The International Workshop on Coherent Control of Carrier Dynamics in Semiconductors was held May 19 to 22, 1998 at the University of Illinois at Chicago. Its intent was to bring together an international and interdisciplinary group of scientists to discuss recent progress, pertinent problems, and open questions in the field of coherent control in atoms, molecules, and semiconductors, in particular. Twenty-seven scientists from the physical chemistry, quantum optics, semiconductor, electrical engineering, and laser communities accepted our invitation and made this event a meeting of exciting presentations and vivid discussions. This volume contains the proceedings of this workshop. Most speakers accepted our invitation to provide a manuscript either on specific aspects of their work or a brief review of their area of research. All manuscripts were reviewed. It is hoped that they provide not merely an overview of most of the issues covered during the workshop, but also represent an account of the current state of coherent control in general. Hence, it is hoped that they are also of interest to a large number of scientists active in one of the areas listed above. The organizers of this workshop would like to thank all the participants for making this meeting a complete success. We are particularly indebted to Dr. Larry R. Cooper at the U.S. Office of Naval Research and Dr.

This volume contains a collection of review articles that are extended versions of invited lectures given at the First Pamporovo Winter Workshop on Cooperative Phe nomena in Condensed Matter held in villa "Orlitza" (7th-15th March 1998, Pamporovo Ski Resort, Bulgaria). Selected research works reported at the Workshop have been published in the Journal of Physical Studies - a new International Journal for research papers in experimental and theoretical physics (Lviv University, Lviv, Ukraine). These reviews are supposed to be status reports and present new insights gained from the rapidly developing research of outstanding problems in condensed matter physics such as structural properties and phase transitions in fullerene crystals, super conductivity ofstrongly interacting electrons in copper oxides, spin polarized Fermi liq uids, chaotic vortex filaments in superfluid turbulent Helium-II, desorption induced by electronic transitions in ionic compounds, fluctuation phenomena in superconductors, and quantum critical phenomena in low dimensional magnets and quantum liquids. We have set the material according to the alphabetic order of authors' names although the high temperature superconductivity seems to be the hard kernel in condensed matter physics. The authors have taken care to present the recent advances in their research in a form which is readable and useful not only to experts in the respective field, but also to young scientists. That is why the lectures include a comprehensive introduction to the matter and also an extended discussion of methodical details.

Advances in nanoscale science show that the properties of many materials are dominated by internal structures. In molecular cases, such as window glass and proteins, these internal structures obviously have a network character. However, in many partly disordered electronic materials, almost all attempts at understanding are based on traditional continuum models. This workshop focuses first on the phase diagrams and phase transitions of materials known to be composed of molecular networks. These phase properties characteristically contain remarkable features, such as intermediate phases that lead to reversibility windows in glass transitions as functions of composition. These features arise as a result of self-organization of the internal structures of the intermediate phases. In the protein case, this self-organization is the basis for protein folding. The second focus is on partly disordered electronic materials whose phase properties exhibit the same remarkable features. In fact, the phenomenon of High Temperature Superconductivity, discovered by Bednorz and Mueller in 1986, and now the subject of 75,000 research papers, also arises from such an intermediate phase. More recently discovered electronic phenomena, such as giant magnetoresistance, also are made possible only by the existence of such special phases. This book gives an overview of the methods and results obtained so far by studying the characteristics and properties of nanoscale self-organized networks. It demonstrates the universality of the network approach over a range of disciplines, from protein folding to the newest electronic materials.

Cluster science studies the transition from atomic, and molecular physics or chemistry to the science and technology of condensed matter. Two main topics from this large field will be emphasized in this second volume of Atomic and Molecular Clusters. After an Introduction, Chap. 2 deals mainly with molecular clusters, how they react to positive or negative charges (Sect. 2.1 to 2.5), how they decompose and how they can be charged (Sect. 2.6 and 2.7), and how one can do chemistry with them (2.8 and 2.9). Clusters in contact with a macroscopic medium are treated in Chap. 3. It is from this domain that one can expect possible new applications of cluster science. The optical spectra of silver clusters in a dielectric medium are discussed in Sect. 3.1. Their properties have since long been used unknowingly to stain glass windows. Large clusters floating in an ambient pressure gas are called aerosols (Sect. 3.2). Their properties can be used to monitor air pollution. Development of a photographic film is due to supported silver clusters in a liquid environment (Sect. 3.3). Large semiconductor clusters, also called "quantum dots," have novel optical and electronic properties (Sect. 3.4). The optical properties of large clusters, in general, are reviewed in Sect. 3.5, and properties of clusters supported on clean surfaces are discussed in Sect. 3.6.

