This eight-year study of an American city traces the answer to the question "Who is retarded?" by analyzing the labeling process in a large number of community agencies. Data for the study are drawn from a representative sample of 7,000 persons under fifty years of age who were tested ans screened for "symptoms" of mental retardation. The author finds that that schools label more persons as mentally retarded than any other agency and share their labels more widely with others in the community. Relying on IQ test scores for diagnosis, schools place many persons with scores above 70 and with no physical disabilities in the role of retardate. The author contends that both the statistical model of "normal" and the unicultural viewpoint of educators and clinicians work to the disadvantage of the poor and the ethnic minorities. Given the opportunity, many persons demonstrate by their ability to cope with the problems in other areas of life that they are not comprehensively incompetent. The author makes serval policy recommendations. First, she suggests lowering the IQ score cutoff point used by schools in determining who shall be labeled as retarded. Second, she recommends that the clinicians use the two-dimensional definition of retardation proposed by the American Association of Mental Deficiency, subnormality in both intellectual performance and adaptive behavior. Third, she concludes that pluralistic assessment procedures must be employed to take into account cultural biases in IQ tests designed to measure cognitive skills. This title is part of UC Press's Voices Revived program, which commemorates University of California Press's mission to seek out and cultivate the brightest minds and give them voice, reach, and impact. Drawing on a backlist dating to 1893, Voices Revived makes high-quality, peer-reviewed scholarship accessible once again using print-on-demand technology. This title was originally published in 1973.

Highlights the importance and benefit of mass spectrometry-based metabolomics for identifying biomarkers that accurately screen for potential biomarkers of diseases Mass spectrometry-based metabolomics offer new opportunities for biomarker discovery in complex diseases and may provide pathological understanding of diseases beyond traditional technologies. It is the systematic analysis of low-molecular-weight metabolites in biological samples and has been applied to discovering and identifying the perturbed pathways. Currently, mass spectrometry-based metabolomics has become an important tool in clinical research and the diagnosis of human disease. Mass Spectrometry-Based Metabolomics in Clinical and Herbal Medicines comprehensively presents the current state, challenges, and applications of high-throughput mass spectrometry-based metabolomics such as metabolites analysis, biomarker discovery, technical challenges, discovery of natural product, mechanism interpretation of action, discovery of active ingredients, clinical application and precision medicine, and enhancing their biomedical value in a real world of biomedicine, shedding light on the potential for spectrometry-based metabolomics. It highlights the value of mass spectrometry-based metabolomics and metabolism to address the complexity of herbal medicines in systems pharmacology, especially, to link phytochemical analysis with the assessment of pharmacological effect and therapeutic potential. Each chapter has been laid out with introduction, method, up-to-date literature, identification of biomarker, and applications Covers the current state, challenges, and applications of high-throughput mass spectrometry-based metabolomics in the discovery of biomarker, active ingredients, natural product, etc. Constitutes a unique and indispensable practical guide for any phytochemistry or related laboratory, and provides hands-on description of new techniques Provides a guide for new practitioners of pharmacologists, pharmacological scholars, drug developers, botanist, researchers of traditional medicines. Mass Spectrometry-Based Metabolomics in Clinical and Herbal Medicines provides a landmark of mass spectrometry-based metabolomics research and a beneficial guideline to graduate students and researchers in academia, industry, and technology transfer organizations in all biomedical science fields.

Note to Readers: Publisher does not guarantee quality or access to any included digital components if book is purchased through a third-party seller. Uniquely written from the perspectives of a Nurse Practitioner and a Physician Assistant This quick-access reference guide encompasses all key diagnostic and management essentials needed for safe, effective pediatric practice. By incorporating the most current sources of literature and evidence-based practice, this guide explains how to best assess, diagnose, and treat common pediatric disorders in an ambulatory care setting. This practical, pocket-sized resource is presented in bulleted format with concise paragraphs, providing access to key information at a glance. Chapters are consistently organized by body system with focused assessment and diagnosis of the most common clinical problems and treatment options. Key points, important developmental milestones, and illness prevention and management sections provide practitioners important content to educate patients and family easily and thoroughly. Abundant tables and charts help to facilitate quick reference to key components of practice. Links to frequently updated clinical guidelines and important web resources ensure that practitioners can maintain access to the most current knowledge available. Key Features: Provides speedy access to crucial information with bulleted content, concise paragraphs, chapter objectives, key points, and tables. Conveniently organized by most commonly seen diseases and disorders Provides links to frequently updated clinical guidelines and web resources

