Focusing on the purely theoretical aspects of strongly correlated electrons, this volume brings together a variety of approaches to models of the Hubbard type - i.e., problems where both localized and delocalized elements are present in low dimensions. The chapters are arranged in three parts. The first part deals with two of the most widely used numerical methods in strongly correlated electrons, the density matrix renormalization group and the quantum Monte Carlo method. The second part covers Lagrangian, Functional Integral, Renormalization Group, Conformal, and Bosonization methods that can be applied to one-dimensional or weakly coupled chains. The third part considers functional derivatives, mean-field, self-consistent methods, slave-bosons, and extensions.

Currently this is "the" book providing a thorough introduction and a unified theoretical basis for the interpretation of equilibrium transport processes in amorphous hydrogenated tetrahydrally coordinated semiconductors - a topic of great interest to physicists and material scientists (first devices for practical applications are already being manufactured). Most of the relevant literature is reviewed with particular emphasis on the approach developed by the authors. It explains most of the experimental data and allows the extraction of information about microscopic transport processes and parameters from equilibrium transport data. This work treats electronic transport in the mentioned type of semiconductors and in particular in a-Si: H and a-Ge: H. From elementary concepts the theory is developed towards higher degrees of completeness and sophistication. Further refinements for coping with the complexity of real systems are given. The comparison of theory with experiment is an important part of the book.

This book is addressed to all scientists interested in the use of high magnetic ?elds and in the use of high-?eld facilities around the world. In particular it will help young scientists and newcomers to the topic to gain a better understanding in areas such as condensed matter physics, in which the magnetic ?eld plays a key role either as a parameter controlling the Hamiltonian, or as an experimental tool to probe the underlying mechanism. This concerns mostly strongly correlated and (or) low dimensional systems. Rather than covering all these subjects in detail, the philosophy here is to give essential physical concepts in some of the most active ?elds, which have been quickly growing in the last ten to twenty years. Besides its role as a physical parameter in condensed matter physics, a large magnetic ?eld is essential to Electron Paramagentic Resonance (EPR) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopies. The state of art of high resolution NMRin liquids and solids and high frequency EPRapplied to ?elds like chemistry and biology are also reviewed in this volume. The ?rst series of chapters is devoted to the integer and the Fractional Qu- tum Hall E?ects (FQHE) in two-dimensional electron systems. C. Glattli brushes an historical background and a comprehensive review of transport phenomena in these systems, including recent developments on the mesoscopic electronic transport at the edges of quantum Hall samples, chiral Luttinger liquids and fractional excitations. R.

"Molecular Sieves - Science and Technology" will cover, in a comprehensive manner, the science and technology of zeolites and all related microporous and mesoporous materials. Authored by renowned experts, the contributions will be grouped together topically in such a way that each volume of the book series will be dealing with a specific sub-field. Volume 2 covers both the description of the various, complementary techniques for structure determination of microporous and mesoporous matter and their applications illustrated by a large number of pertinent examples. It also deals with general aspects of structures and structure distortions of microporous materials. In summary, Volume 2 provides the researchers in the field of zeolites and related materials with the indispensable knowledge of the great potential of modern methods for structure analysis.

With the advent of sophisticated computer technology and the development of efficient computational algorithms, numerical modeling of complex multicomponent laminar reacting flows has emerged as an increasingly popular and firmly established area of scientific research. Progress in this area aims at obtaining better resolved and more accurate solutions of specific technological problems in less computer time. Therefore, it strongly relies upon the ability of evaluating fundamental parameters appearing in the physical models. Transport properties constitute a typical example of the above characterization. Evaluating transport coefficients of dilute polyatomic gas mixtures is often critical in many engineering applications, including chemical reactors, hypersonic flows, comb- tion phenomena, and chemical vapor deposition. Using the kinetic theory of dilute polyatomic gas mixtures as a starting point, this book offers a systematic development of a mathematical and numerical theory for the evaluation of transport properties in dilute polyatomic gas mixtures. The present investigation is not specifically.about the kinetic theory of gases, for which there are plenty of excellent and thoroughly do- mented textbooks; it is rather geared toward the development of new, efficient, and general algorithms with which to evaluate transport properties of dilute polyatomic gas mixtures at a reasonable computational cost.