This volume contains papers presented at the Tenth International Conference on Ultrafast Phenomena held at Del Coronado, California, from May 28 to June 1, 1996. The biannual Ultrafast Phenomena Conferences provide a forum for the discussion of the latest advances in ultrafast optics and their applications in science and engineering. The Ultrafast Phenomena Conference maintains a broad international representation with 391 participants from 18 countries, including 94 students attending the conference. The multidisciplinary character of this meeting provides a cross-fertilization of ultrafast concepts and techniques among various scientific and engineering disciplines. The enthusiasm of the paticipants, the originality and quality of the papers that they presented, and the beautiful conference site combined to produce a very successful and enjoyable meeting. Progress was reported in the technology of generating ultrashort pulses, in cluding new techniques for improving laser-pulse duration, output power, wave length range, and compactness. Ultrafast spectroscopy continues to impact on and expand the knowledge base of fundamental processes in physics, chemistry, biol ogy and engineering. In addition ultrafast phenomena now extends to real-world applications in biology, high-speed communication, and material diagnostics. The Tenth Ultrafast Phenomena Conference was highlighted by a 'special event' in which the developments of the previous conferences were reviewed in a panel discussion by G. Mourou, E. Ippen, A. Migus, A. Laubereau and R. Hochstrasser."

Superplasticity is shown to be a universal phenomenon in materials ranging from metals and intermetallics to ceramics. Superplastic deformation facilitates the production of materials with specifically chosen properties. This is illustrated using the examples of Mg-, Al-, and Ti-based commercial alloys, steels, and superalloys. Some of the strenghts of this book are: the broad range of materials studied, the reduction of scientific results to a form suitable for the practitioner, a profound physical analysis of the phenomenon, a new approach to superplastic treatment as a kind of strain-heat treatment, the presentation of new data on superplastic flow and on production techniques of micro- and submicrocrystalline structures.

The simplifications of band-structure calculations which are now referred to as linear methods were introduced by Ole K. Andersen almost ten years ago. Since then these ideas have been taken up by several workers in the field and translated into computer programmes that generate the band structure of almost any material. As a result, running times on computers have been cut by orders of magnitude. One of the strong motivations behind the original proposal was a desire to give the conventional methods' a physically meaningful content which could be understood even by the non-specialist. Unfortunately, this aspect of lin ear methods seems to have been less well appreciated, and most workers are content to use the latter as efficient computational schemes. The present book is intended to give a reasonably complete description of one particular linear method, the Linear Muffin-Tin Orbital (LMTO) method, without losing sight of the physical content of the technique. It is also meant as a guide to the non-specialist who wants to perform band-structure calculations of his own, for example, to interpret experimental results. For this purpose the book contains a set of computer programmes which allow the user to perform full-scale self-consistent band-structure calculations by means of the LMTO method. In addition, it contains a listing of self-con sistent potential parameters which, for instance, may be used to generate the energy bands of metallic elements."

Localization 1. C.S. Bosch, J.J.H. Ackerman, St. Louis, MO/USA SurfaceCoil Spectroscopy 2. P. Styles, Oxford, UK Rotating Frame Spectroscopyand Spectroscopic Imaging 3. P.A. Bottomley, Schenectady, NY/USA DepthResolved Surface Coil Spectroscopy (Dress) 4. R.J. Ordidge, J.A. Helpern, Detroit, MI/USA Image Guided Volume Selective Spectroscopy: A Comparison of Techniques for In-Vivo 31P NMR Spectroscopy of Human Brain 5. M. Decorps, D. Bourgeois, Grenoble, France Localized Spectroscopy Using Static Magnetic Field Gradients: Comparison of Techniques 6. J.A. den Hollander, P.R. Luyten, Ad J.H. Marien, Best, The Netherlands 1H NMR Spectroscopy and Spectroscopic Imaging of the Human Brain Spectral Editing and Kinetic Measurements 7. H.P. Hetherington, Birmingham, AL/USA Homo- and Heteronuclear Editing in Proton Spectroscopy 8. D. Freeman, R. Hurd, Fremont, CA/USA Metabolite Specific Methods Using Double Quantum Coherence Transfer Spectroscopy 9. B.A. Berkowitz, Research Triangle Park, NC/USA Two-Dimensional Correlated Spectroscopy In-Vivo 10. G. Navon, Tel Aviv, Israel; T. Kushnir, Tel Hashomer, Israel; N. Askenasy, O. Kaplan, Tel Aviv, Israel Two-Dimensional 31P-1H Correlation Spectroscopy in Intact Organs and Their Extracts 11. M. Rudin, A. Sauter, Basel, Switzerland Measurement of Reaction Rates In Vivo Using Magnetization Transfer Techniques

