Fluctuations in scattered waves limit the performance of imaging and remote sensing systems that operate on all wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum. To better understand these fluctuations, Modeling Fluctuations in Scattered Waves provides a practical guide to the phenomenology, mathematics, and simulation of non-Gaussian noise models and discusses how they can be used to characterize the statistics of scattered waves. Through their discussion of mathematical models, the authors demonstrate the development of new sensing techniques as well as offer intelligent choices that can be made for system analysis. Using experimental results and numerical simulation, the book illustrates the properties and applications of these models. The first two chapters introduce statistical tools and the properties of Gaussian noise, including results on phase statistics. The following chapters describe Gaussian processes and the random walk model, address multiple scattering effects and propagation through an extended medium, and explore scattering vector waves and polarization fluctuations. Finally, the authors examine the generation of random processes and the simulation of wave propagation. Although scattered wave fluctuations are sources of information, they can hinder the performance of imaging and remote sensing systems. By providing experimental data and numerical models, this volume aids you in evaluating and improving upon the performance of your own systems.

The volumes in this set, originally published between 1931 and 1997, make major contributions to applied climatology. They include environmental debates about greenhouse gases, ozone, acid rain and land, water and air pollution and discuss: The economic, social, political and strategic implications of weather and climate The health & prosperity future generations The economics of a green economy Sustainable security, poverty and inequitable land distribution And will be of interest to decision makers in agriculture, economics and business, politicians

The development of Nigeria's oil industry is examined comprehensively in this book, originally published in 1984. It charts the changing course of her economy and examines the dramatic effect oil has had on Nigeria's domestic and international policies. Oil has enabled her to command a powerful position in African affairs and within OPEC itself, but at the same time, has held back other forms of economic development. Nigeria's future in the oil industry, as well as in related fields such as gas, is assessed both in the light of her former policies and in the changing world economy. This book will be of interest to all concerned in the oil industry, international finance or world power politics.

Metallic Glass-Based Nanocomposites: Molecular Dynamics Study of Properties provides readers with an overview of the most commonly used tools for MD simulation of metallic glass composites and provides all the basic steps necessary for simulating any material on Materials Studio. After reading this book, readers will be able to model their own problems on this tool for predicting the properties of metallic glass composites. This book provides an introduction to metallic glasses with definitions and classifications, provides detailed explanations of various types of composites, reinforcements and matrices, and explores the basic mechanisms of reinforcement-MG interaction during mechanical loading. It explains various models for calculating the thermal conductivity of metallic glass composites and provides examples of molecular dynamics simulations. Aimed at students and researchers, this book caters to the needs of those working in the field of molecular dynamics (MD) simulation of metallic glass composites.

In this invaluable book, macroscopic irreversible thermodynamics is presented in its realm and its splendor by appealing to the notion of internal variables of state. This applies to both fluids and solids with or without microstructures of mechanical or electromagnetic origin. This unmatched richness of essentially nonlinear behaviors is the result of the use of modern mathematical techniques such as convex analysis in a clear-cut framework which allows one to put under the umbrella of "irreversible thermodynamics" behaviors which until now have been commonly considered either not easily covered, or even impossible to incorporate into such a framework.The book is intended for all students and researchers whose main concern is the rational modeling of complex and/or new materials with physical and engineering applications, such as those accounting for coupled-field, hysteresis, fracture, nonlinear-diffusion, and phase-transformation phenomena.