Self-assembly monolayer (SAM) structures of lipids and macromolecules have been found to play an important role in many industrial and biological phenomena. This book describes two procedures, namely the STM and AFM, that are used to study SAMs at solid surfaces. K.S. Birdi examines the SAMs at both liquid and solid surfaces by using the Langmuir monolayer method. This book is intended for researchers, academics and professionals.

In recent years there has been renewed interest in the scientific and indu- strial communities in tunable solid state vibronic lasers. Much of this has been spurred by the user desirous of obtaining compact primary laser sources (independent of nonlinear optical frequency shifts) throughout the visible and near infra-red spectral regi ons. To further motivate and stimul ate re- search and development in this area, workshops sponsored by the Laser Divi- sion of the US ArmY Night Vision Electro-Optics Laboratory (NVEOL) at Fort Belvoir, Virginia were held during 1-3 April 1981 and 16-17 June 1983 at Keystone and NVEOL, respectively. The consensus of opinion of the partici- pants at these workshops was that any successful program leading to the iden- tification and development of vibronic tunable laser materials in the visible and IR must include coordinated activity between crystal growers, theoreti- cal and experimental investigators into the fundamental processes of vibro- nic lasing, and laser device engineers. Continued interaction between govern- ment, industry, and academia was encouraged in order to establish a unified approach to these areas and, when necessary, redefine and redirect program- matic activity. The organization of this 1st Annual Conference on Tunable Solid State La- sers held at the La Jolla Institute 13-15 June 1984, was based around the latest results in tunable vibronic materials and laser development, but structured ina manner consi stent wi th the recommendati ons of the NVEOL workshops.

The liquid crystalline state may be identified as a distinct and unique state of matter which is characterised by properties which resembles those of both solids and liquids. It was first recognised in the middle of the last century through the study of nerve myelin and derivatives of cholesterol. The research in the area really gathered momentum, however, when as a result of the pioneering work of Gray in the early 1970's organic compounds showing liquid crystalline properties were shown to be suitable to form the basis of display devices in the electronic products. The study of liquid crystals is truly multidisciplinary and has attached the attention of physicists, biologists, chemists, mathematicians and electronics engineers. It is therefore impossible to cover all these aspects fully in two small volumes and therefore it was decided in view of the overall title of the series to concentrate on the structural and bonding aspects of the subject. The Chapters presented in these two volumes have been organised to cover the following fundamental aspects of the subject. The calculation of the structures of liquid crystals, an account of their dynamical properties and a discussion of computer simulations of liquid crystalline phases formed by Gay Berne mesogens. The relationships between molecular conformation and packing are analysed in some detail. The crystal structures of liquid crystal mesogens and the importance of their X ray scattering properties for characterisational purposes are discussed.

Thepolymerizationofole nsanddi-ole nsisoneofthemostimportanttargets inpolymerscience.Thisreviewarticledescribesrecentprogressinthis eldand deals with organo-transition metal complexes as polymerization catalysts. - cent developments in organometallic chemistry have prompted us to nd a precise description of the mechanism of propagation, chain transfer, and terminationstepsinthehomogeneouslymetal-assistedpolymerizationofole ns anddiole ns.Thus,thisdevelopmentprovidesanideafordesigninganycatalyst systems that are of interest in industry. Recently,the agostic interactionofalkylgroup(s)ontransitionmetalshas emerged as highly basic and new concept and is found to be important in understandingthemechanismofthemetal-catalyzedhomogeneousoligomer- ation and polymerization of a-ole ns. Early transition metal alkyl complexes generallyhavepartiallyionicM-C bondsandshowa-agostichydrogeninter- tion that somewhat stabilizes the catalytically active species by providing el- tronsatavacantsite onthe metal.Thisisinsharp contrasttothefactthatlate transition metal alkyl complexes show mainly b-agostic hydrogen interaction that causes the hydrogen transfer easily through b-hydrogen elimination and reductive elimination, and that gives rise to the oligomerization of ole ns. Organometalliccomplexesoftheearlyandlatetransitionmetalshavebeenused as catalysts for ole n oligomerization and polymerization. The mechanism involved in these catalyst systems depends very much upon the kind of metal centersaswellastheirco-ligands,andthusthedi?erentmechanismswhichcan bedistinguishedbydetailedinvestigationsshouldbeassumedforearlyandlate transition metal catalysts. In this contribution, we review the mechanism of polymerization and oligomerization involving early transition metals, taking as our basis recent resultsinadvancedorganometallicchemistry.Firstofall,somerecentexamples of the previous reviews concerning the Ziegler-Natta polymerization are cited [1-10]. Then, relevant new reports are surveyed in a systematic fashion.