The methods of statistical physics have become increasingly important in recent years for the treatment of a variety of diverse physical problems. Of principal interest is the microscopic description of the dynamics of dissipative systems. Although a unified theoretical description has at present not yet been achieved, we have assumed the task of writing a textbook which summarizes those of the most important methods which are self-contained and complete in themselves. We cannot, of course, claim to have treated the field exhaustively. A microscopic description of physical phenomena must necessarily be based upon quantum theory, and we have therefore carried out the treatment of dynamic processes strictly within a quantum-theoretical framework. For this reason alone it was necessary to omit a number of extremely important theories which have up to now been formulated only in terms of classical statistics. The goal of this book is, on the one hand, to give an introduction to the general principles of the quantum statistics of dynamical processes, and, on the other, to provide readers who are interested in the treatment of particular phenomena with methods for solving specific problems. The theory is for the most part formulated within the calculational frame work of Liouville space, which, together with projector formalism, has become an expedient mathematical tool in statistical physics."

Since their inception more than 2.5 years ago, photon correlation techniques for the spatial, temporal or spectral analysis of fluctuating light fields have found an ever-widening range of applications. Using detectors which re spond to single quanta of the radiation field, these methods are intrinsically digital in natnre and in many experimental situations offer a unique degree of accuracy and sensitivity, not only for the study of primary light sources themselves, but most particularly in the use of a laser-beam probe to study light scattering from pure fluids, macromolecular suspensions and laminar or turbulent flowing fluids and gases. Following the earliest developments in laser scattering by dilute macro nl01ecular suspensions, in, ... hich particle sizing was the main aim, and the use of photon correlation techniques for laser-Doppler studies of flow and tnrbuence. both of which areas were the subject of NATO ASls in Capri, Italy in 19; 3 and 19;6. significant advances have be('n made in recent years in many other areas. These were reflected in the topics covered in this NATO Advanced Research Workshop, which took place from August 2;th to 30th, 1 ) }6, at the Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland. These in cluded ('xperimental techniques. statist.ics and data reduction, colloids and aggregation, polymers, gels, liquid crystals and mixtures, protein solutions, critical pllf'nomena and dense media."

Keynote and lectures from invited speakers given at the Se- cond Pacific Polymer Conference in Otsu, Japan, are collec- ted in this book. Eminent Polymer Scientists from both aca- demic and industrial fields around the Pacific Basin contri- buted on the following topics: - Polymer Synthesisand Ractions - Polymer Characterization - Structure-Property-Relationships - High Performance Polymers - Bio-Related Polymers With contributions by H.R. Allcock, R.G. Davidson, T. Inoue, Y.H. Kim, E.A. McCullough, J.E. McGrath, G.F. Meijs, T. Nishi, Y.Nishida, I. Noda, R.M. Nowak, M. Okamoto, R.E. Prud'homme, J.P. Riggs, D.N. Schulz, D.H. Solomon, J. Sunamoto, M. Takayanagi, a.o.

"Methods of the Classical Theory of Elastodynamics" deals not only with classical methods as developed in the past decades, but presents also very recent approaches. Applications and solutions to specific problems serve to illustrate the theoretical presentation. Keywords: Smirnov-Sobolev method with further developments; integral transforms; Wiener-Hopf technique; mixed boundary-value problems; time-dependent boundaries; solutions for unisotropic media (Willis method); 3-d dynamical problems for mixed boundary conditions.

