It is becoming increasingly clear that the brain has an important role in the control and integration of the responses to injury and infection. This is the first volume to look in depth at the way the brain responds to trauma and subsequently integrates and influences behavioral, metabolic, neurohumoral, cardiovascular, and immune functions. It is well established that some of these responses, such as fever and neuroendocrine changes are directly influenced by the central nervous system. These, and other more recent advances, provide new insights into this area and provide a basis for more effective understanding and clinical management of trauma patients. The authors, all international authorities in their fields, discuss established and recent data from experimental and clinical studies and consider the implications of these findings for the treatment of the trauma patient. This book will serve as an excellent reference for professionals who deal with trauma or who work in accident and emergency medicine, neuroscience, neuroimmunology and physiology.

Complete reference on hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction and hypoxia-mediated pulmonary hypertension. Can be utilized by the physician-scientist and researcher in the laboratory as both a technical manual and reference. Designed for clinicians to guide and improve clinical treatment and diagnosis of patients with hypoxia mediated pulmonary vascular disease and right heart failure.

Blood in Motion is a textbook in Cardiovascular Science. It sets out to introduce, entice and explain the cardiovascular system to the reader using a classical system in teaching anatomy, physiology, general operation and specific systems. It is specifically designed to support the interests of students, experienced physiologists and clinicians. The book is subdivided into three parts, comprising a total of 11 chapters. Part I presents an historical perspective of cardiovascular knowledge and complements it with current insight into the physiology of the cardiovascular system. Part II explores sections of the circulatory loop, starting with an in-depth treatment of the veins, and including the lymphatic, the microcirculation, the arterial system and the heart. Part III incorporates approaches to the cardiovascular system as a whole, both in physiology and in science, such as modeling. This section introduces impedance-defined flow and offers the reader its application in mathematical modeling. At the end of each chapter, the reader will find questions designed to reinforce the information presented. Each chapter can be read or studied as an independent unit.

From the 39th annual conference of the International Society on Oxygen Transport to Tissue (ISOTT), held in Washington, DC, USA in July 2011, this volume covers aspects of oxygen transport from air to the cells, organs and organisms; instrumentation and methods to sense oxygen and clinical evidence. Oxygen Transport to Tissue XXXIV includes contributions from scientists (physicists, biologists and chemists), engineers, clinicians and mathematicians.

This is the first comprehensive volume to be published on the subject of electrical trauma in humans. Many of the world's leading experts describe the basic mechanisms of tissue injury in victims of electrical trauma, the complex and varied manifestations of electrical trauma, and state-of-the-art clinical treatment protocols. Promising new therapies still in the research stage are also discussed and assessed. The volume describes the basic physiochemical mechanisms responsible for tissue damage and explains the complex and variable ways in which electrical trauma manifests itself. An understanding of these underlying processes provides the basis for a rational and consistent approach to treatment which is highlighted in this volume. Electrical Trauma serves as a new and important source of information from a variety of perspectives that contributes to the understanding of the electrical injury problem. It is suitable for clinicians in plastic surgery, intensive care and burn units and for those with an academic and research interest in the mechanisms and causes of electrical trauma.

Originally published in 1992, this volume looks in detail at the important relationship, initially studied in 1871 by Bowditch, between the strength of the heartbeat and the interval between beats. The book draws together the work and experience of leading international research workers in this field. Collectively, the contributors illuminated the underlying mechanisms involved, their expression in both isolated muscle and the intact heart, and speculate on further avenues of research. The volume will be of interest to cardiologists, physiologists and all those concerned with the function of the heart.

The development and selection of ovarian follicles is one of the most active areas of contemporary reproductive research. Relevant experimental work extends from laboratory rodents, across a wide range of domestic species, to human clinical studies, especially as related to problems of fertility and in vitro fertilisation. This 2003 volume provides comprehensive coverage of the field, integrating research findings from animal and human studies and condensing the vast published literature into a meaningful and digestible physiological account which highlights the key role played by the oocyte in influencing all stages of follicular development.