The petrochemical industry is a scientific and engineering field that encompasses the production of a wide range of chemicals and polymers. The purpose of this book is not only to provide a follow-on to form the later chapters of the highly successful Chemistry and Technology of Petroleum 5th Edition but also provides a simplified approach to a very diverse chemical subject dealing with the chemistry and technology of various petroleum and petrochemical process. Following from the introductory chapters, this book provides the readers with a valuable source of information containing insights into petrochemical reactions and products, process technology, and polymer synthesis. Provides readers with a valuable source of information containing insights into petrochemical reactions and products, process technology, and polymer synthesis Introduces the reader to the various petrochemical intermediates are generally produced by chemical conversion of primary petrochemicals to form more complicated derivative products The reactions and processes involved in transforming petroleum-based hydrocarbons into the chemicals that form the basis of the multi-billion dollar petrochemical industry are reviewed and described The book includes information on new process developments for the production of raw materials and intermediates for petrochemicals Includes a description of the origin of the raw materials for the petrochemicals industry - including an overview of the coal chemicals industry

The NABCEP PV Installation Professional (PVIP) Exam is the gold standard certification exam for PV professionals and is famously difficult to pass. As the industry grows and jobs have become more specialized, the Board has responded to this with NABCEP Specialist Certification Exams. As well as the content of the PVIP, this book also covers the material in the Design, Installer and Commissioning & Maintenance Specialist Certification Exams, and provides test-taking strategy that can be used to most effectively study for and pass these assessments. Code and theory is explained in the first half of this guide, acting as a useful background for the second half, which consists of practice exam questions and answers, complete with detailed explanations. It also contains essential strategy tools, short-term memory tips and recommended reading which will be invaluable for anyone studying for the exams. The material covered in this book is not limited to those taking the test, but will also act as a valuable tool for career progression, helping the reader to work safely with code-compliant PV systems. This second edition has been fully revised and updated to reflect the new developments in solar and energy storage systems and new technologies.

Over a decade ago the World Petroleum Council launched an initiative to hold an international professional youth forum. The first forum took place in October 2004 in China, and had as its motto: "Young people and innovations are the future of the oil industry." It was the first major event in the history of the WPC in which young professionals and academics had the leading role, and had the opportunity to exchange their ideas in insights on the oil and gas industry with industry leaders and main representatives of the oil and gas industry. Since then, issues of professional development and the disclosure of the creative potential of young industry professionals have been on the agenda of the World Petroleum Council as one of the key areas for the development of international cooperation focused on a strategic perspective. The Future Leaders Forum of the World Petroleum Council VI is the largest international platform for professional communication of young specialists in the oil and gas industry. The contributions in this book are much of interest to professionals and scientists interested or involved in the oil and gas industry or related areas.

This is a book on the dissipative dynamics of ordered fluids, with a particular focus on liquid crystals. It covers a whole range of different theories, mainly concerned with nematic liquid crystals in both their chiral and nonchiral variants. The authors begin by giving a detailed account of the molecular origins of orientational order in fluids. They then go on to develop a general framework in which continuum theories for ordered fluids can be phrased. Within this unified setting, they cover both well-established classical theories and new ones with aspects that are not yet completely settled. The book treats a wide range of hydrodynamic theories for liquid crystals, from the original 1960s works by Ericksen and Leslie to new, fast-developing ideas of liquid crystal science. The final chapter is devoted to nematoacoustics and its applications. Old experiments on the propagation of ultrasound waves in nematic liquid crystals are interpreted and explained in the light of a new theory developed within the general theoretical infrastructure proposed in the body of the book. This book is intended both for graduate students and professional scholars in mathematics, physics, and engineering of advanced materials. It delivers a solid framework for liquid crystal hydrodynamics and shows the unifying concepts at the basis of the classical theories. It illustrates how these concepts can also be applied to a wide variety of modern topics. Andre M. Sonnet is in the Department of Mathematics and Statistics at the University of Strathclyde, Glasgow (Scotland) and Epifanio G. Virga is in the Department of Mathematics at the University of Pavia (Italy). They have a long history of working together in liquid crystal science and have contributed, in particular, to the theories of defects and biaxial nematics.

