstrate how energy simulation has helped designers make early decisions. Within each case study, author Kjell Anderson mentions the software used, how the simulation was set up, and how the project team used the simulation to make design decisions. Chapters and case studies are written so that you learn general concepts without being tied to particular software. Each chapter builds on the theory from previous chapters, includes a summary of concept-level hand calculations (if applicable), and gives comprehensive explanations with graphic examples. Additional topics include simulation basics, comfort, climate analysis, a discussion on how simulation is integrated into some firms, and an overview of some popular design simulation software.

After decades "in the shadows," urban lighting is re-emerging as a matter of public debate. Long-standing truths are increasingly questioned as a confluence of developments affects lighting itself and the way it is viewed. Light has become an integral element of place-making and energy-saving initiatives alike. Rapidly evolving lighting technologies are opening up new possibilities, but also posing new challenges to planners. And awareness is growing that artificial illumination is not purely benign but can actually constitute a form of pollution. As a result, public policy frameworks, incentives and initiatives are undergoing a phase of innovation and change that will affect how cities are lit for years to come.

The first comprehensive compilation of current scientific discussions on urban lighting and light pollution from a social science and humanities perspective, "Urban Lighting, Light Pollution and Society" contributes to an evolving international debate on an increasingly controversial topic. The contributions draw a rich panorama of the manifold discourses connected with artificial illumination in the past and present from early attempts to promote new lighting technologies in the late 19th and early 20th centuries to current debates on restricting its excessive usage in public space and the protection of darkness. By bringing together a cross-section of current findings and debates on urban lighting and light pollution from a wide variety of disciplines, it reflects that artificial lighting is multifaceted in its qualities, utilisation and interpretation.

Including case studies from the United States, Europe, and the UK, "Urban Lighting, Light Pollution and Society" is one of the first to take a serious assessment of light, pollution, and places and is a valuable resource for planners, policy makers and students in related subjects. "

A Guide for Owners and Managers. This book provides a blueprint for action for readers making decisions about how to improve the energy efficiency and performance of new or existing buildings. Suitable for both seasoned veterans and new managers, it takes an objective and orderly approach to what is often a complex, costly, and time-consuming process. The book presents fundamental principles illustrated with case studies. It thoroughly covers the topics in a concise, technically accurate way. The book is designed for architects, engineers, and construction managers.

Energy demand reduction is fast becoming a business activity for all companies and organisations because it can increase profits regardless of the nature of their core activity. The International Energy Agency believes that industry could improve its energy efficiency and reduce carbon dioxide emissions by almost a third using the best available practices and technologies. This guide looks at the many ways available to energy managers to achieve or even exceed this level of performance, including: base-lining consumption planning a monitoring and verification strategy metering (including smart, wireless metering) energy supply management motors and drives compressed air and process controls. Uniquely, it includes a whole chapter on greening data centres. It also looks at topics covered in greater detail in its companion volume, Energy Management in Buildings: insulation, lighting, renewable heating, cooling and HVAC systems. Further chapters examine minimising water use and how to make the financial case, both to prioritise measures for cost effectiveness, and to get management on board. This title is aimed at all professional energy, industry and facilities managers, energy consultants, students, trainees and academics and can be read alongside training for ISO 50001 - Energy Management Systems. It takes the reader from basic concepts to the latest advanced thinking, with principles applicable anywhere in the world and in any climate.

Addressing a field which, until now, has not been sufficiently investigated, Essentials of Natural Gas Microturbines thoroughly examines several natural gas microturbine technologies suitable not only for distributed generation but also for the automotive industry. An invaluable resource for power systems, electrical, and computer science engineers as well as operations researchers, microturbine operators, policy makers, and other industry professionals, the book: Explains the importance of natural gas microturbines and their use in distributed energy resource (DER) systems Discusses the history, development, design, and operation of gas microturbines Introduces the Evolutionary Algorithm for pollutant emissions and fuel consumption minimization Analyzes the power electronics for grid connection of natural gas microturbines Includes actual power quality measurements-graphical representations and numerical data-from a real system Contains 39 color figures Readers benefit from the clarity and practicality of Essentials of Natural Gas Microturbines, ultimately learning new techniques to increase electrical load efficiency, keep the environment cleaner, and improve equipment exploitation based on mathematical results.

