An authoritative and comprehensive account of the bicycle's two-hundred-year evolution. The bicycle ranks as one of the most enduring, most widely used vehicles in the world, with more than a billion produced during almost two hundred years of cycling history. This book offers an authoritative and comprehensive account of the bicycle's technical and historical evolution, from the earliest velocipedes (invented to fill the need for horseless transport during a shortage of oats) to modern racing bikes, mountain bikes, and recumbents. It traces the bicycle's development in terms of materials, ergonomics, and vehicle physics, as carried out by inventors, entrepreneurs, and manufacturers. Written by two leading bicycle historians and generously illustrated with historic drawings, designs, and photographs, Bicycle Design describes the key stages in the evolution of the bicycle, beginning with the counterintuitive idea of balancing on two wheels in line, through the development of tension-spoked wheels, indirect drives (employing levers, pulleys, chains, and chainwheels), and pneumatic tires. The authors examine the further development of the bicycle for such specific purposes as racing, portability, and all-terrain use; and they describe the evolution of bicycle components including seats, transmission, brakes, lights (at first candle-based), and carriers (racks, panniers, saddlebags, child seats, and sidecars). They consider not only commercially successful designs but also commercial failures that pointed the way to future technological developments. And they debunk some myths about bicycles-for example, the mistaken but often-cited idea that Leonardo sketched a chain-drive bike in his notebooks. Despite the bicycle's long history and mass appeal, its technological history has been neglected. This volume, with its engaging and wide-ranging coverage, fills that gap. It will be the starting point for all future histories of the bicycle.

Presents Evidence-Based Guidance on Noise Abatement Methods Solutions for reducing the noise impact of road and rail traffic can be found in the use of natural elements in combination with artificial elements in urban and rural environments. Ground and road surface treatments; trees, forests, and tall vegetation; and the greening of buildings and other surfaces can contribute to powerful and cost-effective noise reduction. Environmental Methods for Transport Noise Reduction presents the main findings of the Holistic and Sustainable Abatement of Noise by optimized combinations of Natural and Artificial means (HOSANNA) research project. This project involved experts from seven countries, and assessed noise reduction in terms of sound level reductions, perceptual effects, and cost-benefit analysis. It considered a number of green abatement strategies, and aimed to develop a toolbox for reducing road and rail traffic noise in outdoor environments. Combines Theory with Practice Broad in both theory and application and based on leading-edge research, the book brings together the findings and their practical use. It details assessment methods for perceived noise, and outlines noise prediction methods that can be integrated with noise mapping software. It also explores the economic benefits and positive effects on urban air quality and CO2 levels. The material is this book: Includes up-to-date results on noise mitigation using vegetation and ground treatments Contains relevant results on innovative noise barrier designs Presents data on acoustic performance of vegetation and soil substratum Provides perceptual and cost-benefit analyses of noise mitigation methods Environmental Methods for Transport Noise Reduction is a helpful guide for noise consultants, city planners, architects, landscape architects, and researchers.

The Bridgewater Canal is distinguished as England's first canal and its development marked the beginning of a transport revolution that provided a crucial foundation for industrial and commercial development in England. Since its completion in 1765, the canal has been regularly used by commercial and passenger traffic; it was one if the major routes of the North West that helped Manchester to develop as a centre of trade and industry in the 19th century. In "The Duke's Cut: The Bridgewater Canal," Cyril J. Wood recounts the fascinating history of the Bridgewater canal from its conception and construction to its subsequent successes including its use as a leisure waterway today. His detailed commentary is complemented by his descriptive guide to cruising the canal and valuable navigational information. Illustrated with more than 150 images, this comprehensive history and guide will appeal to local historians and canal enthusiasts alike.

In spite of their importance and potential societal impact, there is currently no comprehensive source of information about vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). Cohesively integrating the state of the art in this emerging field, Vehicular Networks: From Theory to Practice elucidates many issues involved in vehicular networking, including traffic engineering, human factors studies, and novel computer science research.

Divided into six broad sections, the book begins with an overview of traffic engineering issues, such as traffic monitoring and traffic flow modeling. It then introduces governmental and industrial efforts in the United States and Europe to set standards and perform field tests on the feasibility of vehicular networks. After highlighting innovative applications enabled by vehicular networks, the book discusses several networking-related issues, including routing and localization. The following section focuses on simulation, which is currently the primary method for evaluating vehicular networking systems. The final part explores the extent and impact of driver distraction with in-vehicle displays.

Encompassing both introductory and advanced concepts, this guide covers the various areas that impact the design of applications for vehicular networks. It details key research challenges, offers guidance on developing future standards, and supplies valuable information on existing experimental studies.

