Dr. Boris Medovar, a member of the Soviet Academy of Sciences, is a promi nent member of the E.O. Paton Electric Welding Institute in Kiev, one of the pre-eminent institutes of the USSR. The Paton Institute, internationally famous for its entrepreneurial efforts in electrical welding processes, is also famous for its application of electrically based processes in melting and remelting of high alloy and high-temperature materials. These include the ESR (electroslag re melting) process, the ESC (electroslag casting) process, skull remelting based on electron-beam processes, plasma arc processes, and electric arc processes. Along with the ESR process for ingot production is the commercial plasma arc remelt process for specialty steels, particularly where high nitrogen contents may be desired, as in austenitic stainless steels. Major industrial centers are now scattered throughout the USSR and are a major factor in high-alloy, high strength, low- and high-temperature materials. The ESR process was developed in response to the Western development of the VAR (vacuum arc remelting) process for producing very highly alloyed materials during the growth period of the jet engine age. The V AR and ESR processes utilize different purification and refinement processes that are extremely critical in very highly, complexly alloyed superalloys and high-speed tool steels. In water-cooled remelt systems, they also achieve relatively rapid (directional) solidification, minimizing segregation and coarse phase separation of undesir able impurity elements or elements that tend to form coarse brittle phases."

Nanoscale Science and Technology summarizes six years of active research sponsored by NATO with the participation of the leading experts. The book provides an interdisciplinary view of several aspects of physics at the atomic scale. It contains an overview of the latest findings on the transport of electrons in nanowires and nanoconstrictions, the role of forces in probe microscopy, the control of structures and properties in the nanometer range, aspects of magnetization in nanometric structures, and local probes for nondestructive measurement as provided by light and metal clusters near atomic scales.

Macroscopic physics provides us with a great variety of pattern-forming systems displaying propagation phenomena, from reactive fronts in combustion, to wavy structures in convection and to shear flow instabilities in hydrodynamics. These proceedings record progress in this rapidly expanding field. The contributions have the following major themes: - The problems of velocity selection and front morphology of propagating interfaces in multiphase media, with emphasis on recent theoretical and experimental results on dendritic crystal growth, Saffman-Taylor fingering, directional solidification and chemical waves. - The "unfolding" of large-scale, low-frequency behavior in weakly confined homogeneous systems driven far from equilibrium, and more specifically, the envelope approach to the mathematical description of textures in different cases: steady cells, propagating waves, structural defects, and phase instabilities. - The implications of the presence of global downstream transport in open flows for the nature, convective or absolute, of shear flow instabilities, with applications to real boundary layer flows or shear layers, as reported in contributions covering experimental situations of fundamental and/or engineering interest.

The motion of a particle in a random potential in two or more dimensions is chaotic, and the trajectories in deterministically chaotic systems are effectively random. It is therefore no surprise that there are links between the quantum properties of disordered systems and those of simple chaotic systems. The question is, how deep do the connec tions go? And to what extent do the mathematical techniques designed to understand one problem lead to new insights into the other? The canonical problem in the theory of disordered mesoscopic systems is that of a particle moving in a random array of scatterers. The aim is to calculate the statistical properties of, for example, the quantum energy levels, wavefunctions, and conductance fluctuations by averaging over different arrays; that is, by averaging over an ensemble of different realizations of the random potential. In some regimes, corresponding to energy scales that are large compared to the mean level spacing, this can be done using diagrammatic perturbation theory. In others, where the discreteness of the quantum spectrum becomes important, such an approach fails. A more powerful method, devel oped by Efetov, involves representing correlation functions in terms of a supersymmetric nonlinear sigma-model. This applies over a wider range of energy scales, covering both the perturbative and non-perturbative regimes. It was proved using this method that energy level correlations in disordered systems coincide with those of random matrix theory when the dimensionless conductance tends to infinity.