Modern polymer materials are designed by applying principles of correlation between chemical structure, physical macrostructure and technological properties. Fundamentals of polymer physics are explained in this book without excessive use of calculations. Four main sections treat relaxation of polymers, melting and crystallization, the mechanism of deformation in thermoplastics, elastomers and multiphase systems, and thermodynamics of mixing and swelling of polymers and polymer networks. The book presents the theoretical models of polymer physics in a comprehensive style and relates their applicability to real polymer systems in terms of the available experimental observations.

In recent years it has been recognized that tundishes playa critical role in affecting the quality of the finished steel products. Furthermore, proper tundish design may be even more important in the development of the novel continuous casting pro cesses that are now in varying stages of realizatic)ll. Traditionally, physical modeling has played a key role in tundish design, but the recently evolved computational software packages, the readily accessible computa tional hardware, and, perhaps most important, the growing experience with tackling a broad range of computational fluid flow problems within a metallurgical context have made mathematical modeling an important factor in this field. Our aim in writing this book has been to bring realistic perspectives to tundish design. The main purpose is to provide a good physical understanding of what is happening in tundishes, together with a realistic discussion of topics that are still not quite clear. The process metallurgist active in this field has many tools at his or her disposal, including mathematical modeling, physical modeling, and measure ments on full plant-scale systems. In this monograph we seek to show how these ideas may be combined to provide a good basic understanding and, hence, an attempt at an optimal design."

Plastics are used worldwide in everyday life, e.g. as food packaging, electronics, construction, automotive parts, and household appliances. To produce these products with the desired service lifetimes the use of suitable stabilizers is necessary. This book provides a concise and comprehensive overview of the basic mechanisms of plastic degradation processes caused by heat and light. At its core is a detailed description of the stabilization of different polymers, including an explanation of stabilization mechanisms and the influence of commonly used additives such as fillers, flame retardents and pigments on the stability of plastic. Every polymer scientist, material technologist, or application engineer dealing with the design of the properties of plastics will benefit from this new overview.

This volume reviews recent advances in the development and application of the recursion method in computational solid state physics and elsewhere. It comprises the invited papers which were presented at a two-day conference at Imperial College, London during September 1984. The recursion method is based on the Lanczos algorithm for the tridiago nalisation of matrices, but it is much more than a straightforward numerical technique. It is widely regarded as the most elegant framework for a variety of calculations into which one may incorporate physical insights and a num ber of technical devices. The standard reference is Volume 35 of Solid State Physics, which contains all the early ideas of Heine, Haydock and others, upon which the method was established. The present volume provides the first review of subsequent developments. It also indicates where problems remain, or opinions differ, in the interpretation of the mathematical details or choice of practical techniques in applications. The field is still very li vely and much remains to be done, as the summary chapter clearly demonstra tes. We are grateful to the S. E. R. C. 's Collaborative Computational Project No. 9 on the electronic structure of solids and the Institute of Physics's Solid State Sub-committee for their sponsorship of the conference. We thank Angus MacKinnon for his help in conference organisation and Jacyntha Crawley for secretarial assistance. December 1984 David G. Pettifor Denis L. Weaire v Contents Part I Introduction Why Recur? By V."

The present volume contains the texts of the invited talks delivered at the Fifth International Conference on Recent Progress in Many-Body Theories held in Oulu, Finland during the period 3-8 August 1987. The general format and style of the meeting followed closely those which had evolved from the earlier conferences in the series: Trieste 1978, Oaxtepec 1981, Altenberg 1983 and San Francisco 1985. Thus, the conferences in this series are in tended, as far as is practicable, to cover in a broad and balanced fashion both the entire spectrum of theoretical tools developed to tackle the quan tum many-body problem, and their major fields of. application. One of the major aims of the series is to foster the exchange of ideas and techniques among physicists working in such diverse areas of application of many-body theories as nucleon-nucleon interactions, nuclear physics, astronomy, atomic and molecular physics, quantum chemistry, quantum fluids and plasmas, and solid-state and condensed matter physics. A special feature of the present meeting however was that particular attention was paid in the programme to such topics of current interest in solid-state physics as high-temperature superconductors, heavy fermions, the quantum Hall effect, and disorder. A panel discussion was also organised during the conference, under the chair manship of N. W. Ashcroft, to consider the latest developments in the extreme ly rapidly growing field of high-T superconductors."