In the course of the development of electromagnetic, weak and strong interactions, the concept of (internal) gauge invariance grew up and established itself as an unavoidable dynamical principle in particle physics. It is less known that the principle of equivalence, and the basic dynamical properties of the gravitational interaction can also be expressed as a (spacetime) gauge symmetry. Gravitation and Gauge Symmetries sheds light on the connection between the intrinsic structure of gravity and the principle of gauge invariance, which may lead to a consistent unified field theory. The first part of the book gives a systematic account of the structure of gravity as a theory based on spacetime gauge symmetries. Some basic properties of space, time, and gravity are reviewed in the first, introductory chapter. The next chapter deals with elements of global Poincar nd conformal symmetries, which are necessary for the exposition of their localizations; the structure of the corresponding gauge theories of gravity is explored in chapters 3 and 4. Then, in chapters 5 and 6, we present the basic features of the constrained Hamiltonian of Poincar auge theory, discuss the relation between gauge symmetries and conservation laws, and introduce the concept of gravitational energy and other conserved quantities. The second part of the book explores the most promising attempts to build a unified field theory containing gravity, on the basis of the gauge principle. The author presents the possibility to constrict the theory of gravity as a nonlinear field theory in flat spacetime. The final chapters yield an exposition of the ideas of supersymmetry and supergravity, Kaluza-Klein theory, and string theory. Gravitation and Gauge Symmetries will be of interest to postgraduate students and researchers in gravitation, high energy physics and mathematical physics.

Working and living habits are changing rapidly. Increasingly we need low energy, low pollution, low waste, healthy buildings. Naturally responsive buildings are more likely to achieve these criteria. While there are many historical examples of successful naturally ventilated buildings, standards for indoor climate have tended to emphasize active, mechanical airflow systems rather than passive natural systems. Despite its importance, knowledge about the performance of naturally ventilated buildings has remained comparatively sparse. This text contains 10 key research papers on the subject. The design, construction and management of healthy buildings requires co-operation between professionals and the client - architects, engineers and facilities managers must work together to achieve the best results. This book should be useful as a reference for the professional and client alike, as well as for higher level undergraduate and postgraduate studies in building services engineering, architecture and architectural engineering, building design engineering and environmental engineering.

This introductory book offers a unique and unified overview of symplectic geometry, highlighting the differential properties of symplectic manifolds. It consists of six chapters: Some Algebra Basics, Symplectic Manifolds, Cotangent Bundles, Symplectic G-spaces, Poisson Manifolds, and A Graded Case, concluding with a discussion of the differential properties of graded symplectic manifolds of dimensions (0,n). It is a useful reference resource for students and researchers interested in geometry, group theory, analysis and differential equations.This book is also inspiring in the emerging field of Geometric Science of Information, in particular the chapter on Symplectic G-spaces, where Jean-Louis Koszul develops Jean-Marie Souriau's tools related to the non-equivariant case of co-adjoint action on Souriau's moment map through Souriau's Cocycle, opening the door to Lie Group Machine Learning with Souriau-Fisher metric.

Friction force microscopy is an important analytical tool in the field of tribology on the nanometer-scale. The contact area between the probing tip and the sample is reduced to some square nanometers, corresponding to the ideal of a single asperity contact. Traditional concepts, such as friction coefficients, adhesion and elasticity and stick-slip are re-examined with this novel technique. New concepts based upon classical and quantum mechanics are investigated.

Presenting current knowledge in the field of mudflows, this book includes both rheological mudflow aspects, and information on mudflow characteristics in open channels. It includes sections on:
A- physical properties of suspensions
A- shear rheometry with suspensions
A- rheology of clay-water mixtures
A- rheology of mud suspensions
A- gradually and rapidly varied free surface flows
Part of the IAHR Monograph Series, this informative book also includes fundamental equations for viscoplastic flows and provides the reader with helpful introductions to all the aspects it covers.