In a world increasingly concerned about the impact of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere on global climate, the A Carbon Primer for the Built Environment will provide an understanding of the science and the public policy and regulation intended to tackle climate change. It will spell out the essential information needed for navigating through the growing regulatory maze with confidence. The book will: Provide an explanation of climate change, why carbon has been targeted as the main culprit and how this will impact the working lives of architects Explain key concepts such as: carbon footprinting, contraction & convergence, concentration based targets, the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive, decarbonising supply and reducing energy demand as well as the relevance of relevant government targets and international agreements Suggest an overall framework for achieving the carbon reduction targets and the requirements that will place on building designers Outline requirements and common standards and codes - providing guidance on compliance mechanisms Suggest and examine likely models for future practice The book will be essential reading for anyone wanting to familiarise themselves with the new landscape of carbon reduction in the built environment, with a particular focus on building design. It will also provide an accessible reference volume for information on particular policies, terms and initiatives as well as key data and numbers that will assist initial carbon calculations.

This book is for energy auditors or retrofitters, whether they work in the weatherization program or in the private arena, and is intended to help them prepare for several certifications. These include programs with BPI, RESNET-HERS, DOE/NREL, and AEE (Association of Energy Engineers). The material in this book contains industry procedures and techniques and is intended to be an educational resource. Topics covered include the house as a system, the auditor s tools, weatherization, sealants, insulation and barriers, retrofitting, heating and cooling, baseload, and new construction. A number of additional appendices are included to provide the reader with valuable information in the performance of a residential energy audit. "

In a world increasingly concerned about the impact of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere on global climate, the A Carbon Primer for the Built Environment will provide an understanding of the science and the public policy and regulation intended to tackle climate change. It will spell out the essential information needed for navigating through the growing regulatory maze with confidence. The book will: Provide an explanation of climate change, why carbon has been targeted as the main culprit and how this will impact the working lives of architects Explain key concepts such as: carbon footprinting, contraction & convergence, concentration based targets, the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive, decarbonising supply and reducing energy demand as well as the relevance of relevant government targets and international agreements Suggest an overall framework for achieving the carbon reduction targets and the requirements that will place on building designers Outline requirements and common standards and codes - providing guidance on compliance mechanisms Suggest and examine likely models for future practice The book will be essential reading for anyone wanting to familiarise themselves with the new landscape of carbon reduction in the built environment, with a particular focus on building design. It will also provide an accessible reference volume for information on particular policies, terms and initiatives as well as key data and numbers that will assist initial carbon calculations.

At the outset of 2012 - the United Nations' International Year of Sustainable Energy for All - access to modern energy services remains low or non-existent for approximately ** billion of the world's population. Energy practitioners worldwide are facing the challenge of delivering access to modern energy services where poverty and lack of infrastructure makes it most difficult. Rising awareness about climatic change and the notion of energy security for future generations are also being channelled into the debate. This book aims to provide an overview of existing energy delivery systems, as well as a guide to practitioners on the key issues integral to the success or failure of energy programmes in middle- and low-income countries. The authors consider how markets develop, which services are pivotal in supporting the process, and what overarching factors enable change to take place. The aim of the book is to provide practical guidance on how to replicate and scale up the successful delivery of energy to the very poor and is expected to be of use for energy development policy makers and practitioners.