The 13th International Conference on Low Temperature Physics, organized by the National Bureau of Standards, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, and the University of Colorado, was held in Boulder, Colorado, August 21 to 25, 1972, and was sponsored by the National Science Foundation, the U. S. Army Office of Scientific Research, the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission, the U. S. Navy Office of Naval Research, the International Institute of Refrigeration, and the Internation al Union of Pure and Applied Physics. This international conference was the latest in a series of biennial conferences on low temperature physics, the first of which was held at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1949. (For a complete list of previous L T conferences see p. viii. Many of these past conferences have been coordinated and sponsored by the Commission on Very Low Temperatures of IUPAP. Subsequent LT conferences will be scheduled triennially beginning in 1975. LT 13 was attended by approximately 1015 participants from twenty five countries. Eighteen plenary lectures and 550 contributed papers were presented at the Conference. The Conference began with brief introductory and welcoming remarks by Dr. R. H. Kropschot on behalf of the Organizing Committee, Professor J. Bardeen on behalf of the Commission on Very Low Temperatures of the IUP AP, and Pro fessor O. V. Lounasmaa on behalf of the International Institute of Refrigeration. The eighth London Award was then presented by Professor E."

This monograph covers phenomena of deformation and machining of granular media: macroscopic particles of different size, shape, and surface properties which typically exhibit behavior similar to fluids, as well as the behavior of solids under deformation. The book analyses the behavior of granular media in soils, rocks and stones, metals and various synthetic materials, presenting a theoretical description, applications and understanding of basic phenomena in granular matter.

Since the original publication of Noncontact Atomic Force Microscopy in 2002, the noncontact atomic force microscope (NC-AFM) has achieved remarkable progress. This second treatment deals with the following outstanding recent results obtained with atomic resolution since then: force spectroscopy and mapping with atomic resolution; tuning fork; atomic manipulation; magnetic exchange force microscopy; atomic and molecular imaging in liquids; and other new technologies. These results and technologies are now helping evolve NC-AFM toward practical tools for characterization and manipulation of individual atoms/molecules and nanostructures with atomic/subatomic resolution. Therefore, the book exemplifies how NC-AFM has become a crucial tool for the expanding fields of nanoscience and nanotechnology.

In 1931 Vrey, Brickwedde, and Murphy discovered the hydrogen isotope deuterium. The isotopic enrichment was found to arise from the fact that the electrolysis oflight water is faster than of heavy water [1,2]. This success showed that although different isotopes of an element behave identically from a chemical standpoint the different isotopic masses nevertheless lead to both isotope effects on equilibrium as well as on rate constants of chemical reactions. Soon, ratios of equilibrium constants of isotopic reactions were called "equilibrium isotope effects" (EIE), ratios of isotopic rate constants "kinetic isotope effects" (KIE). Isotope effects have been found to be especially large for those elements which are directly involved in bond breaking and bond formation during the reaction studied [3]. Such effects are, therefore, referred to as "primary". Isotopic substitution in atomic sites which maintain all chemical bonds with their neighbors during the reaction of interest leads then only to smaller "secondary" isotope effects. Because of the unique mass relation between the different hydrogen isotopes hydrogen/deuterium isotope effects are particularly large and have attracted most attention. The largest contributions to these effects arise from changes in the vibrational frequencies of the reactants. The theory of equilibrium isotope effects has been founded by Vrey [4] and Bigeleisen [5,6] and has widely been accepted [3].

The International Winter School on Electronic Properties of Polymers and Re- lated Compounds, held March 11-18, 1989, in Kirchberg (Austria), was a sequel to two meetings on similar subjects held there two and four years be- fore. The 1989 winter school was again organized in cooperation with the "Bundesministerium flir Wissenschaft und Forschung" in Austria, and with the "Bundesministerium fUr Forschung und Technologie" in the Federal Republic of Germany. The basic idea of the meeting was to provide an opportunity for experienced scientists from universities and industry to discuss their most recent results and for students and young scientists to become familiar with the present status of research and applications in the field. Like the previous winter schools, this one concentrated on the electronic structure and application potentialities of polymers. A purely tutorial contribu- tion on high-temperature supercondutors was included. Special attention was paid this time to our present theoretical understanding of the electronic struc- ture of polymers in general, the role of disorder and the nature of the doping process in particular. Accordingly, two discussion meetings were held on the stability of quasiparticles in conjugated polymers and on the thermochromic phase transition in alkylated thiophenes. As a general result, disorder and con- jugation length were recognized as fundamental properties, not only for the stability of the quasiparticles but also for linear and nonlinear optics, transport, phototransport, magnetic properties, lattice dynamics, etc.