This book, in essence the proceedings of a NATO Advanced Study Institute with the same title, is designed to provide in-depth coverage of many, but not all, of the major current applications of superconductivity, and of many that still are being developed. It will be of value to scientists and engineers who have interests in the research and production aspects of the technology, as well as in the applications themselves. The ftrst three chapters (by Clarke, Vrba and Wikswo) are devoted to an understanding of the principles, fabrication and uses of SQUID magnetometers and gradiometers, with the greatest emphasis on biomagnetism and nondestructive evaluation (NDE). For the most part, traditional low-temperature superconductor (LTS) SQUIDs are used, but particularly for NDE, high-temperature superconductor (HTS) SQUIDs are proving useful and often more convenient. The succeeding three chapters (by Przybysz, Likharev and Chaloupka) cover broader aspects of superconducting electronics. The ftrst two of these deal primarily with digital L TS circuits, while the third discusses in great detail passive component applications using HTS materials. Currently, HTS ftlters are undergoing intense J3-site testing at cellular telephone base stations. While it is clear that HTS ftlters outperform conventional ftlters in reducing signal loss and allowing for more channels in a given bandwidth, it isn't yet certain that the cellular telephone industry sees sufficient economic beneftts to make a ftrm decision to use HTS ftlters universally in its systems. If this application is generally adapted, the market for these ftlters should be quite large.

The investigation of the properties of nonlinear systems is one of the fast deve loping areas of physics. In condensed matter physics this 'terra incognita' is approached from various starting points such as phase transitions and renormali zation group theory, nonlinear models, statistical mechanics and others. The study of the mutual interrelations of these disciplines is important in developing uni fying methods and models towards a better understanding of nonlinear systems. The present book collects the lectures and seminars delivered at the workshop on "Statics and Dynamics of Nonlinear Systems" held at the Centre for SCientific Culture "Ettore Majorana." in Erice;. Italy, July 1 to 11, 1983, in the framework of the International School of Materials Science and Technology. Experts and young researchers came together to discuss nonlinear phenomena in condensed matter physics. The book is divided into five parts, each part containing a few general artic les introducing the subject, followed by related specialized papers. The first part deals with basic properties of nonlinear systems including an introduction to the general theoretical methods. Contrfbutions to the nonlinear aspects of phase transitions are collected in the second part. In the third part properties of incommensurate systems are discussed. Here, competing interactions lead to charge-density waves, soliton lattices and other complex structures. Another point of special interest, illustrated in the fourth part, is the 'chaotic' be havior of various systems such as Josephson junctions and discrete lattices."

Properties of thin films depend strongly upon the deposition technique and conditions chosen. In order to achieve the desired film, optimum deposition conditions have to be found by carrying out experiments in a trial-and error fashion with varying parameters. The data obtained on one growth apparatus are often not transferable to another. This is especially true for film deposition processes using a cold plasma because of our poor under standing of the mechanisms. Relatively precise studies have been carried out on the role that physical effects play in film formation such as sputter deposition. However, there are many open questions regarding processes that involve chemical reactions, for example, reactive sputter deposition or plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. Much further research is re quired in order to understand the fundamental deposition processes. A sys tematic collection of basic data, some of which may be readily available in other branches of science, for example, reaction cross sections for gases with energetic electrons, is also required. The need for pfasma deposition techniques is felt strongly in industrial applications because these techniques are superior to traditional thin-film deposition techniques in many ways. In fact, plasma deposition techniques have developed rapidly in the semiconductor and electronics industries. Fields of possible application are still expanding. A reliable plasma reactor with an adequate in situ system for monitoring the deposition conditions and film properties must be developed to improve reproducibility and pro ductivity at the industrial level."