The function of the vascular system is to transport oxygen and nutrients to the cells and to remove carbon dioxide and metabolites. It also transports hormones and locally produced neurohumoral substances which, in part, regulate its own function. These interrelationships are essential to homeostasis. The vascular system is not an assembly of simple (elastic) tubes but a dynamic system with many external and intrinsic regulatory mechanisms. The endothelium plays a major role in the intrinsic regulation of the system. The system is also often subject to disease processes of which atherosclerosis is the most important. As a result of atherosclerosis, and other disease processes, replacement of vessels with prosthetic devices may be required to reestablish adequate tissue blood flow. It is therefore imperative to gain insight into the details of vascular function, especially the dynamics, and the endothelium, the processes of atherosclerosis development, the vascular prosthetic possibilities and, last but not least, the interrelationships between these sub-specialties.

Many unexplored complex cellular and organismal adaptations occur in response to the stress of alcohol exposure, and its contribution to the development of chronic diseases, such as osteoporosis, heart disease and diabetes, is particularly relevant today, given the increased incidence of these diseases in our aging population. In Alcohol: Methods and Protocols, the pleiotropic effects of ethanol in animal and cell culture models are rigorously examined through a collection of detailed procedures written by experts in the field. Sections present clearly defined models of ethanol exposure, recent advances in the development of specific methodologies to mimic the impact of ethanol metabolism in cultured cells, and methodologies to investigate a variety of cells and tissues that are known to be disrupted by ethanol, amongst other topics.

Herbert Henri Jasper is a scientist whose research activities have initiated and encompassed many of the major themes of neuroscience. He has pioneered in single unit recording, chronic neuronal studies, neurochemistry, electroencephalography, and many other disciplines. His students now hold important positions in universities and hospitals around the world. From July 21 to 23, 1986, a symposium entitled Neurotransmitters and Cortical Function: From Molecules to Mind was held in Montreal to honor Professor Jasper and to continue his pioneering efforts. The following chapters originated in that meeting. They summarize the current v vi PREFACE status of our knowledge in some of the fields influenced by Professor Jasper. They share a focus on neurotransmitters in cortical function, where we presume higher mental events originate. Professor Jasper has made contributions to the understanding of three different classes of neuro transmitters: GABA, acetylcholine, and catecholamines. It is an interest in trying to link neu rochemical events to some aspects of complex brain function and behavior that has characterized his work, and it is this philosophy that led to the present symposium to honor him. We dedicate this volume to Professor Jasper and the integrative approach that he has fostered. The Editors Montreal Contents 1. H. H. Jasper, Neuroscientist of Our Century .......................... ."

This book is designed to provide a comprehensive insight into current perspectives and challenges in adipose tissue biology. In Adipose Tissue Biology, scientists and clinicians discuss adipocyte precursors, differentiation and growth, brown and white adipose tissue, gender, inflammation, dietary and genetic determinants of fat mass, together with evolutionary and developmental aspects of adiposity.

This book and CD-ROM package integrates the use of STELLA software into the teaching of health, nutrition and physiology, and may be used on its own in nutrition and physiology courses, or can serve as a supplement to introduce the role that simulation modelling can play. The author presents key subjects ranging from the theory of metabolic control, through weight regulation to bone metabolism, and gives readers the tools to simulate these using the STELLA software. Topics include methods for simulation of gene expression, a multi-stage model of tumour development, theories of ageing, circadian rhythms and physiological time, as well as a model for managing weight loss and preventing obesity.

Since the epochal discovery of the radical and highly toxic gas nitric oxide (NO) as a signaling molecule, two other no less toxic gases - carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) - have been found to also be involved in a plethora of physiological and pathophysiological functions. The gases termed gasotransmitters play an increasingly important role in understanding how signalling into and between cells is modulated and fine-tuned. The advent of gasotransmitters has profoundly changed our way of thinking about biosynthesis, liberation, storage and action mechanisms in cellular signaling. In recent years an impressive amount of new data, distributed throughout the existing literature, has been generated. For this book the editors have recruited distinguished colleagues in the field to summarize and review important biological, pharmacological and medical functions and their implications, as well as methods for the detection of gasotransmitters.

