Isolated Cells and Perfused Organs 1. O. Kaplan, P.C.M. van Zijl, J.S. Cohen, Washington, DC/USA NMR Studies of Metabolism of Cells and Perfused Organs Individual Nuclei 2. S.R. Williams, London, UK In Vivo Proton Spectroscopy: Experimental Asoects and Potential 3. N. Beckmann, Basel, Switzerland In Vivo 13C Spectroscopy in Humans 4. M.J.W. Prior, R.J. Maxwell, J.R. Griffiths, London, UK Fluorine - 19F NMR Spectroscopy and Imaging In Vivo 5. J.S. Ingwall, Boston, MA/USA Measuring Cation Movements Across the Cell Wall Using NMR Spectroscopy: Sodium Movements in Striated Muscle 6. M. Rudin, A. Sauter, Basel, Switzerland In Vivo Phosphorus-31 NMR: Potential and Limitations

The simplifications of band-structure calculations which are now referred to as linear methods were introduced by Ole K. Andersen almost ten years ago. Since then these ideas have been taken up by several workers in the field and translated into computer programmes that generate the band structure of almost any material. As a result, running times on computers have been cut by orders of magnitude. One of the strong motivations behind the original proposal was a desire to give the conventional methods' a physically meaningful content which could be understood even by the non-specialist. Unfortunately, this aspect of lin ear methods seems to have been less well appreciated, and most workers are content to use the latter as efficient computational schemes. The present book is intended to give a reasonably complete description of one particular linear method, the Linear Muffin-Tin Orbital (LMTO) method, without losing sight of the physical content of the technique. It is also meant as a guide to the non-specialist who wants to perform band-structure calculations of his own, for example, to interpret experimental results. For this purpose the book contains a set of computer programmes which allow the user to perform full-scale self-consistent band-structure calculations by means of the LMTO method. In addition, it contains a listing of self-con sistent potential parameters which, for instance, may be used to generate the energy bands of metallic elements."

Modern polymer materials are designed by applying principles of correlation between chemical structure, physical macrostructure and technological properties. Fundamentals of polymer physics are explained in this book without excessive use of calculations. Four main sections treat relaxation of polymers, melting and crystallization, the mechanism of deformation in thermoplastics, elastomers and multiphase systems, and thermodynamics of mixing and swelling of polymers and polymer networks. The book presents the theoretical models of polymer physics in a comprehensive style and relates their applicability to real polymer systems in terms of the available experimental observations.

This is the first book in a new series - "Materials Research and Engineering" - devoted to the science and technology of materials. "Materials Research and Engineering" evolves from a previous series on "Reine und Angewand te Metallkunde" ("Pure and Applied Metallurgy"), which was edited by Werner Koster until his eightieth birthday in 1976. Although the present series is an outgrowth of the earlier one, it should not and cannot be regarded as a continuation. There had to be a shift of scope - and a change in presentation as well. Metallurgy is no longer an isolated art and science. Rather, it is linked by its scientific basis and tech nological implications to non-metallic and composite materials, as well as to processes for production, refining, shaping, surface treatment, and appli cation. Thus, the new series, "Materials Research and Engineering," will present up-to-date information on scientific and technological progress, as well as on issues of general relevance within the engineering field and industrial society. Premiering the new series, the present book by Dieter Altenpohl gives the reader a very general outlook, in fact, a position analysis of materials and the materials industry within the framework of our contemporary technological environment. It ventures, moreover, to forecast the changes affecting this pattern in a dynamic, interdependent world. This may be an unusual way to start a scientific series - it is believed, nevertheless, to be an appropriate one."

Applications of Cryogenic Technology, Vol. 10, is the proceedings from the portion of the conference CRYO-90 sponsored by the Cryogenic Society of America (CSA). CRYO-90, held on the campus of the State University of New York, Binghamton, New York, was an unusual interdisciplinary event, drawing from the life sciences as well as the physical science and engineering areas of the low temperature community. Co-sponsoring CRYO-90 with CSA were the Society for Cryobiology and the Symposium on Invertebrate and Plant Cold Hardiness. These latter two organizations brought an exciting developing field to the conference, a field whose exploration will lead to the betterment of all mankind through improved cryosurgical and organ preservation techniques in addition to improved agricultural and herd yields under extreme conditions. Specific goals of the cryobiological community are cryopreservation, the arrest and recovery of living processes of cells, tissues and organs; and cryosurgery - the local cryodestruction of diseased cells while preserving the healthy surrounding tissue. These goals present great technological challenges. The technological requirements of the cryobiologist include the ability to cool tissues 6 at rates of 10 degrees per second (vitrification), to thaw frozen tissue without damaging the delicate cells, to freeze dry tissue using molecular distillation (vacuum) drying, to supercool cell structures below O DegreesC without freezing, and to successfully store the preserved tissues and organs for any required length of time.

Since the introduction of quantum mechanics, the general theory of solid state physics has developed very rapidly. To date, a number of good textbooks on general solid state physics have been written. However, research in solid state physics has become highly specialized and undertaken in narrow fields. There is thus a great need for elementary textbooks that deal in detail with the study of solids in a particular field in order to give students basic knowledge in that field. Metallic solids with an impurity, generally called alloys, are of immense importance from both fundamental and technological points of view. The pioneering work of Bloember gen and Rowland (1953) gave considerable impetus to the study of the electronic structure of metallic alloys. Serious theoretical study in this field started in 1960 and, during the last two decades, considerable success in understanding the electronic structure of simple metal alloys has been achieved. Nonetheless the theoretical study of dilute alloys of transition metals is still in its infancy. At present there are few review articles and original research papers that examine the role of an impurity with respect to the electronic structure and properties of metallic alloys. Because of the absence of an elementary textbook that presents a comprehensive account of different aspects of the electronic structure of metallic alloys, I have written this elementary textbook on the theory of the electronic structure of metallic alloys.

