This excellent volume covers a range of materials used for flexible electronics, including semiconductors, dielectrics, and metals. The functional integration of these different materials is treated as well. Fundamental issues for both organic and inorganic materials systems are included. A corresponding overview of technological applications, based on each materials system, is presented to give both the non-specialist and the researcher in the field relevant information on the status of the flexible electronics area.

A real boon for those studying fluid mechanics at all levels, this work is intended to serve as a comprehensive textbook for scientists and engineers as well as advanced students in thermo-fluid courses. It provides an intensive monograph essential for understanding dynamics of ideal fluid, Newtonian fluid, non-Newtonian fluid and magnetic fluid. These distinct, yet intertwined subjects are addressed in an integrated manner, with numerous exercises and problems throughout.

Semiconductor quantum dots represent one of the fields of solid state physics that have experienced the greatest progress in the last decade. Recent years have witnessed the discovery of many striking new aspects of the optical response and electronic transport phenomena. This book surveys this progress in the physics, optical spectroscopy and application-oriented research of semiconductor quantum dots. It focuses especially on excitons, multi-excitons, their dynamical relaxation behaviour and their interactions with the surroundings of a semiconductor quantum dot. Recent developments in fabrication techniques are reviewed and potential applications discussed. This book will serve not only as an introductory textbook for graduate students but also as a concise guide for active researchers.

Ion implantation is one of the key processing steps in silicon integrated circuit technology. Some integrated circuits require up to 17 implantation steps and circuits are seldom processed with less than 10 implantation steps. Controlled doping at controlled depths is an essential feature of implantation. Ion beam processing can also be used to improve corrosion resistance, to harden surfaces, to reduce wear and, in general, to improve materials properties. This book presents the physics and materials science of ion implantation and ion beam modification of materials. It covers ion-solid interactions used to predict ion ranges, ion straggling and lattice disorder. Also treated are shallow-junction formation and slicing silicon with hydrogen ion beams. Topics important for materials modification, such as ion-beam mixing, stresses, and sputtering, are also described.

Molecular-orbital calculations for materials design such as alloys, ceramics, and coordination compounds are now possible for experimentalists. Molecuar-orbital calculations for the interpretation of chemical effect of spectra are also possible for experimentalists. The most suitable molecular-orbital calculation method for these purpose is the DV-Xa method, which is robust in such a way that the calculation converges to a result even if the structure of the molecule or solid is impossible in the pressure and temperature ranges on earth. This book specially addresses the methods to design novel materials and to predict the spectralline shape of unknown materials using the DV-Xa molecular-orbital method, but is also useful for those who want to calculate electronic structures of materials using any kind of method.

In this special volume on polymer particles, recent trends and developments in the synthesis of nano- to micron-sized polymer particles by radical polymerization (Emulsion, Miniemulsion, Microemulsion, and Dispersion Polymerizations) of vinyl monomers in environmentally friendly heterogeneous aqueous and supercritical carbon dioxide fluid media are reviewed by prominent worldwide researchers. In addition to the important challenges and possibilities with regards to design and preparation of functionalized polymer particles of controlled size, the topics described are of great current interest due to the increased awareness of environmental issues.

The development of cryogenic devices for particle detection has reached a stage at which many interesting applications are conceivable and already have been demonstrated. The book provides a comprehensive review of the field of cryogenic particle detection. It introduces the different detection techniques and gives an overview of the important areas in which these detectors are successfully applied.

This book offers a comprehensive summary of experiments that are especially suited to reveal the order-parameter symmetry of unconventional superconductors. It briefly introduces readers to the basic theoretical concepts and terms of unconventional superconductivity, followed by a detailed overview of experimental techniques and results investigating the superconducting energy gap and phase, plus the pairing symmetry. This review includes measurements of specific heat, thermal conductivity, penetration depth and nuclearmagnetic resonance and muon-spin rotation experiments. Further, point-contact and tunnelling spectroscopy and Josephson experiments are addressed. Current understanding is reviewed from the experimental point of view. With an appendix offering five tables with almost 200 references that summarize the present results from ambient pressure heavy-fermion and noncopper-oxide superconductors, the monograph provides a valuable resource for further studies in this field.

This book is the ?rst of severalSolids volumes in theShock Wave Science and Technology Reference Library. These volumes are primarily concerned with high-pressure shock waves in solid media, including detonation, high-velocity impact, and penetration. Thisvolumecontainseightarticles.The?rstthreedescriberecent, exciting advancesinthreeexperimentalareas: ultrashortshockdynamicsattheatomic and molecular scale, very-high pressure equations of state measurements using the Z accelerator, and failure waves associated with impact failure of brittle solids. The subsequent four chapters are foundational, covering eq- tionsofstate, elastic plasticshockwaves, continuumplasticity, andnumerical methods. The ?nal article describes recent progress in mesoscale modeling of heterogeneous reactive solids. The articles are each self-contained, and can be read independently of each other, though, of course, they are thematically interrelated. They o?er a timely reference, for beginners as well as professional scientists and engineers, coveringboththefoundationsandnewviewpointsofshockwavesinsolids, and includeburgeoningdevelopments.Thefollowingaresupplementarycomments on some of the outstanding issues described in this volume. For many decades the primary signi?cance of shock wave research in solids has been the determination of high-pressure equations of state (EOS) for weapons analysis, geophysics and astrophysics applications, as well as mat- ials science focusing on the synthesis of ultra-hard materials such as diamo

