Written by the leading expert in UK petroleum economics, this study provides a new, unique, in-depth analysis of the development of British policies towards the North Sea oil and gas industry from the early 1960s to the early 1980s.

Drawing on full access to the UK Government s relevant archives, Alex Kemp examines the thinking behind the initial legislation in 1964, the early licensing arrangements and the events leading up to the boundary delimitation agreements with Norway and other adjacent North Sea countries. He explains the debate in the later 1960s about the appropriate role of the state in the exploitation of the gas and oil resources, the prolonged negotiations resulting in the early long-term gas contracts, and the continuing debate on the role of the state following the large oil discoveries in the first half of the 1970s resulting in the formation of BNOC (British National Oil Corporation). The debate leading up to the introduction of, and subsequent increase in, the Petroleum Revenue Tax is fully explained as is the introduction of Supplementary Petroleum Duty. The author also outlines the debates around interventionist depletion policies and on how the oil revenues should best be utilised.

The Official History of North Sea Oil and Gas will be of much interest to students of North Sea oil and gas, energy economics, business history, and British politics, as well as to petroleum professionals and policymakers."

This book is for energy auditors or retrofitters, whether they work in the weatherization program or in the private arena, and is intended to help them prepare for several certifications. These include programs with BPI, RESNET-HERS, DOE/NREL, and AEE (Association of Energy Engineers). The material in this book contains industry procedures and techniques and is intended to be an educational resource. Topics covered include the house as a system, the auditor s tools, weatherization, sealants, insulation and barriers, retrofitting, heating and cooling, baseload, and new construction. A number of additional appendices are included to provide the reader with valuable information in the performance of a residential energy audit. "

An essential addition to the Earthscan Planning & Installing series, Planning and Installing Micro-Hydro Systems provides vital diagrams, pictures and tables detailing the planning and installing of a micro-hydro system, including information on the maintenance and economics once an installation is running. The book covers subjects such as measuring head and flow, ecological impacts, scheme layouts, practical advice, calculations and turbine choice. Archimedes screws are also covered in detail, as well as the main conventional choices relevant to small sites.

Micro-hydro refers to hydropower systems with a power rating of 100kW or less. A 100kW system will produce 100 standard units of electricity in one hour. These systems have been popular in some sparsely populated or mountainous countries for a number of years, but now new technology, less stringent regulation of grid connected generators and standardised turbine designs are encouraging more widespread interest in micro-hydro in the developed world.

The renewable energy sector is growing at a remarkable rate, and whilst much attention has so far focused on solar and wind technologies, Europe and elsewhere have great potential for generating power from small scale hydroelectric installations.

This book is aimed at site owners, designers and consultants who are looking to develop schemes in the micro-hydro scale 5 to 100kW although the concepts are applicable to smaller and larger schemes."

Written by the leading expert in the history of UK energy, this study provides new, in-depth analysis of the development of UK petroleum policies towards the North Sea oil and gas industry from the early 1960s to the early 1980s.

Following on from volume I (The Growing Dominance of the State) to discuss the more recent history of the North Sea oil and gas industry, here Alex Kemp offers new insights into developments in the industry. The controversial decisions to raise gas prices to consumers and to introduce the Gas Levy are discussed, while the thinking behind the gradual reduction in taxation - including the abolition of SPD (Supplementary Petroleum Duty) and the removal of royalties on new developments - is fully explained. The various options considered to reduce the powers of BNOC (British National Oil Corporation), then privatise its upstream assets, and finally to abolish the state company altogether are fully discussed, as is the thinking leading up to the privatisation of the British Gas Corporation in 1986. This volume also sheds light on the development of policies onshore, particularly the role of the OSO (Offshore Supplies Office), and the response of British industry to the North Sea opportunity. Finally, the evolution of policies relating to health, safety, decommissioning, and the environment over the whole period of the study are examined.