Biology of the Arterial Wall is intended as a general reference text concerned with the biology of the vascular cells and the blood vessel wall under physiological and pathological conditions. One of the major functions of the arteries is to maintain a continuous blood flow to the organs whatever the pressure conditions, thanks to the vasomotor tone of the smooth muscle cells. Great advances have been made over the last decade in the understanding of the endothelial cells as integrators and transducers of signals originating from the blood stream. The pluripotent control functions of the endothelial cells in the vessel wall are now well recognized. A review of endothelial functions and dysfunctions is presented. Cell biology and molecular genetic studies have now identified an array of molecules elaborated by endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells and by the blood-borne elements which interact with artery cells, defending the artery against injury and modulating evolving abnormal processes. Molecules which induce or inhibit endothelial and/or smooth muscle cells are currently under great scrutiny. Angiogenesis, which plays a major role in tumor growth, but may also be beneficial as a healing process in muscle ischemia, is discussed. Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, has only recently been recognized as an essential process in blood vessel modeling and remodeling. An overview of apoptosis in the vascular system is presented. It is increasingly evident that the adjustments of the blood vessel wall are made in the presence of deforming disease processes such as hypertension and atherosclerosis. The second part of the book is concerned with the blood vessel wall in disease conditions. Several chapters review the role of the vessel and vascular cells in inflammation, and vascular remodeling during arterial hypertension and aging. One chapter is devoted to atherogenesis, atheroma and plaque instability, followed by the pathophysiology of post-angioplasty restenosis, which is a crucial issue in modern interventional cardiology.

Ischemie heart disease is still the most frequent cause of death in the western world. There have been significant achievements in diagnostic procedures as well as in the medical, invasive,and surgiealtreatment ofischemieheart disease inrecent years. A variety ofdrugs are availablefor the pharmacotherapyofischemieheart disease,par- ticularly nitrates, ss-blockers, and calcium-antagonists which are used as mono- therapy or in various combinations. However, the selection of patients for a certain treatment, as weIl as the optimization of an individual treatment are still largely empirical. On the other hand, the recent advances in experimental cardiology emphasize the extremely complex and dynamie scenario of ischemic heart disease, involving endothelial damage, coagulation processes, metabolie and morphologie derangements, coronary constrictor mechanisms, blood flow redistribution, arrhythmogenesis, contraetile dysfunction during ischemia and reperfusion, and finally lack or presence of pain perception. Therefore, it appears desirable to close the gap between experimental and clinical cardiology and, thus, to provide a pathophysiologieal basis for rational cliniealdecisions with respect to diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. The idea for this book arose during the preparation of a seminar series on experi- mental cardiology, when I found it diffieultto collect the pertinentinformation from textbooks of cardiology, physiology, pathology, and pharmacology, as well as from numerous review and original artieies on specifictopies. I am now very grateful that expert cliniealand experimental colleagues from around the world have joined me in the effort to provide a comprehensive textbook on the pathophysiology of myocar- dial ischemia and its rational pharmacotherapy.

On December 6, 1961, a contract was signed by which the research institute of the Wander AG in Freiburg became the Max-Planck-Institut fUr Immunbiologie. The transfer of ownership took place during a happy expansion phase of the Max-Planck Society in which a growing economy in Germany allowed the foundation of many new research institutes by the Max-Planck-Society and other organizations. Nevertheless, it was a remarkable event. The acquisition by an academic organization of an institute formerly operated by an industrial company was rather unusual, not to speak ofthe fact that not only the facilities but also the entire scientific personnel were taken over. Retrospectively, the 40 years of the institute in the Max-Planck Society can be divided into 2 very different phases of 20 years each. The first 20 years were characterized by a continuation of the research that had begun in the Wander institute and centered on the structure and function of the bacterial compound endotoxin. During the second 20 years, the institute more than doubled in size and developed into an interdisciplinary research center that focuses on the development and organization of multicellular systems by combining studies in two fields of research: immunology and developmental biology. th The 40 anniversary of the foundation of the Max-Planck-Institute was celebrated by a ceremony including a scientific symposium. The first part of this volume presents the lectures given at the symposium by six leading biologists."