In the current, increasingly aggressive business environment, crucial decisions about product design often involve significant uncertainty. Highlighting the competitive advantage available from using risk-based reliability design, Engineering Design Reliability Applications: For the Aerospace, Automotive, and Ship Industries provides an overview of how to apply probabilistic approaches and reliability methods to practical engineering problems using real life engineering applications. A one-step resource, the book demonstrates the latest technology, how others have used it to increase their competitiveness, and how you can use it to do the same. The book makes the case for accurate assessment of the reliability of engineering systems, simple, complex, or large-scale. It presents two computer programs for reliability analysis and demonstrates these programs on aircraft engines, structures used for testing explosives, medical and automotive systems. The focus then shifts to aircraft and space systems, including lap joints, gas turbines, and actively controlled space structures. The editors provide analytical tools for reliability analysis, design optimization, and sensitivity analysis of automotive systems. They include a general methodology for reliability assessment of ship structures and highlight reliability analysis of composite materials and structures. Delineating generic tools and computer programs applicable to any situation, the book shows you how to quantify, understand, and control uncertainties, reduce risk, and increase reliability using real-life examples. Engineers from the industry and national labs as well as university researchers present success stories and quantify thebenefits of reliability design for their organizations. They demonstrate how to convince colleagues and management of the potential benefits of these approaches in allowing their organizations to gain significant benefits and dramatically increase their competitiveness.

Stratford upon Avon owes its existence to the necessity of transport. Its very name derives from the place where a minor Roman road crossed the River Avon by way of a ford. The Avon later became a navigable waterway and the Stratford Canal was built to link it to the industrial Black Country. The canal may seem today to be a fairly modest rural canal, typical of many in the Midlands, but underneath its placid waters there flows a turbulent history. The canal formed part of the inspiration for the railway network and, later, when the railways and roads appeared to threaten the annihilation of the entire canal system it was the Stratford Canal that pioneered the movement to rescue this vital part of our industrial heritage. The canal itself was very much a local venture; its genesis was inspired by Stratfordians keen to better their town, and the money came from people living along its route. As the newly opened canal joined the national network, new ideas and people came to the town, expanding and enhancing it. The tramway and later the railway system continued the process, but left the canal in a kind of limbo, frozen in its Victorian architecture and working practices. This timeless state lasted right up to the Second World War, leaving the Stratford Canal as a small fragment of the early industrial world plodding quietly on despite momentous changes in the nation.

2010 marked the 50th anniversary of the Severn Railway Bridge disaster. Read about it and other disasters in this book.

The history of the great shipping groups of the nineteenth century is about family dynasties, business acumen, investment, risk taking and entrepreneurial skills. It is about everything that epitomises the Victorian age. Men of vision identified market trends and gaps in the provision of shipping services throughout the world. They were responsible for initiating routes that were that were to develop and blossom providing them with excellent returns on their original investment. The main British shipping lines in this book, including among others Brocklebank, Cunard, Blue Funnel, Booth, Elder Dempster, Ellerman, Hall Lines, Lamport Holt and Cayzer, Irvine had their origins in Liverpool, once the premier port in the United Kingdom. Head offices were located in Merseyside as were many ancillary departments. Over the past four decades the shape of British Shipping has changed and some of the established shipping lines that had been in business since Victorian times did not survive and many of the names in this book are now a memory of a different age. Others have been taken over by larger groups and their names have gradually vanished from the shipping records as their ships have been replaced or renamed. It was difficult to imagine in the 1960s that the shipping scene would change so dramatically in such a relatively period. Liverpool's Shipping Groups is a celebration of a period that will not be forgotten by anyone with an interest in ships and the sea.

In the latter half of the 19th Century, the Gosport side of Portsmouth harbour was developed as a fortified port. Fort Blockhouse, originally established in 1495, was updated and became the home of the Royal Engineers' Submarine Mining School in 1873. This book looks at the history of this submarine base at Gosport.

Highlighting the importance of transportation to a country's infrastructure and survival, Transportation Systems Security presents the strategic and practical considerations involved in the implementation of physical, procedural, and managerial safeguards required to keep all modes of transportation up and running during an actual or potential disaster. Structured in an easy cognitive fashion, the book begins with a basic introduction providing terms and definitions. It describes both physical and information system layouts and defines who controls what parts of the process, how far control is extended, and who oversees controls within the system. Building on this foundation, subsequent chapters discuss problems such as the need for a more defined "domain-based" approach when threats, assets, vulnerabilities, and safeguards are not under local control. The book describes and refines the concepts of criticality, impact, and consequence as they relate to the assignation of value for personnel, assets, facilities, information and activities in terms of how they might support performance. By comparing continuity of operations planning (COOP) to business continuity planning (BCP), the book presents security measures as a value-added benefit rather than a hindrance to business and introduces the notion of certification, accreditation, and licensure. It demonstrates safeguards that layer outward from the entity and across the system with the ability to prevent, detect, and notify, as well as respond to and recover from a crisis. Emphasizing the sharing of information and methods, the book encourages security to become an integrated component within the system, not just imposed on top of it. It takes a holistic approach to the transportation infrastructure, introducing the concept of fragility and the measurable factors involved, and including a 20 page questionnaire to help managers determine their company's fragility in terms of transportation security.

TRB Special Report 207: Transportation Professionals: Future Needs and Opportunities Aware assesses future professional needs in highway and mass transit agencies in federal, state, and local government. This study also examines the role of consulting firms in satisfying the future professional requirements of highway and transit agencies. A large number of professionals who entered highway and mass transit organizations during the past 30 years are expected to retire soon, particularly those who helped build the nation's Interstate system. Unless there is careful planning, this loss of professional capability could impair the ability of these agencies to maintain the nations's transportation system effectively.