The Official History of North Sea Oil and Gas will be of interest to students of North Sea oil and gas, energy economics, business history, and British politics, as well as to petroleum professionals and policymakers.

"The Mechanics of Mechanical Watches and Clocks" presents historical views and mathematical models of mechanical watches and clocks. Although now over six hundred years old, mechanical watches and clocks are still popular luxury items that fascinate many people around the world. However few have examined the theory of how they work as presented in this book. The illustrations and computer animations are unique and have never been published before.
It will be of significant interest to researchers in mechanical engineering, watchmakers and clockmakers, as well as people who have an engineering background and are interested in mechanical watches and clocks. It will also inspire people in other fields of science and technology, such as mechanical engineering and electronics engineering, to advance their designs.
Professor Ruxu Du works at the Chinese University of Hong Kong, China. Assistant Professor Longhan Xie works at the South China University of Technology, China.

Minor bodies in the Solar System, though representing only a small fraction of the mass in the Solar System, may well play a fundamental role in terrestrial evolution. This book contains investigations of the dynamics and physics of comets, asteroids and meteor streams, and the rather controversial topic of periodic phenomena in the Solar System as signified by geological records, together with several associated developments in celestial dynamics. All these problems are interwoven. This book makes a contribution towards unravelling the nature of the interactions between the Earth and its celestial environment.

The landscape for implementing energy efficient projects is rapidly changing and the need for energy project financing has never been greater. This book provides the key success factors for structuring a finance energy project and getting it approved by top management. Part I covers the need for financing as well as the basic concepts. Part II covers some practical applications of financing such as performance contracts, power purchase agreements and other items like PACE financing. Part III contains articles that have helped many engineers get more projects implemented as they include information that can be used to present projects and get them approved.

As country after country around the world embraces the idea of self-funding energy efficiency, an energy performance contracting (EPC) model emerges and then changes to meet local needs. This book captures this rapidly changing landscape and offers valuable insights into this fascinating industry. The authors have brought together the best of in-country experts from nearly 60 countries to share their insights as to what makes EPC successful in their specific environments. In telling their story, they also reveal some exciting new overseas market opportunities and provide the most complete insight available into the ESCO world.

This book presents the basic elements of Analytical Mechanics, starting from the physical motivations that favor it with respect to the Newtonian Mechanics in Cartesian coordinates. Rather than presenting Analytical Mechanics mainly as a formal development of Newtonian Mechanics, it highlights its effectiveness due to the following five important achievements: 1) the most economical description of time evolution in terms of the minimal set of coordinates, so that there are no constraint forces in their evolution equations; 2) the form invariance of the evolution equations, which automatically solves the problem of fictitious forces; 3) only one scalar function encodes the formulation of the dynamics, rather than the full set of vectors which describe the forces in Cartesian Newtonian Mechanics; 4) in the Hamiltonian formulation, the corresponding evolution equations are of first order in time and are fully governed by the Hamiltonian function (usually corresponding to the energy); 5) the emergence of the Hamiltonian canonical algebra and its effectiveness in simplifying the control of the dynamical problem (e.g. the constant of motions identified by the Poisson brackets with the Hamiltonian, the relation between symmetries and conservations laws, the use of canonical transformations to reduce the Hamiltonian to a simpler form etc.). The book also addresses a number of points usually not included in textbook presentations of Analytical Mechanics, such as 1) the characterization of the cases in which the Hamiltonian differs from the energy, 2) the characterization of the non-uniqueness of the Lagrangian and of the Hamiltonian and its relation to a "gauge" transformation, 3) the Hamiltonian formulation of the Noether theorem, with the possibility that the constant of motion corresponding to a continuous symmetry of the dynamics is not the canonical generator of the symmetry transformation but also involves the generator of a gauge transformation. In turn, the book's closing chapter is devoted to explaining the extraordinary analogy between the canonical structure of Classical and Quantum Mechanics. By correcting the Dirac proposal for such an explanation, it demonstrates that there is a common Poisson algebra shared by Classical and Quantum Mechanics, the differences between the two theories being reducible to the value of the central variable of that algebra.