An essential component of inflammation is the migration of circulating leukocytes from blood into tissues. This process is characterized by a multistep paradigm of sequential cell adhesion and activation events that lead to the extravasation of specific leukocyte subsets to different tissues in health and disease. The first step of leukocyte extravasation, the rolling of leukocytes, is primarily mediated by the interactions of selectins and their ligands. It has recently become evident that fucosyltransferases are crucial for selectin ligand synthesis, inflammation, and skin homing. This book provides an in-depth overview of the mechanisms of leukocyte trafficking and of the molecular mechanisms of selectin/selectin ligand interactions and discusses options for pharmacological intervention to treat inflammatory diseases.

Unique features of the present work include: Only authorized English translation of the original Spanish text, adhering as much as possible to the letter, with correction of the obvious errors already predicted by Cajal in his Preface. Added facts appearing in the French version, with correction of old as well as new errors, the latter probably due to inaccuracies in translating into French some nuances of the Spanish language. Uniform of nomenclature according to contemporary scientific English. Annotations on Cajal s changing concepts over time, the elucidation of certain structures that do not have present day equivalents, and explanations of the many symbols appearing in illustrations but not mentioned in the corresponding original legends. Most illustrations are reproductions of Cajal s original art work, still extant at the Cajal Museum in Madrid, with cross references to figure numbers of the Spanish and French versions. Citations are given by author and year in the text, with an alphabetical list at the end of the volume, completed and corrected for accuracy against original publications. Taxonomy glossary of species appearing in the text, with present scientific names, and their colloquial English counterparts."

Speech sound production is one of the most complex human activities: it is also one of the least well understood. This is perhaps not altogether surprising as many of the complex neurological and physiological processes involved in the generation and execution of a speech utterance remain relatively inaccessible to direct investigation, and must be inferred from careful scrutiny of the output of the system -from details of the movements of the speech organs themselves and the acoustic consequences of such movements. Such investigation of the speech output have received considerable impetus during the last decade from major technological advancements in computer science and biological transducing, making it possible now to obtain large quantities of quantative data on many aspects of speech articulation and acoustics relatively easily. Keeping pace with these advancements in laboratory techniques have been developments in theoretical modelling of the speech production process. There are now a wide variety of different models available, reflecting the different disciplines involved -linguistics, speech science and technology, engineering and acoustics. The time seems ripe to attempt a synthesis of these different models and theories and thus provide a common forum for discussion of the complex problem of speech production. Such an activity would seem particularly timely also for those colleagues in speech technology seeking better, more accurate phonetic models as components in their speech synthesis and automatic speech recognition systems.

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of morbidity and premature death of modern era medicine. It is estimated that approximately 81 million people in the United States (US) currently have one or more of the many forms of cardiovascular disease, resulting in 1 in every 2.8 deaths, or 900,000 deaths per year. 40% of all deaths in Europe are a result of cardiovascular disease in people under the age of 75. Aneurysms form a significant portion of these cardiovascular related deaths and are defined as a permanent and irreversible localised dilation of a blood vessel greater than 50% of its normal diameter. Although aneurysms can form in any blood vessel, the more lethal aneurysms develop in the cranial arteries, and in the thoracic aorta and abdominal aorta. Frequently aneurysms are undetected and if left untreated may eventually expand until rupture with very high levels of morbidity and mortality. The biomechanics and mechanobiology of aneursymal diseases are not fully understood and this monograph aims to provide new insights into aneurysm aetiology and behavior based on the most recent biomechanics research related to this important topic. The contributors to this volume bring together a unique blend of expertise in experimental, computational and tissue biomechanics relating to aneurysm behavior and enable the reader to gain a fresh understanding of the key factors influencing aneurysm behavior and treatment. Biological risk factors such as tobacco smoking, sex, age, hypertension, family history and mechanobiological risk factors such as aneurysm geometry and shape as well as mechanical properties of the diseased tissues are considered in detail as are many of the diagnostic and treatment options.