This reference book equips readers with cutting-edge information on the many advances in diagnostic and therapeutic treatments for human diseases that have been made in recent years, with examples from laboratory medicine. Diagnostic procedures and treatment protocols are a critical part of the health care system, providing dynamic information that influences provider decisions with respect to disease prevention, diagnosis, treatment procedures, and management of the disease. With advances in medical technologies over the past few decades, diagnostics have become even more essential to the practice of medicine for personalised diagnosis and treatment. Developments in health care technologies have extended the survival prospects of persons all over the globe. Once serious conditions have become considerably easier to manage and even cure in numerous cases. Constant laboratory investigations in the health sciences have expanded the quality of treatment, life-expectancy, as well as the quality of life for patients. In this book, readers will find a detailed discussion of new methodologies in treating diseases, including 3D technology, and prediction of chronic diseases using computation techniques, which provide promising avenues for the diagnosis, treatment, and prophylaxis of diseases.

Comprehensive Biomarker Discovery and Validation for Clinical Application provides the reader with an extensive introduction into all aspects of proteomics biomarker discovery, validation and development. It discusses the current status of science and technology, its limitations, bottlenecks as well as future development trends to improve the success rate of translating biomarker discovery into useful clinical tests. The most important feature of the book is to provide an overview of current technologies and the challenges encountered during biomarker discovery and validation, such as patient selection, sample handling, data processing, statistical analysis and registration and approval of validated biomarkers through European and US regulatory authorities. The authors introduce the reader to each of these topics in significant detail and provide examples or guidelines for best practice. There are prominent chapters included on biomarkers in translational and personalised medicine; an introduction to regulatory affairs and bring biomarkers to the market; biomarker discovery and the use of mass spectrometry based profiling platforms; MALDI imaging techniques in tissue-based biomarkers discovery and a clinical application study on the use of diagnostic assays for early diagnosis of heart failure using various proteomic methods. The book concludes with a final chapter on future trends in biomarker discovery and validation. The book targets a readership of industrial and academic researchers that are involved in biomarker discovery and validation or that manage biobanks, develop sample preparation methods, analytical profiling systems and bioinformatics tools. Common pitfalls and success stories in biomarker discovery are highlighted and guidelines for best practice are provided for the different parts of the procedure. The book will be an essential information resource for scientists working in the field.

Choosing wisely for better patient care. Lab Literacy for Doctors helps you make quick and efficient decisions about the right tests for typical clinical situations, thereby improving patient care. In a study published by the Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine (2014-03-01), primary care physicians reported that 15% of the time they are unsure about ordering lab tests and 8% of the time they are unsure about interpreting the results. This raises concerns about the need for more efficient and cost-effective lab test utilization. Lab Literacy for Doctors addresses these concerns in a practical, up-to-date, and easy-to-use format. Refer to this essential guide for: Diagnostic algorithms. A quick index summarizing the clinical utility of common tests. Advice and information on lab errors, false positives and negatives, and blood and tissue collection. Sections on dermatology, ENT and respiratory system, endocrine system, fatigue, GI and hepatic system, gynecology and pregnancy, routine screening, and more.