X-Ray Scattering from Surfaces and Interfaces; R.A. Cowley. Scanning Tunneling Microscopy; H. Niehus. Atomistic Simulations of Surfaces and Interfaces; S. Foiles. Theory of Electron States at Surfaces and Interfaces; M. Schluter. Embedding for Surfaces and Interfaces; J.E. Inglesfield. Magnetic Phase Transitions at and Between Interfaces; B.L. Gyorffy, C. Walden. Surfaces and Magnetic Effects in Core Level Photoemission; P.J. Durham. Low Energy Ion Scattering at Extremely Low Ion Doses; R.G. van Welzenis, et al. X-Ray and Light Scattering Studies of Electrode Surfaces and Interfaces; C.A. Melendres. Point to Point Resolution in Scanning Auger Electron Spectroscopy at High-Energy Primary Beam Energies for Surface and Interface Analysis; A.G. Nassiopoulos, N.M. Glezos. Volume and Interfacial Properties of Metal/Rare Earth Oxide/Metal Structures; T. Wiktorczyk. The Real-Space Multiple-Scattering Theory; E.C. Sowa, et al. 10 additional articles. Index.

Thus far in the history of biology, two, and only two, fundamental principles have come to light that pervade and unify the entire science-the cell theory and the concept of evolution. While it is true that recently opened fields of inves tigation have given rise to several generalizations of wide impact, such as the universality of DNA and the energetic dynamics of ecology, closer inspection reveals them to be part and parcel of either of the first two mentioned. Because in the final analysis energy can act upon an organism solely at the cellular level, its effects may be perceived basically to represent one facet of cell me tabolism. Similarly, because the DNA theory centers upon the means by which cells build proteins and reproduce themselves, it too proves to be only one more, even though an exciting, aspect of the cell theory. In fact, if the matter is given closer scrutiny, evolution itself can be viewed as being a fundamental portion of the cell concept, for its effects arise only as a consequence of changes in the cell's genetic apparatus accumulating over geological time. Or, if one wishes, the diametrically opposite standpoint may be taken. For, if current concepts of the origin of life hold any validity, the evolution of precellular organisms from the primordial biochemicals must have proceeded over many eons of time prior to the advent of even the most primitive cell."

The second volume of Condensed Matter Theories contains the proceedings of the 10th International Workshop held at Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, U.S.A. during the week of July 21, 1986. The workshop was attended by high-energy, nuclear and condensed-matter physicists as well as materials scientists. This diverse blend of participants was in keeping with the flavor of the previous workshops. This annual series of international workshops was"started in 1977 in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Subsequent'workshops were held in Trieste (Italy), Buenos Aires (Argentina), Caracas (Venezuela), Altenberg (West Germany), Granada (Spain), and San Francisco (U.S.A.). What began as a meeting of the physicists from the Western Hemisphere has expanded in the last three years into an international conference of scientists with diverse interests and backgrounds. This diversity has promoted a healthy exchange of ideas from different branches of physics and also fruitful interactions among the participants. The present volume is a continuation of the effort started last year when the invited papers from the 9th International Workshop were published by Plenum Press. Our only trepidation in organizing a book of this kind stemmed from the diversity of the material, which did not lend itself easily to well-defined topics. Still, the articles are loosely divided into eight categories, where the papers in each category have either a common theme or the same underlying technique.

Strutural Analysis of Point Defects in Solids introduces the principles and techniques of modern electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy essentialfor applications to the determination of microscopic defect structures. Investigations of the microscopic and electronic structure, and also correlations with the magnetic propertiesof solids, require various multiple magnetic resonance methods, such as ENDOR and optically detected EPR or ENDOR. This book discusses experimental, technological and theoretical aspects of these techniques comprehensively, from a practical viewpoint, with many illustrative examples taken from semiconductors and other solids. The nonspecialist is informed about the potential of the different methods, while the researcher faced with the task of determining defect structures isprovided with the necessary tools, together with much information on computer-aided methods of data analysis and the principles of modern spectrometer design.