Models should be as simple as possible, but no simpler. For the physics of polymeric liquids, whose relevant lengths and time scales are out of reach for first principles calculations, this means that we have to choose a minimum set of sufficiently detailed descriptors such as architecture (linear, ring, branched), connectivity, semiflexibility, stretchability, excluded volume, and hydrodynamic interaction. These 'universal' fluids allow the prediction of material properties under external flow- or electrodynamic fields, the results being expressed in terms of reference units, specific for any particular chosen material. This book provides an introduction to the kinetic theory and computer simulation methods needed to handle these models and to interpret the results. Also included are a number of sample applications and computer codes.

Magnetic control of the properties and the flow of liquids is a challenging field for basic research and for applications. This book is meant to be both an introduction to, and a state-of-the-art review of, this topic. Written in the form of a set of lectures and tutorial reviews, the book addresses the synthesis and characterization of magnetic fluids, their hydrodynamical description and their rheological properties. The book closes with an account of magnetic drug targeting.

In conventional color photography, spectral sensitizers cooperate with silver halide as acceptors of light during the exposure process, color developers reduce silver halide grains during the developing process, and finally the resulting oxidized developers react with couplers to form imaging dyes. Instant color photography gives us an alternative way of realizing excellent color reproduction, in which dyes changing their diffusibility play an important role. The aim of this book is to provide researchers and graduate students with a perspective on how such organic compounds work in color photography and how seemingly miraculous techniques based on organic chemistry lead to color images of high quality. The readers will acquire the philosophy and learn from hints on how to develop functionalized organic compounds.

This book gives a fascinating picture of the state of the art in silicon photonics and a perspective on what can be expected in the near future. It is composed of a selected number of reviews authored by world leaders in the field and is written from both academic and industrial viewpoints. An in-depth discussion of the route towards fully integrated silicon photonics is presented. This book will be useful not only to physicists, chemists, materials scientists, and engineers but also to graduate students who are interested in the fields of microphotonics and optoelectronics.

Plasticity and Geotechnics is the first attempt to summarize and present in a single volume the major achievements in the field of plasticity theory for geotechnical materials and its applications to geotechnical analysis and design. The book emerges from the author's belief that there is an urgent need for the geotechnical and solid mechanics community to have a unified presentation of plasticity theory and its application to geotechnical engineering.

Gives a comprehensive and coherent account of the basic methods to characterize a solid through its interaction with an electromagnetic field.

Thin rare earth (RE) oxide films are emerging materials for microelectronic, nanoelectronic, and spintronic applications. The state-of-the-art of thin film deposition techniques as well as the structural, physical, chemical, and electrical properties of thin RE oxide films and of their interface with semiconducting substrates are discussed. The aim is to identify proper methodologies for the development of RE oxides thin films and to evaluate their effectiveness as innovative materials in different applications.

This volume presents a coherent and detailed description of the field, and brings together leaders in theoretical research. The book discusses today's state-of-the-art, as well as tomorrow 's tools: the supercell-pseudopotential method, the GW formalism, Quantum Monte Carlo, learn-on-the-fly molecular dynamics, finite-temperature treatments and more. A wealth of applications are included, from point defects to wafer bonding or the propagation of dislocation.

The aim of this NATO ASI has been to present an up-to-date overview of current areas of interest in amorphous materials. In order to limit the material to a manageable amount, the meeting was concerned exclusively with insulating and semiconducting materials. The lectures and seminars fill the gap between graduate courses and research seminars. The lecturers and seminar speakers were chosen as experts in their respective areas and the lectures and seminars that were given are presented in this volume. During the first week of the meeting. an emphasis was placed on introductory lectures, mainly associated with questions relating to the glass-formation and the structure of glasses. The second week focused more on research seminars. Each day of the meeting. about four posters were presented during the coffee breaks, and these formed an important focus for discussions. The posters are not reproduced in this volume as the editors wanted to have only larger contributions to make this volume more coherent. This volume is organized into four sections, starting with general considerations of the glass forming ability and techniques for the preparation of different kinds of glasses.

Modern fracture mechanics considers phenomena at many levels, macro and micro; it is therefore inextricably linked to methods of theoretical and mathematical physics. This book introduces these sophisticated methods in a straightforward manner. The methods are applied to several important phenomena of solid state physics which impinge on fracture mechanics: adhesion, defect nucleation and growth, dislocation emission, sintering, the electron beam effect and fractal cracks. The book shows how the mathematical models for such processes may be set up, and how the equations so formulated may be solved and interpreted. The many open problems which are encountered will provide topics for MSc and PhD theses in fracture mechanics, and in theoretical and experimental physics. As a supplementary text, the book can be used in graduate level courses on fracture mechanics, solid matter physics, and mechanics of solids, or in a special course on the application of fracture mechanics methods in solid matter physics.