Modem materials science is exploiting novel tools of solid-state physics and chemistry to obtain an unprecedented understanding of the structure of matter at the atomic level. The direct outcome of this understanding is the ability to design and fabricate new materials whose properties are tailored to a given device ap plication. Although applications of materials science can range from low weight, high strength composites for the automobile and aviation industry to biocompat ible polymers, in no other field has progress been more strikingly rapid than in that of electronic materials. In this area, it is now possible to predict from first principles the properties of hypothetical materials and to construct artificially structured materials with layer-by-Iayer control of composition and microstruc ture. The resulting superlattices, multiple quantum wells, and high temperature superconductors, among others, will dominate our technological future. A large fraction of the current undergraduate and graduate students in science and engi neering will be directly involved in furthering the revolution in electronic mate rials. With this book, we want to welcome such students to electronic materials research and provide them with an introduction to this exciting and rapidly de veloping area of study. A second purpose of this volume is to provide experts in other fields of solid state physics and chemistry with an overview of contemporary research within the field of electronic materials."

This is the second book in a new series - "Materials Research and Engineering" - devoted to the science and technology of materials. "Materials Research and Engineering" evolves from a previous series on "Reine und Allgemeine Metallkunde," which was edited by Werner KBster until his eightieth birthday in 1976. Although the present series is an outgrowth of the earlier one, it should not and cannot be regarded as a continuation. There had to be a shift of scope - and a change in presenta tion as well. Metallurgy is no longer an isolated art and science. Rather, it is linked by its scientific basis and technological implications to non-metallic and composite materials, as well as to processes for production, refining, shaping, surface treatment, and application. Thus, the new series, "Materials Research and Engineering," will present up-to-date information on scientific and technological pro gress, as well as on issues of general relevance within the engineering field and industrial society. Following the general position analysis of materials in the present world as given in volume 1, now volume 2 focuses on a special topic: It provides a thorough treatment of theoretical, experimental, and applied aspects of superplasticity."

The Fourth International Workshop on Electroluminescence (EL-88) was held at the Hotel Holiday, Tottori, Japan, October 11-14, 1988. This workshop was sponsored by the 125 Research Committee on Mutual Conversion between Light and Electricity, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, in cooperation with SID (Society for Infonnation Display) Japan Chapter, Tottori Prefecture, the Tot tori Industrial Technology Association, and the Foundation for Advancement of International Science (FAIS). The workshop EL-88 was a continuation of the series of international work shops held successively at Liege (Belgium) in 1980, Bad Stuer (DDR) in 1983, and at Wann Springs (Oregon, USA) in 1986. It brought together scientists and engi neers from universities and industry who shared a common interest in discussing electroluminescence and related topics. The number of participants reached 253; 49 from abroad (10 countries) and 204 from Japan. This is almost four times as many as in the previous workshop in 1986, reflecting the recent rapid development and progress of electroluminescence research.

The nine review articles and roughly 30 contributed papers contained in this volume survey the present understanding of the molecular motion of polymers in concentrated solutions, melts and the amorphous state. Although the main emphasis is on results from neutron scattering experiments, about half of the contributions relate to complementary techniques such as light scattering and NMR. The book highlights three areas of active reseach that have received increasing attention in recent years. First, work on polymer relaxation near the glass transition and in glassy systems has shown that the application of different experimental techniques is indispensable due to the broad range of time scales over which these phenomena occur on a molecular level. Second, it is reported that the internal Brownian motion of long chain molecules and their diffusion in an entangled environment still does not have a generally accepted physical picture, although detailed insights into the microscopic motion have been obtained. Third, important progress has been made in unravelling the characteristics of phase separation of polymer blends, in which modifications to the ordinary laws of diffusion are of particular interest.

This issue of Zeitschrift fUr Physik D contains papers which were presented at the 5th International Symposium on Small Particles and Inorganic Clusters. ISSPIC5 was held at the University of Konstanz, Germany, from September 10 to 14, 1990. There were 33 invited talks, and 295 papers were contributed. 14 particularly interesting papers had been selected by the International Advisory Board: they were presented during one of the regular sessions. In addition, two last-minute contributions, describing break throughs in the synthesis and characterization of size-selected fullerene carbon clusters, were communicated orally. The other contributions were presented during two poster sessions, comprising nearly twice as many papers as during the previous symposium in Aix-en-Provence, in 1988. Approximately 250 manuscripts were received, and all were refereed during the sympo sium. Several of them had to be revised, but only a small number were rejected. The contributions in this volume are grouped according to the topic, roughly following the scheme adopted during the conference."