Carbon has always been a unique and intriguing material from a funda mental standpoint and, at the same time, a material with many technological uses. Carbon-based materials, diamond, graphite and their many deriva tives, have attracted much attention in recent years for many reasons. Ion implantation, which has proven to be most useful in modifying the near surface properties of many kinds of materials, in particular semiconductors, has also been applied to carbon-based materials. This has yielded, mainly in the last decade, many scientifically interesting and technologically impor tant results. Reports on these studies have been published in a wide variety of journals and topical conferences, which often have little disciplinary overlap, and which often address very different audiences. The need for a review to cover in an integrated way the various diverse aspects of the field has become increasingly obvious. Such a review should allow the reader to get an overview of the research that has been done thus far, to gain an ap preciation of the common features in the response of the various carbon to ion impact, and to become aware of current research oppor allotropes tunities and unresolved questions waiting to be addressed. Realizing this, and having ourselves both contributed to the field, we decided to write a review paper summarizing the experimental and theoretical status of ion implantation into diamond, graphite and related materials."

There have been many significant advances in time-dependent density functional theory over recent years, both in enlightening the fundamental theoretical basis of the theory, as well as in computational algorithms and applications. This book, as successor to the highly successful volume Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory (Lect. Notes Phys. 706, 2006) brings together for the first time all recent developments in a systematic and coherent way.

First, a thorough pedagogical presentation of the fundamental theory is given, clarifying aspects of the original proofs and theorems, as well as presenting fresh developments that extend the theory into new realms-such as alternative proofs of the original Runge-Gross theorem, open quantum systems, and dispersion forces to name but a few. Next, all of the basic concepts are introduced sequentially and building in complexity, eventually reaching the level of open problems of interest. Contemporary applications of the theory are discussed, from real-time coupled-electron-ion dynamics, to excited-state dynamics and molecular transport. Last but not least, the authors introduce and review recent advances in computational implementation, including massively parallel architectures and graphical processing units. Special care has been taken in editing this volume as a multi-author textbook, following a coherent line of thought, and making all the relevant connections between chapters and concepts consistent throughout. As such it will prove to be the text of reference in this field, both for beginners as well as expert researchers and lecturers teaching advanced quantum mechanical methods to model complex physical systems, from molecules to nanostructures, from biocomplexes to surfaces, solids and liquids.

"From the reviews of LNP 706: "

"This is a well structured text, with a common set of notations and a single comprehensive and up-to-date list of references, rather than just a compilation of research articles. Because of its clear organization, the book can be used by novices (basic knowledge of ground-state DFT is assumed) and experienced users of TD-DFT, as well as developers in the field." (Anna I. Krylov, Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 129 (21), 2007)

"This book is a treasure of knowledge and I highly recommend it. Although it is a compilation of chapters written by many different leading researchers involved in development and application of TDDFT, the contributors have taken great care to make sure the book is pedagogically sound and the chapters complement each other ...]. It is highly accessible to any graduate student of chemistry or physics with a solid grounding in many-particle quantum mechanics, wishing to understand both the fundamental theory as well as the exponentially growing number of applications. ...] In any case, no matter what your background is, it is a must-read and an excellent reference to have on your shelf."

Amazon.com, October 15, 2008, David Tempel (Cambridge, MA)"

In the continuing quest to explore structure and to relate struc tural organization to functional significance, the scientist has developed a vast array of microscopes. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) represents a recent and important advance in the development of useful tools for investigating the structural organization of matter. Recent progress in both technology and methodology has resulted in numerous biological publications in which the SEM has been utilized exclusively or in connection with other types of microscopes to reveal surface as well as intracellular details in plant and animal tissues and organs. Because of the resolution and depth of focus presented in the SEM photograph when compared, for example, with that in the light microscope photographs, images recorded with the SEM have widely circulated in newspapers, periodicals and scientific journals in recent times. Considering the utility and present status of scanning electron microscopy, it seemed to us to be a particularly appropriate time to assemble a text-atlas dealing with biological applications of scanning electron microscopy so that such information might be presented to the student and to others not yet familiar with its capabilities in teaching and research. The major goal of this book, therefore, has been to assemble material that would be useful to those students beginning their study of botany or zoo logy, as well as to beginning medical students and students in advanced biology courses.