The opening chapter of The Essential Guide to Magnetic Resonance presents applications of Fluorine-19 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (19F MRI) in cancer research, tissue metabolomics, quantification of drug delivery, cellular tracking, tissue pH measurements and detection of 19F labeled cells. The authors review in vitro research applying 19F MRI and Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) to facilitate the synthesis, tracking and visualization of new fluorinated drug conjugates. 19F MRI also provides high contrast in vivo images due to the absence of an endogenous 19F signal, 100% natural abundance of 19F, and a chemical shift range of over 400 ppm. Afterwards, examples of current methods of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) guided photodynamic therapy are presented. Recent development of MRI detectable nanoparticle constructs, magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) sensors, gadolinium based photosensitizers and europium singlet oxygen probes are discussed. In addition, applications of Functional MRI using a blood oxygen dependent level (BOLD) MRI in monitoring photodynamic action are addressed, with the goal of informing researchers about the potential for using MRI guided photodynamic therapy and oxygen dosimetry. The applications of MRI within the sphere of pharmacy are analyzed; in particular, the use of MRI to track pharmaceuticals in vitro and in vivo noninvasively and monitoring their controlled-release. Functional MRI for noninvasive clinical brain imaging is explored as it is applied to studies of autism, schizophrenia, epilepsy Alzheimers disease, Parkinson's disease, traumatic brain injury and blood oxygenation-level dependent (BOLD) imaging of brain function. An overview of the scope of MRI as a diagnostic technique in neurology and in neurosurgery is also provided.

An ideal companion to the groundbreaking TILLS test! Screen with SLS, and then follow up and diagnose with TILLS. For use on its own or with the Test of Integrated Language and Literacy Skills™ (TILLS™), the Student Language Scale (SLS) reliably screens students ages 6—18 years for language/literacy disorders, including dyslexia. Filled out by parents, teachers, and students, the screener is a quick, cost-effective way to see how students are performing on academic tasks as compared to their same-age peers. Use the SLS to: Screen for language/literacy disorders, including dyslexia, by gathering teachers' and parents' ratings of students Gather input about a struggling student's strengths and needs from multiple sources Enhance home—school communication by gaining new insight into the student's performance and the teacher's and the parents' and student's perspectives on it, whether or not everyone agrees and whether or not there are concerns Whether used with an entire classroom or with individual students, the SLS is the tool you need to quickly gather valuable information about strengths and needs—and plan next steps for students at risk for disorders. Why use the SLS? Expert developed: The SLS developers are highly respected for their test-building skills and evidence-based work in the field of language and literacy assessment and school social work. Fast and easy: The three-part SLS can be completed in just 3 minutes or less. Administration and scoring is simple—a pencil and paper are all you need. Strong sensitivity and specificity. Sensitivity of the SLS to risk of language/literacy disorder is .90 for teachers and .85 for parents, and specificity (correct identification of typical learners) is .90 for teachers and .83 for parents. Cost effective. The SLS helps you screen effectively at a lower cost than comparable tools on the market. Simple scoring: The 12-item rating scale section of the SLS incorporates descriptive statements that are rated on a scale of 1 to 7 from not good to very good. The first eight items on the scale ask about core language and literacy abilities that represent the 2 language levels x 4 language modalities assessed with TILLS. When teachers or parents rate more than two areas on items 1-8 as less than 5, SLS screening results indicate the student is at risk and needs further assessment. Perfect for use with TILLS!: The SLS is an ideal companion to the groundbreaking TILLS test, which assesses oral and written language skills in students ages 6—18 years. Gather teacher and parent ratings for whole classes of students with the SLS, and if results indicate that a student is at risk, follow up with TILLS assessment and other forms of language/literacy assessment. What's in this kit?: One SLS User's Manual One gummed tablet of 50 TILLS™ Student Language Scale forms One SLS Quick Start Guide with basic instructions on administering and scoring

The knowledge of the morphofunctional features from the coronary microcirculation is essential for understanding its role in cardiac physiological work and in the pathogenesis of coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD). The cardiovascular system comprises the heart and blood vessels, including arteries, veins, and capillaries, both systemic and pulmonary. Arterioles are the primary site of vascular resistance and have only one to two layers of smooth muscular walls. Chapter One will provide an overview of the coronary microcirculation, its functions and regulatory mechanisms. The importance of CMD will be summarised in the context of diverse clinic scenarios, considering its pathogenesis, assessment and therapeutic management. The purpose of Chapter Two is to understand the role of arteriolar endothelial dysfunction in CVDs and its underlying mechanisms. Chapter Three will explore the physiopathology, epidemiology, and the diagnosis and treatment of hypertensive retinopathy. Chapter Four reports on angiogenesis, a critical process for reproduction in mammals, which consists of arterioles and blood vessels formation from the existing ones.