The recently published book by the author, "Engineering Heat Transfer," already dealt with exact computation of heat exchangers and tube banks. In design c- putationthisisaccomplishedviacorrectivefactors;thelattermakesitpossibleto compute the actual mean temperature difference by starting from the logarithmic onerelativeto?uidsinparallel?oworcounter?ow. As far as veri?cation computation is concerned, corrective factors were int- ducedtocomputeacertaincharacteristicfactorcorrectly, asisfundamentalforthis typeofcomputation. Basedontheabove, theauthordecidedtoinvestigatefurther, re?ne, andwiden thistopic: theoutcomeofthisworkhasresultedinthishandbook. Newtypesofexchangerswereexamined;thecalculationwasre?nedtoproduce practicallyexactvaluesforthefactors. Thescopeoftheinvestigationwasincreased by widening the range of the starting factors. Furthermore, a greater number of valuestobeincludedinthetableswasconsidered. Finally, afewcharacteristicsof certainvaluesofthecorrectivefactorswerehighlighted. The?rstsectionisanintroduction;itsummarizesthefundamentalcriteriaofheat transferandproceedstoillustratethebehaviorof?uidsinbothparallelandcounter ?ow. Italsoshowshowtocomputethemeanisobaricspeci?cheatforsome?uids; itillustratesthesigni?canceofdesigncomputationandveri?cationcomputation. In addition, itillustrateshowtoproceedwithheatexchangersandtubebankstocarry outbothdesignandveri?cationcomputationcorrectly. AppendixAthenincludes36tablesasareferencefordesigncomputation, The tablescontainthecorrectivefactorsrequiredtoobtaintheactualmeantemperature differencebystartingfromthemeanlogarithmictemperaturedifferencerelativeto ?uidsinparallel?oworcounter?ow. Finally, Appendix B includes 35 tables for veri?cation computation. As far as heatexchangers areconcerned, itshowsthevaluesoffactor ? whichisrequired forthistypeofcomputation. Thevaluesofthecorrectivefactorsforcoilsandtube banksarealsopresented. Milano, Italy DonatelloAnnaratone v Notation c=speci?cheat(J/kgK) d=diameter(m) E=ef?ciencyfactor h=enthalpy(kJ/kg) k=thermalconductivity(W/mK) M=mass?owrate(kg/s) m=massmoisturepercentage(%) q=heatpertimeunit(W) 2 S=surface(m ) ? t=temperature( C) 2 U=overallheattransfercoef?cient(W/m K) x=thickness(m) 2 ? =heattransfercoef?cient(W/m K) ? =characteristicfactor ? =characteristicfactor ? =ef?ciency ? =correctivefactor ? =correctivefactor ? =characteristicfactor ? ?t=temperaturedifference( C) vii viii Notation Superscripts =heating?uid =heated?uid Subscripts c=counter?ow e=exchanger i=inside l=logarithmic m=mean o=outside p=constantpressure(isobaric), parallel?ow w=wall 1=inlet(forheatingorheated?uid) 2=outlet(forheatingorheated?uid) Contents 1 Introduction to Computation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1. 1 GeneralConsiderations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1. 2 MeanIsobaricSpeci?cHeat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1. 2. 1 WaterandSuperheatedSteam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1. 2. 2 AirandOtherGases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2 Design Computation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2. 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2. 2 FluidsinParallelFloworinCounterFlow . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2. 3 TheMeanDifferenceinTemperatureinReality . . . . . . . . . 12 2. 3. 1 FluidsinCrossFlow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 2. 3. 2 HeatExchangers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 2. 3. 3 Coils. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2. 3. 4 TubeBankswithVariousPassagesoftheExternalFluid . 21

One major goal of the World Materials Research Institute Forum - WMRIF is to promote young scientists in the field of materials science and engineering. To enhance the international knowledge exchange between young postdoctoral scientists all over the world, WMRIF meanwhile regularly organizes joint workshops among the member institutes. These workshops also represent an increasingly appreciated platform to get known to each other and to build co-operations. For such workshops, various topics are selected, pointing to future perspectives and challenges in the field of Materials Science and Engineering.

This time, the presentations of the workshop focused on the four subjects

Challenges in conclusive, realistic and system oriented materials testing

Materials challenges for water supply

Materials challenges in the extraction and recovery of scarce elements and minerals

Materials challenges for nuclear fission and fusion.

This book comprises the peer-reviewed contributions during the 2nd International Workshop for Young Materials Scientists at BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Berlin, Germany. It also provides a very informative overview of recent results for all materials scientists.