This book contains most of the contributions presented at the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Nanowires, held at La Cristalera Residence Hall, Miraflores, Spain, from 23 through September 27, 1996. The workshop was co-directed by P. A. Serena and U. Landman. More than forty scientists from ten countries of Europe, the United States, and Japan attended this meeting and contributed with brilliant talks and stimulating discusions about their recent works. A total of thirty-three oral communications were given, covering the main part of topics related with the subject of the workshop. On one hand, a set of talks presented the theoretical basis of the conductance mechanisms in low dimensional systems, elaborated caIculations on the electronic structure and mechanical behavior of metallic nanowires, the role of defects and geometry in conductance, etc. On the other hand, from the experimental perspective, the contributions included the deeply study of the conductance quantization phenomenom, the analysis of conductance histograms, the study of the origin of the residual resistance, the presentation of different techniques of fabrication and manipulation of nanowires, the study of forces appearing in nanowires and their relation with the electronic conduction, etc. The motivation of the present workshop was to gather together scientists with differents ideas on these topics, to exchange points of view, establish the future lines in their research, and devise the role of nanowires in the future incoming nanoscale technologies. We hope that most of these points were successfully achieved.

The state-of-the-art of quantum transport and quantum kinetics in semiconductors, plus the latest applications, are covered in this monograph. Since the publishing of the first edition in 1996, the nonequilibrium Green function technique has been applied to a large number of new research topics, and the revised edition introduces the reader to many of these areas. This book is both a reference work for researchers and a self-tutorial for graduate students.

During thelastthreedecadesmanynewaswellasextendedclassesoforganic andinorganicmaterials, someofwhichbeingofhybridtype, havebeensynthe sized. Amongthemarethosethecontributorsofthisbookaredealingwith. In parallel to this, new technologies have been developed such as active matrix addressed liquid crystal displays (TFT-LCD), new types of sensors like ther mographic sheets employed in science, industry and medicine, organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs), SQUIDs etc. At the same time the techniques for characterizing both the materials and technological products have become very fast and highly precise. For example, today measuring a dielectric spec trum over a broadfrequency rangewith a high density of experimentalpoints per decade requires a few minutes time, sometimes just a few seconds, but before it would have taken weeks or even months. Nowadays one is able to create an enormous amount of data points but there is a real problem how to reach the real message, the truth? Toanswersuchquestions, aftersomeyearsofaverye?cientandsuccessful bilateral co-operation between our two research groups in Darmstadt and in Cracow, in the early 1990s an idea appeared to discuss all such intriguing problems with our colleagues and friends from many countries in the friendly atmosphere of the nice vacation resort of Zakopane in the Tatra Mountains. Therefore our ?rst workshop was organized there in 1993 and repeated at the same place in 1995 and 2000, interchanged with Darmstadt in 1998 and ?nally again in 2002. These kinds of meetings were well received as shown by the participation of the leading scientists in the ?eld of materials science and by graduate students and postdoctoral fellows from all over the world."

Selected modern aspects of artificially layered structures and bulk materials involving antiferromagnetic long-range order are the main themes of this book. Special emphasis is laid on the prototypical behavior of Ising-type model systems. They play a crucial role in the field of statistical physics and, in addition, contribute to the basic understanding of the exchange bias phenomenon in MBE-grown magnetic heterosystems. Throughout the book, particular attention is given to the interplay between experimental results and their theoretical description, ranging from the famous Lee-Yang theory of phase transitions to novel mechanisms of exchange bias.

This volume offers an overview of the growth of shaped crystals (oxides, fluorides, etc.) by the micro-pulling-down technique. Both melt and solution (flux) growth are considered. The advantages and disadvantages of the method are discussed in detail and compared with related crystal-growth processes. The authors attempt to give a practical introduction to this technique, thereby also explaining how its application can help to solve problems commonly encountered in other melt-growth methods.

The IFIP World Computer Congress (WCC) is one of the most important conferences in the area of computer science and a number of related Human and Social Science disciplines at the worldwide level and it has a federated structure, which takes into account the rapidly growing and expanding interests in this area. Human-Computer Interaction is now a mature and still dynamically evolving part of this area, which is represented in IFIP by the Technical Committee 13 on HCI. We are convinced that in this edition of WCC, which takes place for the first time in Italy, it will be interesting and useful to have a Symposium on Human- Computer Interaction in order to present and discuss a number of contributions in this field. There has been increasing awareness among designers of interactive systems of the importance of designing for usability, but we are still far from having products that are really usable, and usability can mean different things depending on the application domain. We are all aware that too many users of current technology feel often frustrated because computer systems are not compatible with their abilities and needs with existing work practices. As designers of tomorrow technology, we have the responsibility of creating computer artefacts that would permit better user experience with the various computing devices, so that users may enjoy more satisfying experiences with information and communications technologies.