This volume contains papers presented at the Ninth International Conference on Ultrafast Phenomena held at Dana Point, CA, USA, from May 2 to 6, 1994. The biannual Ultrafast Phenomena Conferences provide a forum for discussion of the latest advances in ultrafast optics and applications in science and engineering. The vitality and excitement of the various disciplines sharing common interest in ultrafast phenomena were well represented at the meeting by the 438 participants from 18 countries, including 98 students. Cross-fertilization of ultrafast concepts and techniques among the various scientific and engineering disciplines continues to be the primary driving force behind this successful meeting. Progress was reported in the technology of generating ultrafast pulses, includ ing extensions in pulse width, output power, wavelength range, and intensity. Ultrafast spectroscopy continues to impact and expand the knowledge base of fundamental processes in physics, chemistry, biology, and engineering. A new series of lively, late-night panel discussions were introduced at this meeting, re flecting the maturing of the field into applications, while at the same time keeping a strong interest in fundamentals. Acknowledgements. Many people and organizations contributed to the success of this meeting. The members of the program committee deserve special thanks for reviewing all the papers and organizing the final program. The staff of the Opti cal Society of America very expertly took care of the conference arrangements."

A serendipitous discovery in nuclear physics has led to a useful tool in materials science. In the late 1950s, scientists at General Electric (among them the author) discovered that when mica is exposed to energetic charged particles (such as are emitted in radioactive decay or occur in cosmic rays), the particles leave latent tracks in the material. When such a material is chemically etched, the tracks are revealed as narrow, deep pits, whose size and shape is determined both by the particle that made the track and by the technique used in etching. It soon turned out that glass, plastics, or certain other materials can be similarly treated. This discovery paved the way not only for a new and useful method of measuring radioactivity, it has also found widespread applications in other fields, ranging from geology and materials science to archaeology and art history. Thus, for example, naturally produced tracks can be used to estimate the age of a mineral deposit or an archaeological material; and deliberately produced tracks can be used to make extremely fine filters. Fleischer presents the history of these developments and discusses the applications of the technique in a way that will be interesting to anyone with a minimal knowledge of physics.

The NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Signal Processing and Pattern Recognition in Nondestructive Evaluation (NOE) of Materials was held August 19-22, 1987 at the Manoir St-Castin, Lac Beauport, Quebec, Canada. Modern signal processing, pattern recognition and artificial intelligence have been playing an increasingly important role in improving nondestructive evaluation and testing techniques. The cross fertilization of the two major areas can lead to major advances in NOE as well as presenting a new research area in signal processing. With this in mind, the Workshop provided a good review of progress and comparison of potential techniques, as well as constructive discussions and suggestions for effective use of modern signal processing to improve flaw detection, classification and prediction, as well as material characterization. This Proceedings volume includes most presentations given at the Workshop. This publication, like the meeting itself, is unique in the sense that it provides extensive interactions among the interrelated areas of NOE. The book starts with research advances on inverse problems and then covers different aspects of digital waveform processing in NOE and eddy current signal analysis. These are followed by four papers of pattern recognition and AI in NOE, and five papers of image processing and reconstruction in NOE. The last two papers deal with parameter estimation problems. Though the list of papers is not extensive, as the field of NOE signal processing is very new, the book has an excellent collection of both tutorial and research papers in this exciting new field.