Soft matter and biological systems pose many challenges for theoretical, experimental and computational research. From the computational point of view, these many-body systems cover variations in relevant time and length scales over many orders of magnitude. Indeed, the macroscopic properties of materials and complex fluids are ultimately to be deduced from the dynamics of the microsopic, molecular level. In these lectures, internationally renowned experts offer a tutorial presentation of novel approaches for bridging these space and time scales in realistic simulations. This volume addresses graduate students and nonspecialist researchers from related areas seeking a high-level but accessible introduction to the state of the art in soft matter simulations.

This book describes the physics of the second-generation quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), a fundamental method of analysis for soft matter at interfaces.

From a device for measuring film thickness in vacuum, the quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) has in the past two decades evolved into a versatile instrument for analyzing soft matter at solid/liquid and solid/gas interfaces that found applications in diverse fields including the life sciences, material science, polymer research and electrochemistry. As a consequence of this success, the QCM is now being used by scientists with a wide variety of backgrounds to study an impressive diversity of samples, with intricate data analysis methods being elaborated along the way. It is for these practitioners of the QCM that the book is written. It brings across basic principles behind the technique and the data analysis methods in sufficient detail to be educational and in a format that is accessible to anyone with an undergraduate level knowledge of any of the physical or natural sciences. These principles concern the analysis of acoustic shear waves and build on a number of fundamental physical concepts which many users of the technique do not usually come across. They have counterparts in optical spectroscopy, electrical engineering, quantum mechanics, rheology and mechanics, making this book a useful educational resource beyond the QCM itself. The main focus is the physics of QCM, but as the book describes the behavior of the QCM when exposed to films, droplets, polymer brushes, particles, vesicles, nanobubbles and stick-slip, it also offers insight into the behavior of soft matter at interfaces in a more general sense.

This book is an introduction to the physics of suspensions of bubbles, droplets, and solid particles in both gases and fluids. Rather than treating each combination separately, a unified approach is used that permits most particle-fluid combination types to be discussed together. To do this, the book first presents a detailed discussion of the basic particle motions that small particles can sustain, paying particular attention to translations and pulsations, and to the thermal effects that occur as a result of those motions. The book then introduces the reader to the dynamics and thermodynamics of suspensions, with acoustic motions providing the main focus in the latter part of the book. The important acoustic problems of attenuation and dispersion are discussed from several fundamental perspectives. The book concludes with applications of acoustic techniques to the characterization and modification of suspensions by means of acoustic waves.

This series of books, which is published at the rate of about one per year, addresses fundamental problems in materials science. The contents cover a broad range of topics from small clusters of atoms to engineering materials and involve chemistry, physics, materials science, and engineering, with length scales ranging from Angstroms up to millimeters. The emphasis is on basic science rather than on applications. Each book focuses on a single area of current interest and brings together leading experts to give an up-to-date discussion of their work and the work of others. Each article contains enough references that the interested reader can access the relevant literature. Thanks are given to the Center for Fundamental Materials Research at Michigan State University for supporting this series. M. F. Thorpe, Series Editor E-mail: thorpe@pa. msu. edu East Lansing, Michigan V PREFACE It is hard to believe that not quite ten years ago, namely in 1991, nanotubes of carbon were discovered by Sumio Iijima in deposits on the electrodes of the same carbon arc apparatus that was used to produce fullerenes such as the "buckyball." Nanotubes of carbon or other materials, consisting ofhollow cylinders that are only a few nanometers in diameter, yet up to millimeters long, are amazing structures that self-assemble under extreme conditions. Their quasi-one-dimensional character and virtual absence of atomic defects give rise to a plethora of unusual phenomena."