This pocket reference guide covers the routine and special tests audiologists must conduct and interpret in their practices. Disorders such as nonorganic hearing loss, middle and inner ear disorders, and systemic disorders are covered with a separate chapter set aside for audiogram examples are covered in the middle section. The final chapter is devoted to medical referral decision-making criteria.The audiologist that has this handy guide in his or her pocket will have a valuable and quick reference for every day audiologic diagnosis and referral!Key features:*Concise and approachable outline format for quick reference*Small size for ease of portability*Over 75 figures and tables to enhance the content

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is increasingly being used amongst health practitioners in combating a variety of diseases. This book reviews the current state of development of PDT, and also presents the foreseeable advancements of the field in the next decade. Practitioners in biological sciences, biotechnology and medicinal and pharmaceutical chemistry will find this book an invaluable source of information. Chapters are drawn from research discussed at the 10th International Symposium on Photodynamic Therapy and Photodiagnosis in Clinical Practice in Brixen and are written and edited by leaders in the field. Mirroring the philosophy of that meeting, this book contains an informative balance of the basic science and clinical applications of PDT. Following an introduction to PDT, its history, and how techniques have developed, chapters serve as a practical guide for practitioners, covering topics such as sensitizer dosage and light dosage, and examples of relevant studies. The text goes further to explore areas outside the medical field, such as the impact of PDT on society and the environment, and the economics of therapies. This book is dedicated to the memory of Professor Giulio Jori, an expert in this field, who sadly passed away on the 23rd December 2014.

This book is written for the primary care clinician to help update knowledge of pediatric endocrinology (with an emphasis on diabetes) from both ancient and modern times. The current and future shortage of pediatric endocrinologists necessitates steady, rejuvenated information on diabetes and other endocrine disorders for primary care clinicians as they care for the child and adolescent with complex endocrine dilemmas and disorders. In view of this shortage and the rapidly increasing knowledge in pediatric diabetes as well as understanding indications for referral to pediatric endocrinologists in the 21st century, au courant assiduous information aimed at primary care clinicians in these areas becomes increasingly important.

Psoriasis is a common, non-infectious, chronic inflammatory skin disease characterised by distinctive erythematous plaques that multiply and scale over with silvery patches. Psoriasis can affect any cutaneous site and is frequently found on the extensor skin surface of elbows and knees, scalp and sacral regions. Psoriasis is also associated with systemic conditions, including psoriatic arthritis, Crohns disease and lymphoma. This book discusses the epidemiology, diagnosis and management strategies of psoriasis. Chapter One provides an overview of the challenging medical condition. Chapter Two discusses the possible factors raised by literature as main contributors to sleep disturbances and its correlation to psoriasis. Chapter Three gives an overview of the current results where blood plasma thermal changes have been detected by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) technique on psoriatic patients with different clinical stages, and monitored patients with no symptoms to patients with serious symptoms. Chapter Four discusses psoriasis treatment that targets the IL-23/Th17 axis. Chapter Five reviews natural health products for managing psoriasis.

Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) is the most common leukemia in the western world, seen mostly in the elderly age-group and has a very variable clinical outcome. Traditionally considered an indolent, antigen inexperienced leukemia of slowly accumulating cells that do not die, researchers now acknowledge that CLL cells are highly proliferative, antigen experienced cells that have a high cell turnover and a subset show an aggressive clinical course. The onset of the disease is usually asymptomatic; only abnormalities in whole blood count such as leukocytosis with lymphocytosis are found. Nowadays, CLL is diagnosed more often at an early, asymptomatic stage due to more frequent routine blood tests. More advanced stages are characterized by lymphadenopathy, hepatomegaly/splenomegaly, recurrent infections, weakness, pallor and hemorrhagic diathesis, and general symptoms such as weight loss, fever and night sweats are observed. This book reviews the diagnosis, treatment options and prognosis of CLL.