Since the discovery of high temperature superconductivity, a tidal wave of res earch into the newly found phenomena took off in several directions. The theor ists began to examine BSC and its implications. Mostly everyone was syn thesizing materials.The experimentalists were studying relations among electri cal and magnetic properties while the pure materials scientists began to exam ine the microstructures, and the relations of processing to one or two measurab le parameters. The engineering and systems community were preparing real conductors and designing the needed components. Each of the communities was holding between two and three annual meetings to discuss most recent re sults. As work progressed, and promised applications did not materialize, it became apparent to us that the physics and materials science communities needed to establish solid communication lines. This NATO Advanced Study Institute was thus conceived and organized. This was a two week summer school, which 15 internationally acclaimed physicists and material scientists were invited to par ticipate in the capacity of Lecturers. Eighty students, from 12 different countries, also attended."

Structural organization or disorganization in macromolecular systems has been an important subject of polymer physical chemistry during the last one or two decades. This volume summarizes the main lectures presented at the Osaka University Macromolecular Symposium OUMS '98 on Molecular Interactions and Time-Space Organization in Macromolecular Systems, where the following topics were discussed:crystallization kinetics, liquid crystals, phase separation, gelation, adhesion, complex formation, and self-organization, with emphasis on molecular interactions. Both these topics are hot issues at present and frequently are taken up as a main theme at a particular symposium. The present symposium invited leading theorists and experimentalists in these fields as guest speakers and is expected to attract the interest of a significant range of readers.

On first acquaintance the electric arc discharge appears to be both visually attractive and a relatively simple phenomena to understand. To those of us engaged in prolonged study of this discharge, it remains a constantly exciting phenomena but we become only too aware of its complex nature and the difficulties in interpreting its bulk properties. This is particu larly true when the arc exists in a practical device and is subjected therefore to extreme conditions. In recent years the possibilities for the beginning of a fuller understanding of the complexities of the arc has arisen out of the excellent research and development work of scientists and engineers throughout the world. Much of this work has been stimulated not only by the need for the development of practical devices but also by the interest in thermonuclear fusion, mag netohydrodynamic generation and space exploration. In much of this work, the arc discharge has been a common feature as a source of study of high temperature plasma. As a result of this increased interest in the arc, the expert and would-be expert is now faced with the problem of assessing extensive newly published information on arc properties. Thus there is the need for texts which present to the engineer and researcher a review and summary of the present situation. This book is a valuable contribution to this task."

Braden and his coauthors give a comprehensive overview of the use of polymers and polymer composites as dental materials. These comprise polyelectrolyte based materials, elastomers, glassy and crystalline polymers and fibres. Such materials are used in dentistry as restorative materials, hard and soft prostheses, and impression materials. The chemistry of materials is reviewed, together with mechanical, thermal, visco-elastic and water solution properties. These properties are related to clinical performance, with emphasis on some of the difficulties inherent in developing materials for oral use. Indications are given of possible future developments.

Developments in experimental methods are providing an increasingly detailed understanding of shock compression phenomena on the bulk, intermediate, and molecular scales. This third volume in a series of reviews of the curent state of knowledge covers several diverse areas. The first group of chapters addresses fundamental physical and chemical aspects of the response of condensed matter to shock comression: equations of state, molecular-dynamic analysis, deformation of materials, spectroscopic methods. Two further chapters focus on a particular group of materials: ceramics. Another chapter discusses shock-induced reaction of condensed-phase explosives. And a final pair of chapters considers shock phenomena at low stresses from the point of view of continuum mechanics.

Isolated Cells and Perfused Organs 1. O. Kaplan, P.C.M. van Zijl, J.S. Cohen, Washington, DC/USA NMR Studies of Metabolism of Cells and Perfused Organs Individual Nuclei 2. S.R. Williams, London, UK In Vivo Proton Spectroscopy: Experimental Asoects and Potential 3. N. Beckmann, Basel, Switzerland In Vivo 13C Spectroscopy in Humans 4. M.J.W. Prior, R.J. Maxwell, J.R. Griffiths, London, UK Fluorine - 19F NMR Spectroscopy and Imaging In Vivo 5. J.S. Ingwall, Boston, MA/USA Measuring Cation Movements Across the Cell Wall Using NMR Spectroscopy: Sodium Movements in Striated Muscle 6. M. Rudin, A. Sauter, Basel, Switzerland In Vivo Phosphorus-31 NMR: Potential and Limitations