Making Flory-Huggins Practical: Thermodynamics of Polymer-Containing Mixtures, by B. A. Wolf * Aqueous Solutions of Polyelectrolytes: Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium and Some Related Properties, by G. Maurer, S. Lammertz, and L. Ninni Schafer * Gas-Polymer Interactions: Key Thermodynamic Data and Thermophysical Properties, by J.-P. E. Grolier, and S. A.E. Boyer * Interfacial Tension in Binary Polymer Blends and the Effects of Copolymers as Emulsifying Agents, by S. H. Anastasiadis * Theory of Random Copolymer Fractionation in Columns, by Sabine Enders * Computer Simulations and Coarse-Grained Molecular Models Predicting the Equation of State of Polymer Solutions, by K. Binder, B. Mognetti, W. Paul, P. Virnau, and L. Yelash * Modeling of Polymer Phase Equilibria Using Equations of State, by G. Sadowski

This volume contains the invited papers of the Spring meeting of the Arbeitskreis Festkorperphysik of the Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft, which has been held in Regensburg in the period March 23 - 27, 1998. The meeting has been attended by more than 2800 participants from all areas of solid state physics and other areas of physics as well since this time it has been organized together with the yearly general meeting. The invited and plenary talks as well as the numerous symposia reflected most recent developments in physics. This book covers the current status of the fileds and shows the excitement which has been felt by the speakers when presenting their results."

Although rigidity has been studied since the time of Lagrange (1788) and Maxwell (1864), it is only in the last twenty-five years that it has begun to find applications in the basic sciences. The modern era starts with Laman (1970), who made the subject rigorous in two dimensions, followed by the development of computer algorithms that can test over a million sites in seconds and find the rigid regions, and the associated pivots, leading to many applications. This workshop was organized to bring together leading researchers studying the underlying theory, and to explore the various areas of science where applications of these ideas are being implemented.

Spatial dispersion, namely, the dependence of the dielectric-constant tensor on the wave vector (i.e., on the wavelength) at a fixed frequency, is receiving increased attention in electrodynamics and condensed-matter optics, partic ularly in crystal optics. In contrast to frequency dispersion, namely, the frequency dependence of the dielectric constant, spatial dispersion is of interest in optics mainly when it leads to qualitatively new phenomena. One such phenomenon has been weH known for many years; it is the natural optical activity (gyrotropy). But there are other interesting effects due to spatial dispersion, namely, new normal waves near absorption lines, optical anisotropy of cubic crystals, and many others. Crystal optics that takes spatial dispersion into account includes classical crystal optics with frequency dispersion only, as a special case. In our opinion, this fact alone justifies efforts to develop crystal optics with spatial dispersion taken into account, although admittedly its influence is smaH in some cases and it is observable only under rather special conditions. Furthermore, spatial dispersion in crystal optics deserves attention from another point as well, namely, the investigation of excitons that can be excited by light. We contend that crystal optics with spatial dispersion and the theory of excitons are fields that overlap to a great extent, and that it is sometimes quite impossible to separate them. It is our aim to show the true interplay be tween these interrelations and to combine the macroscopic and microscopic approaches to crystal optics with spatial dispersion and exciton theory."

In recent years, the technology of cryogenic comminution has been widely applied in the field of chemical engineering, food making, medicine production, and particularly in recycling of waste materials. Because of the increasing pollution of waste tires and the shortage of raw rubber resource, the recycling process for waste rubber products has become important and commercially viable. This technology has shown a great number of advantages such as causing no environmental pollution, requiring low energy consumption and producing high quality products. Hence, the normal crusher which was used to reclaim materials, such as waste tires, nylon, plastic and many polymer materials at atmospheric 12 temperature is being replaced by a cryogenic crusher. * In the cryogenic crusher, the property of the milled material is usually very sensitive to temperature change. When a crusher is in operation, it will generate a great deal of heat that causes the material temperature increased. Once the temperature increases over the vitrification temperature, the material property will change and lose the brittle behavior causing the energy consumption to rise sharply. Consequently, the comminution process cannot be continued. Therefore, it is believed that the cryogenic crusher is the most critical component in the cryogenic comminution system. The research on the temperature increase and energy consumption in the cryogenic crusher is not only to reduce the energy consumption of the crasher, but also to reduce the energy consumption of the cryogenic system.