This book discusses the diagnosis, treatment and management of liver disease. Chapter One reviews hepatic hydatidosis. Chapter Two explores the diagnosis, natural history, and management for patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC). Chapter Three discusses scientific evidence that explains the relationship between metabolic syndrome, non- alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and psoriasis and the treatment strategy for this co-morbid condition. Chapter Four examines the pathophysiology and treatment of liver cirrhosis. Chapter Five reviews surgical strategies to push up resection limits in liver disease and liver failure after surgery.

In this issue an impressive group of contributors at the forefront of sedation research has been assembled to provide endoscopists and dedicated nursing personnel alike a comprehensive review of important topics in the field sedation and analgesia. A discussion on the pharmacology and agents used to provide moderate and deep sedation provides the basic framework that is a crucial element in determining the driving force behind the developments in sedation and analgesia. An evidence-based approach on the use of unsedated endoscopy is also provided. Other topics included the use of propofol, patient-controlled sedation and analgesia, extended physiologic monitoring, risk management, and quality assurance as they apply to the spectrum of sedation in the endoscopy suite. Sedation and analgesia in the pediatric patient is also addressed.

The topics covered in this issue, an update from what was first published in the Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics in 2008, reflect the fact that NOTES is seeing a resurgence in popularity. Now, eight years later, there is more data to confirm safety, to look at the best options for using natural orifices, and to talk about optimal training scenarios. The Guest Editor has enlisted some of the top experts on NOTES to contribute articles devoted to Seminal Developments: SM Tunnel Technique; Peroral Endoscopic Myotomoy (POEM); Submucosal Tumor Endoscopic Resection; Endoscopic Full Thickness Resection; Submucosal Tunneling for NOTES Procedures Beyond Resection; Pyloromyotomy; New NOTES: Western Perspective; and Why Did the Old NOTES Fail: Lessons Learned that can Guide New NOTES Development.

Widely regarded as a standard clinical resource, this book helps practitioners think outside the mental health box and recognize when a client may need a medical evaluation. Part I provides an accessible overview of symptoms that can be observed in a standard mental status examination and may point to medical illness. Engaging case vignettes and interviewing pointers help readers hone their diagnostic skills. Part II presents concise facts--including basic medical information and physical and mental symptoms--on more than 60 diseases and syndromes. An easy-to-read chart in Part III cross-tabulates all of the disorders and symptoms for quick reference and comparison. New to This Edition *Reflects more than 15 years of advances in medical and mental health knowledge. *Updated throughout for DSM-5. *Additional medical disorders: celiac disease, traumatic brain injury, heavy-metal toxicity, and others. *Updated links to further reading on each health condition. Winner (First Place)--American Journal of Nursing Book of the Year Award, Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing Category

Publisher's Note: Products purchased from Third Party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product. The ultimate case-based study guide based on the most popular annual resource in internal medicine-now updated CURRENT Medical Diagnosis and Treatment Study Guide facilitates your analysis of test cases and enhances your recall of internal medicine topics, making it invaluable preparation for any internal medicine examination. This study-enhancing resource covers over 30 core topics that encompass essentials, conditions, presentations, treatment approaches, and diseases seen by general practitioners in the inpatient and outpatient settings. The study guide utilizes content from CMDT to provide a case-based application that tests key concepts in clinical reasoning, clinical problem-solving, and recognition of essential clinical facts. The second edition of CURRENT Medical Diagnosis and Treatment Study Guide is extensively updated and examines the most fundamental issues you need to know to succeed on the clerkship shelf exam in Internal Medicine. The study guide includes an expanded format for a more formal and in-depth review and is perfect for instructors utilizing the main CMDT text. Features case-based coverage of 80 must-know diseases and disorders, from skin and hematologic disorders to infectious disorders For each topic, the study guide includes learning objectives; an expanded list of questions to prompt case analysis; a more detailed emphasis on signs and symptoms, lab findings, imaging studies, and medications; additional discussions on therapeutic procedures and outcomes; and full references