This book focusses on power quality improvement and enhancement techniques with aid of intelligent controllers and experimental results. It covers topics ranging from the fundamentals of power quality indices, mitigation methods, advanced controller design and its step by step approach, simulation of the proposed controllers for real time applications and its corresponding experimental results, performance improvement paradigms and its overall analysis, which helps readers understand power quality from its fundamental to experimental implementations. The book also covers implementation of power quality improvement practices. Key Features Provides solution for the power quality improvement with intelligent techniques Incorporated and Illustrated with simulation and experimental results Discusses renewable energy integration and multiple case studies pertaining to various loads Combines the power quality literature with power electronics based solutions Includes implementation examples, datasets, experimental and simulation procedures

This book considers the kinematics and dynamics of the flows of fluids exhibiting a yield stress. Continuum mechanics governing the fluid mechanics is described. Two chapters are dedicated to analytical solutions to several steady and unsteady flows of viscoplastic fluids, including flows with pressure-dependent rheological parameters. Perturbation methods, variational inequalities to solve fluid flow problems, and the use of energy methods are discussed. Numerical modeling using augmented Lagrangian, operator splitting, finite difference, and lattice Boltzmann methods are employed. The second edition provides new sections on flows of yield stress fluids with pressure-dependent rheological parameters, on flows with wall slip, and on deriving the fundamental equations for Boltzmann lattice materials. Furthermore new material on the lubrication approximation and applications of finite differences has been added.

Solids subjected to sufficiently large loads undergo plastic strain that does not vanish after unloading. Limit analysis is used to find out whether a given loading is safe against capacity loss due to intensive plastic deformation. Over the past 25 years, the theory and methods of limit analysis have undergone substantial development. This book gives a clear and complete presentation of the state of the art of limit analysis, including:

Since its inception some 40 years ago, petroleum-specific taxation in the UK has been subject to numerous modifications. Often these modifications were brought into place not only to sufficiently incentivise the investors but also to capture a fair share for the government. However, it is evident from the frequency of changes that finding the right balance between these two aims is no easy matter. Such a balance, and the consequent fiscal stability, is necessary for the long-term relationship between the parties to endure to their mutual benefit. Still, it does not take much for one or other party to feel that they are out of balance. As a consequence, one party feels that the other party is taking an undue proportion of the value generated and that they are losing out. Yet achieving that balance and fiscal stability is possible. To understand this possibility, this book first clarifies what is meant by sufficient incentivisation and fair share before developing a new fiscal system that manages this balance and stability. Such clarification yields objective criteria against which to assess not only the existing regime, but also the newly proposed regime. This approach is further complemented by the critical analysis of the fiscal legislative framework and the evaluation of the legal positions of specific contractual elements and mechanisms found within that framework. This latter analysis is important in order to reduce the legal uncertainty such elements may create, which can otherwise lead to further reactive amendments and revisions to the fiscal regime in the future.

This book provides a systematic and self-consistent introduction to the nonlinear continuum mechanics of solids, from the main axioms to comprehensive aspects of the theory. The objective is to expose the most intriguing aspects of elasticity and viscoelasticity with finite strains in such a way as to ensure mathematical correctness, on the one hand, and to demonstrate a wide spectrum of physical phenomena typical only of nonlinear mechanics, on the other.A novel aspect of the book is that it contains a number of examples illustrating surprising behaviour in materials with finite strains, as well as comparisons between theoretical predictions and experimental data for rubber-like polymers and elastomers.The book aims to fill a gap between mathematicians specializing in nonlinear continuum mechanics, and physicists and engineers who apply the methods of solid mechanics to a wide range of problems in civil and mechanical engineering, materials science, and polymer physics. The book has been developed from a graduate course in applied mathematics which the author has given for a number of years.

Nonlinear Dynamics: A Two-Way Trip from Physics to Math provides readers with the mathematical tools of nonlinear dynamics to tackle problems in all areas of physics. The selection of topics emphasizes bifurcation theory and topological analysis of dynamical systems. The book includes real-life problems and experiments as well as exercises and worked examples to test understanding.