The landscape for implementing energy efficient projects is rapidly changing and the need for energy project financing has never been greater. This book provides the key success factors for structuring a finance energy project and getting it approved by top management. Part I covers the need for financing as well as the basic concepts. Part II covers some practical applications of financing such as performance contracts, power purchase agreements and other items like PACE financing. Part III contains articles that have helped many engineers get more projects implemented as they include information that can be used to present projects and get them approved.

This book provides a succinct overview of the evolution of policies addressing energy and climate justice in South Africa. Drawing on a range of analytical perspectives, including socio-technical studies, just transitions, and critical political economy, it explains why South Africa's energy transition from a coal-dependent, centralised power generation and distribution system has been so slow, and reveals the types of socio-political inequalities that persist across regimes and energy sources. Topics explored include critical approaches to the South African state and its state-owned energy provider, Eskom; the political ecologies of coal and water; the politics of non-renewable energy alternatives; as well as the trajectory and fate of the Renewable Energy Independent Power Producers Procurement Programme (REIPPPP), the country's major renewable energy policy. The book concludes with reflections on alternative, neglected energy and development paths, suggesting how the political economy of South Africa's energy system could be further transformed for the better.

Engineering Separations Unit Operations for Nuclear Processing provides insight into the fundamentals of separations in nuclear materials processing not covered in typical texts. This book integrates fuel cycle and waste processing into a single, coherent approach, demonstrating that the principles from one field can and should be applied to the other. It provides historical perspectives on nuclear materials processing, current assessment and challenges, and how past challenges were overcome. It also provides understanding of the engineering principles associated with handling nuclear materials. This book is aimed at researchers, graduate students, and professionals in the fields of chemical engineering, mechanical engineering, nuclear engineering, and materials engineering.

Since the German edition of this book, the topic of risk has experienced even greater attention, not only in the world of science but also in other fields, such as economics and politics. Therefore, many new publications have evolved. To keep with the idea of an encyclopedia for the topic of risk, this book has been completely reworked. Not only are many updated examples included in chapter "Risks and disasters" but also new chapters have been introduced, such as the chapter "Indetermination and risk." This new chapter was developed since the question "Is it possible for risks to be completely eliminated, and if not why?" has become a major point of c- cern. Therefore, especially in this chapter, the focus of the book has - tended from a simple mathematical or engineering point of view to include much broader concepts. Here, not only aspects of system theory have to be considered, but also some general philosophical questions start to inf- ence the considerations of the topic of risk. The main goal of this edition, however, is not only the extension and revision of the book, but also the translation into the English language to allow more readers access to the ideas of the book. The author deeply hopes that the success the book made in the German edition continues and that readers experience a major gain from reading the book.

Explanatory text that treats the complete fundamentals of energy and current energy resources, technologies developments, solutions to energy issues and new concepts ranging from fossil fuel to solar energy, biomass energy, wind energy, ocean energy, geothermal energy, hydrogen energy, fuel cells, thermo-electric systems, nuclear energy and nanotechnology concepts to generate clean energy. The theoretical aspects of various energy conversion technologies, and design practices in light of national and international perspectives are discussed with educational examples. Every technique is explained in detail and every chapter is concluded with a reference section, recommended reading and a number of questions. Intended for university students with various backgrounds, who are involved in energy science and engineering (chemistry, physics, environmental sciences, earth sciences, petroleum, mining and mechanical engineering). Recommended for professionals seeking an introduction to the subject.