Completely revised, this second edition of a bestseller explores the latest technology advancements and the many changes and developments in the utility and environmental regulation areas. It includes new information on the state of deregulation and market pricing as well as discussion of smart grid and other emerging programs. The environmental sections reflect the current emphasis on greenhouse gas emissions and carbon management, updates to CAAA regulations and timelines and the latest developments in the use and control of refrigerants.

This monograph discusses the essential principles of the evaporationprocess by looking at it at the molecular and atomic level. In the first part methods of statistical physics, physical kinetics andnumerical modeling are outlined including the Maxwell's distributionfunction, the Boltzmann kinetic equation, the Vlasov approach, and theCUDA technique. The distribution functions of evaporating particles are then defined.Experimental results on the evaporation coefficient and the temperaturejump on the evaporation surface are critically reviewed and compared tothe theory and numerical results presented in previous chapters. The book ends with a chapter devoted to evaporation in differentprocesses, such as boiling and cavitation.This monograph addressesgraduate students and researchers working on phase transitions andrelated fields.

After decades of research, physicists now know how to detect Einstein's gravitational waves. Advanced gravitational wave detectors, the most sensitive instruments ever created, will be almost certain of detecting the births of black holes throughout the Universe. This book describes the physics of gravitational waves and their detectors. The book begins by introducing the physics of gravitational wave detection and the likely sources of detectable waves. Case studies on the first generation of large scale gravitational wave detectors introduce the technology and set the scene for a review of the experimental issues in creating advanced detectors in which the instrument's sensitivity is limited by Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. The book covers lasers, thermal noise, vibration isolation, interferometer control and stabilisation against opto-acoustic instabilities. This is a valuable reference for graduate students and researchers in physics and astrophysics entering this field.

Engineering Separations Unit Operations for Nuclear Processing provides insight into the fundamentals of separations in nuclear materials processing not covered in typical texts. This book integrates fuel cycle and waste processing into a single, coherent approach, demonstrating that the principles from one field can and should be applied to the other. It provides historical perspectives on nuclear materials processing, current assessment and challenges, and how past challenges were overcome. It also provides understanding of the engineering principles associated with handling nuclear materials. This book is aimed at researchers, graduate students, and professionals in the fields of chemical engineering, mechanical engineering, nuclear engineering, and materials engineering.

The Electric Power Engineering Handbook, Third Edition updates coverage of recent developments and rapid technological growth in crucial aspects of power systems, including protection, dynamics and stability, operation, and control. With contributions from worldwide field leaders edited by L.L. Grigsby, one of the world s most respected, accomplished authorities in power engineering this reference includes chapters on:

Content includes a simplified overview of advances in international standards, practices, and technologies, such as small-signal stability and power system oscillations, power system stability controls, and dynamic modeling of power systems. Each book in this popular series supplies a high level of detail and, more importantly, a tutorial style of writing and use of photographs and graphics to help the reader understand the material. This resource will help readers achieve safe, economical, high-quality power delivery in a dynamic and demanding environment. Volumes in the set:
K12642 Electric Power Generation, Transmission, and Distribution, Third Edition (ISBN: 9781439856284)
K12648 Power Systems, Third Edition (ISBN: 9781439856338)
K13917 Power System Stability and Control, Third Edition (9781439883204)
K12650 Electric Power Substations Engineering, Third Edition (9781439856383)
K12643 Electric Power Transformer Engineering, Third Edition (9781439856291)
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Nobody knows - and just about nobody knows that nobody knows. How something so pervasive can also be so mysterious, and how that mystery can be so wholly unrecognised outside the field of physics, is one of the greatest conundrums in modern science. But as award-winning author Richard Panek shows in this ground breaking, mind-bending book, gravity is a cold case that's beginning to heat up. In The Trouble with Gravity, Panek invites the reader to experience this ubiquitous yet elusive force in a breathtakingly new way. Gravity, Panek explains, structures not only our bodies and our physical world, but also our minds and culture. From our very beginnings, humans' conceptions of gravity have been inextricably bound to our understanding of existence itself. As we get closer and closer to solving the riddle of gravity, it is not only physics that is becoming clearer. We are also getting to know ourselves as never before.