Mathematical Modelling of Solids with Nonregular Boundaries demonstrates the use of asymptotic methods and other analytical techniques for investigating problems in solid mechanics. Applications to solids with nonregular boundaries are described in detail, providing precise and rigorous treatment of current methods and techniques. The book addresses problems in fracture mechanics of inhomogeneous media and illustrates applications in strength analysis and in geophysics. The rigorous approach allows the reader to explicitly analyze the stress-strain state in continuous media with cavities or inclusions, in composite materials with small defects, and in elastic solids with sharp inclusions. Effective asymptotic procedures for eigenvalue problems in domains with small defects are clearly outlined, and methods for analyzing singularly perturbed boundary value problems are examined.
Introductory material is provided in the first chapter of Mathematical Modelling of Solids with Nonregular Boundaries, which presents a survey of relevant and necessary information, including equations of linear elasticity and formulations of the boundary value problems. Background information - in the form of definitions and general solutions - is also provided on elasticity problems in various bounded and unbounded domains. This book is an excellent resource for students, applied scientists, and engineers.

Nineteenth-Century Energies explores the idea of 'energy', a concept central to new directions in interdisciplinary studies today. It examines the cultural perceptions and uses of energy in the nineteenth century - both in terms of pure and applied science, and as an idea with widespread diffusion in the popular imagination - in contributions by scholars drawing on a variety of fields, such as literature, philosophy, history, French studies, Latin American studies, cinema studies, and art history. These contributions explore the rise of insomnia as a recognized ailment, the role of guns and gun culture in the perception of human agency, the first uses of the barometer to predict massive cyclonic weather systems, and the hallucinatory, almost occult effects of radiant energy in early film. Exemplifying innovative research in twenty-first century academia, this volume also speaks to the wider cultural concerns of today's global citizen about the preservation and renewal of natural resources around the world; the emergence of devices and technologies that have both improved and impaired human life; the aggrandizement of nation-states around large technological systems; and the centrality of the image in our perception and absorption of contemporary culture. This book was originally published as a special issue of Nineteenth-Century Contexts.

Inelastic media constitute a rich source of interesting and important problems in theoretical, experimental and computationalmechanics. Signi?cantinsightshavebeengainedthroughstudiesofthemathematicalchar- teristics of new models. New constitutive theories have lead to variational and other formulations that are generally more complex, often highly nonlinear, and requ- ing new tools for their successful resolution. Likewise, there have been signi?cant advances of a computational nature, coupled to the development of new algorithms for solving such problems in discrete form. It is clear, therefore, that research in the broad area of inelastic media offers c- temporary investigators a range of challenges which are most fruitfully addressed througha combinationof theoretical, experimentaland computationalavenues.F- thermore, the ?eld is truly multidisciplinary in nature, drawing on the expertise of specialists in materials science, various branches of engineering, mathematics, and physics, and bene?ting from integrative approaches to the solution of problems. The objective of the IUTAM Symposium on Theoretical, Modelling and C- putational Aspects of Inelastic Media, held in Cape Town over the period 14-18 January 2008, was to provide a forum in which experts engaged in a spectrum of activities underthe theme of inelastic media could discussrecent developments, and also identify key open problem

Many textbooks on continuum mechanics plunge students in at the 'deep end' of three-dimensional analysis and applications. However a striking number of commonplace models of our physical environment are based entirely within the dynamics of a one-dimensional continuum. This introductory text therefore approaches the subject entirely within such a one-dimensional framework.The principles of the mathematical modeling of one-dimensional media constitute the book's backbone. These concepts are elucidated with a diverse selection of applications, ranging from tidal dynamics and dispersion in channels to beam bending, algal blooms, blood flow, and the greenhouse effect.The book is ideally suited to elementary undergraduate courses as it makes no use of multivariable calculus. A number of graded problems are included at the end of each section.

This book discusses recent findings and advanced theories presented at two workshops at TU Berlin in 2017 and 2018. It underlines several advantages of generalized continuum models compared to the classical Cauchy continuum, which although widely used in engineering practice, has a number of limitations, such as: * The structural size is very small. * The microstructure is complex. * The effects are localized. As such, the development of generalized continuum models is helpful and results in a better description of the behavior of structures or materials. At the same time, there are more and more experimental studies supporting the new models because the number of material parameters is higher.