Learn how others modernize workflows, create actionable data, reduce costs, and prepare for new challenges. Location is at the core of many utilities' daily and long-term planning, but it's about more than making a map. It's improving the reliability of your water and energy infrastructure by reducing service interruptions. It's using data analysis to make informed operational decisions, both in the office and in the field. It's strengthening your network safety and security while increasing customer satisfaction. With advancements in smart technologies, location intelligence for utilities management is not just for GIS specialists. In Delivering Water and Power: GIS for Utilities, see how public and private utilities around the world have implemented geographic information systems (GIS) to visualize and analyze data for situational awareness, operational efficiency, and asset management. In this collection of case studies and "how to" guidance, gain an overview of how GIS was used to: Protect customers in Denver through an innovative lead reduction program Streamline asset inspections in the UK Improve emergency response efforts in Puerto Rico Increase solar energy potential and adoption in Dubai Through web apps, online maps, dashboards, and other GIS solutions, utility professionals develop a deeper understanding of network maintenance and performance within a real-world context, increasing operational flexibility, creating a safer environment for workers, and raising customer satisfaction. Discover how GIS and location intelligence modernize utility infrastructure and operations for improved service delivery and management with Delivering Water and Power: Applying GIS for Utilities.

This text provides an overview of important theory, principles, and concepts in the field of thermodynamics, making this abstract and complex subject easy to comprehend while building practical skills in the process. It enhances understanding of heat transfer, steam tables, energy concepts, power generation, psychrometry, refrigeration cycles, and more. Practical, easily accessible case studies illustrate various thermodynamics principles. Each chapter concludes with a list of questions or problems, with answers at the back of the book.

Completely revised and updated, this ninth edition of a bestseller covers both management and technical strategies which can be used to slash energy costs by as much as 40% in industrial facilities. It covers cogeneration, gas distributed generation technologies, steam system optimization, geothermal heat pumps, energy outsourcing, electricity purchasing strategies, and power quality case studies. It supplies ready-to-apply guidelines for life cycle costing, electrical system optimization, lighting and HVAC system efficiency improvement, mechanical and process system performance, building energy loss reduction, financing energy projects, and more.

Computational Intelligence for Engineering Systems provides an overview and original analysis of new developments and advances in several areas of computational intelligence. Computational Intelligence have become the road-map for engineers to develop and analyze novel techniques to solve problems in basic sciences (such as physics, chemistry and biology) and engineering, environmental, life and social sciences. The contributions are written by international experts, who provide up-to-date aspects of the topics discussed and present recent, original insights into their own experience in these fields. The authors also include methods that apply to diverse fields such as manufacturing, tourism, power systems, computer science, robotics, chemistry, and biology.

Topics include: Simulation and evolution of real and artificial life forms; Self-organization; Models of communication and social behaviors; Emergent collective behaviors and swarm intelligence; Adaptive, complex and biologically inspired systems; Power Systems; Web-based Applications; Knowledge discovery; Intelligent Tutoring Systems; Decision support Systems; Intelligent Tutoring Systems.

This book provides a succinct account of what may happen to the energy sector in the former Soviet Union in the medium- to long-run under alternative scenarios for macroeconomic reform. The analyses reveal the serious damage of the oil resource base caused by the reckless exploitation practices of the past. Production of oil and coal can recover only slowly from the doldrums of the early 1990s, but the potential to expand gas output is very considerable. Energy consumption practices have been extremely wasteful in the past. The total savings potential that could be accomplished as energy prices are allowed to rise, and incentives to economise on energy use are introduced, is huge. The analysis of production, and consumption prospects is disaggregated by major republic. The likely evolution of FSU energy exports until 2005 is also explored, and the impact that changing export flows could have on the international prices of oil, coal and natural gas, is discussed in detail.

Understanding finance and accounting principles is important in interfacing and conducting business with accountants, financial analysts, and members of upper management. In a relatively simple and easy-to-understand manner, this book familiarizes professionals with decision making skills founded on financial calculations and quantitative analysis. It covers finance and accounting ratios and other metrics; income statements, balance sheets, cash flow, and working capital concepts; inventory concepts; life cycle, period, direct, and indirect costs; and energy performance contracting. Each chapter concludes with a list of questions or problems for self-assessment and knowledge affirmation purposes. Answers to the questions are at the back of the book.

A compendium of current knowledge about conventional and alternative sources of energy. It clarifies complex technical issues, enlivens history, and illuminates the policy dilemmas we face today. This revised edition includes new material on biofuels, an expanded section on sustainability and sustainable energy, and updated figures and tables throughout. There are also online instructor materials for those professors who adopt the book for classroom use.