This book presents an introduction into the entire science of Continuum Mechanics in three parts. The presentation is modern and comprehensive. Its introduction into tensors is very gentle. The book contains many examples and exercises, and is intended for scientists, practitioners and students of mechanics.

Completely revised and updated, this ninth edition of a bestseller covers both management and technical strategies which can be used to slash energy costs by as much as 40% in industrial facilities. It covers cogeneration, gas distributed generation technologies, steam system optimization, geothermal heat pumps, energy outsourcing, electricity purchasing strategies, and power quality case studies. It supplies ready-to-apply guidelines for life cycle costing, electrical system optimization, lighting and HVAC system efficiency improvement, mechanical and process system performance, building energy loss reduction, financing energy projects, and more.

This book presents a modern continuum mechanics and mathematical framework to study shell physical behaviors, and to formulate and evaluate finite element procedures. With a view towards the synergy that results from physical and mathematical understanding, the book focuses on the fundamentals of shell theories, their mathematical bases and finite element discretizations. The complexity of the physical behaviors of shells is analysed, and the difficulties to obtain uniformly optimal finite element procedures are identified and studied. Some modern finite element methods are presented for linear and nonlinear analyses. In this Second Edition the authors give new developments in the field and - to make the book more complete - more explanations throughout the text, an enlarged section on general variational formulations and new sections on 3D-shell models, dynamic analyses, and triangular elements. The analysis of shells represents one of the most challenging fields in all of mechanics, and encompasses various fundamental and generally applicable components. Specifically, the material presented in this book regarding geometric descriptions, tensors and mixed variational formulations is fundamental and widely applicable also in other areas of mechanics.

Designed as a supplement to the unparalleled and traditional engineering textbooks written by "the maestro" Prof. Giovannozzi, this review of the notes and lessons crucial to Machine Construction courses and Industrial Engineering students allows for the utmost comprehension of the subject matter at a decrease in study time, an important contribution given the requirements of the new teaching regulations. This long-sought collection of notes helps students get the most out of the texts, supporting them above all in those areas where, by experience, they have the most difficulty. Beginning with current training needs, Mechanical Design reinforces the fundamentals of the design of mechanical components. It employs an analytical approach to the subjects based on algorithms from traditional calculus without extensive reference to more current methodologies. This gives students of the ability to use simple models and calculations that are reliably effective and helpful at times when more complicated algorithms or well-known commercial programs need to be used. Emphasizing logical and analytical thinking, students start by analyzing the physical problem with the most appropriate schematic and end with a constructional definition of the component in need of planning. Typical Machine Construction course subjects/modules occupy the greater part of this book (mechanical system component planning), but two preliminary sections enhance its appeal: the methodological set-up of the project (traditional or more recent developments), and the project criteria that take into account environmental concerns. To comply with the requirements of the new teaching regulations, the principal materials tests and simple stress states are outlined prior to the study of fatigue, which refers to fine-tuning methods developed at Catania's Faculty of Engineering. Two useful appendices group tables of the general properties of metallic materials, and there are various applications whose theoretical methods and tools are applied to the planning of real mechanical systems.

The upcoming decrease and possible elimination of the use of fossil fuels will be a result of the ongoing imperative to make existing uses of electricity efficient and practical. This book guides the reader toward electrification with explanations on the concept of electrification and of CO2 reductions through expanded end-use applications of electricity. Topics covered include electric cars; airport, seaport, railroad and mining electrification; industrial uses of electricity in a variety of processes; residential building use of electricity; enhancing energy efficiency and demand response.