This monograph describes mathematical models that enable prediction of phase compositions for various technological processes, as developed on the base of a complex physico-chemical analysis of reaction. It studies thermodynamics and kinetics of specific stages of complex pyrometallurgical processes involving boron, carbon, sulfur, tungsten, phosphorus, and many more, as well as their exposure to all sorts of factors.

First and foremost, this enables to optimize processes and technologies at the stage of design, while traditional empirical means of development of new technologies are basically incapable of providing an optimal solution. Simulation results of metals and alloys production, welding and coating technologies allow obtaining materials with pre-given composition, structure and properties in a cost-saving and conscious manner. Moreover, a so-called "inverse problem," i.e., selecting source materials which would ensure the required results, cannot be solved by any other means.

Advances in solid state materials provide an important driving force in the development of modern society, playing a vital role in almost all aspects ofscience and technology. This book presents the contributions to an international workshop on solid state materials, organized to providehands-on experience to scientists from a wide range of relevant disciplines.The topics discussed fall into the categories solid state ionic materials, laser materials, semiconductors and superconducting materials.

Molecularly small confined phases play an important role in many scientific and engineering disciplines. For instance, the confining membrane of a living cell is known to affect the structure and transport of cellular water, which mediates the cell's metabolism and other biochemical processes. Transport of hazardous waste through the soil is strongly influenced by the adsorption of bulk phase molecules on the confining mineral _surfaces. Finally, molecularly thin confined fluid films play a prominent part in lubrication. These examples illustrate the broad range of natural and commercial processes to which the present subject pertains. Much experimental effort has been devoted to molecularly small confined phases, revealing the intriguing nature of such systems. Several sections of this book are therefore devoted to descriptions of experimental techniques. To date even the most refined experiments do not yield direct information about structure and processes on the molecular scale. Computer simulations, on the other hand, do give such information and therefore complement real laboratory experiments. Several sections of this book discuss the link between experiments and the corre sponding simulations."

My 12-year-old granddaughter Nina Alesi once asked me, "Grandpa, you are a scientist at IBM, so what do you do?" I tried to reply, "Oh, I watch atoms move. . . " But before I could finish this sentence, my 7-year-old grandson Vinnie interjected, "Grandpa, do atoms play soccer?" This book is about the games atoms play in diffusion and various other properties of materials. While diffusion has been studied for more than 100 years in solids, its importance, excitement, and intellectual chal lenges remain undiminished with time. It is central to understanding the relationship between the structure and properties of naturally occurring and synthetic materials, which is at the root of current technological development and innovations. The diversity of material has led to spec tacular progress in functional inorganics, polymers, granular materials, photonics, complex oxides, metallic glasses, quasi-crystals, and strongly correlated electronic materials. The integrity of complex materials pack ages is determined by diffusion, a highly interactive and synergic phe nomenon that interrelates to the microstructure, the microchemistry, and the superimposed physical fields. While the various physico-chemical properties of the materials are affected by diffusion, they determine diffu sion itself. This book, which is intended to document the diffusive processes operative in advanced technological materials, has been written by pio neers in industry and academia.

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Fluorinated Liquid Crystals: Design of Soft Nanostructures and Increased Complexity of Self-Assembly by Perfluorinated Segments, by Carsten Tschierske Liquid Crystalline Crown Ethers, by Martin Kaller and Sabine Laschat Star-Shaped Mesogens - Hekates: The Most Basic Star Structure with Three Branches, by Matthias Lehmann DNA-Based Soft Phases, by Tommaso Bellini, Roberto Cerbino and Giuliano Zanchetta Polar and Apolar Columnar Phases Made of Bent-Core Mesogens, by N. Vaupotic, D. Pociecha and E. Gorecka Spontaneous Achiral Symmetry Breaking in Liquid Crystalline Phases, by H. Takezoe Nanoparticles in Liquid Crystals and Liquid Crystalline Nanoparticles, by Oana Stamatoiu, Javad Mirzaei, Xiang Feng and Torsten Hegmann Stimuli-Responsive Photoluminescent Liquid Crystals, by Shogo Yamane, Kana Tanabe, Yoshimitsu Sagara and Takashi Kato