Soft X-rays are a powerful probe of matter. They interact selectively with electrons in atoms and molecules and can be used to study atomic physics, chemical reactions, surfaces and solids, and biological entities. Over the past 20 years, synchrotrons have emerged as powerful sources of soft X-rays for experimental use. A new, third generation of synchrotron light sources is scheduled to start operation over the next few years, beginning in 1993. These facilities are distinguished by their ultra-low emittance electron beams and by their undulators -- precisely engineered magnetic devices that cause the electrons passing through them to produce highly coherent X-rays and ultraviolet light of unprecedented spectral brightness. This volume emphasizes third-generation sources that produce light in the 10 eV--10 KeV energy range. It describes potential applications ranging from the purely scientific to the commercially viable and includes chapters on the practical aspects of designing undulators and beam line optics. Unique in its coverage, the book is a vital addition to the library of any scientist who needs information on the world's most advanced imaging and spectroscopic techniques. (ABSTRACT) This volume emphasizes the applications of new third generation synchrotron radiation sources that produce light in the ultraviolet and soft X-ray range of the spectrum. The unprecedented brightness of this light enables experiments to be conducted with greatly increased spatial and spectral resolution. Scientists can exploit these properties for imaging and spectroscopic applications that until now were impossible or impractical. Prominent researchers in the field describe these applications and others made possible by the light's pulsed time structure and polarization. The volume also includes chapters on the practical aspects of designing undulators and beam line optics.

In recent years it has been recognized that tundishes playa critical role in affecting the quality of the finished steel products. Furthermore, proper tundish design may be even more important in the development of the novel continuous casting pro cesses that are now in varying stages of realizatic)ll. Traditionally, physical modeling has played a key role in tundish design, but the recently evolved computational software packages, the readily accessible computa tional hardware, and, perhaps most important, the growing experience with tackling a broad range of computational fluid flow problems within a metallurgical context have made mathematical modeling an important factor in this field. Our aim in writing this book has been to bring realistic perspectives to tundish design. The main purpose is to provide a good physical understanding of what is happening in tundishes, together with a realistic discussion of topics that are still not quite clear. The process metallurgist active in this field has many tools at his or her disposal, including mathematical modeling, physical modeling, and measure ments on full plant-scale systems. In this monograph we seek to show how these ideas may be combined to provide a good basic understanding and, hence, an attempt at an optimal design."

This issue of Zeitschrift fUr Physik D contains papers which were presented at the 5th International Symposium on Small Particles and Inorganic Clusters. ISSPIC5 was held at the University of Konstanz, Germany, from September 10 to 14, 1990. There were 33 invited talks, and 295 papers were contributed. 14 particularly interesting papers had been selected by the International Advisory Board: they were presented during one of the regular sessions. In addition, two last-minute contributions, describing break throughs in the synthesis and characterization of size-selected fullerene carbon clusters, were communicated orally. The other contributions were presented during two poster sessions, comprising nearly twice as many papers as during the previous symposium in Aix-en-Provence, in 1988. Approximately 250 manuscripts were received, and all were refereed during the sympo sium. Several of them had to be revised, but only a small number were rejected. The contributions in this volume are grouped according to the topic, roughly following the scheme adopted during the conference."

Computer simulation studies in condensed matter physics form a rapidly developing field making sigificant contributions to important physical problems. The papers in this volume present new physical results and report new simulation techniques and new ways of interpreting simulational data, which cover simulation of both classical and quantum systems. Topics treated include - Multigrid and nonlocal updating methods in Monte Carlo simulations - Simulations of magnetic excitations and phase transitions - Simulations of aggregate formation - Molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo studies of polymers, polymer mixtures, and fluid flow - Quantum path integral and molecular dynamics studies of clusters and adsorbed layers on surfaces - New methods for simulating interacting boson and fermion systems - Simulational studies of electronic structure.

The investigation of the properties of nonlinear systems is one of the fast deve loping areas of physics. In condensed matter physics this 'terra incognita' is approached from various starting points such as phase transitions and renormali zation group theory, nonlinear models, statistical mechanics and others. The study of the mutual interrelations of these disciplines is important in developing uni fying methods and models towards a better understanding of nonlinear systems. The present book collects the lectures and seminars delivered at the workshop on "Statics and Dynamics of Nonlinear Systems" held at the Centre for SCientific Culture "Ettore Majorana." in Erice;. Italy, July 1 to 11, 1983, in the framework of the International School of Materials Science and Technology. Experts and young researchers came together to discuss nonlinear phenomena in condensed matter physics. The book is divided into five parts, each part containing a few general artic les introducing the subject, followed by related specialized papers. The first part deals with basic properties of nonlinear systems including an introduction to the general theoretical methods. Contrfbutions to the nonlinear aspects of phase transitions are collected in the second part. In the third part properties of incommensurate systems are discussed. Here, competing interactions lead to charge-density waves, soliton lattices and other complex structures. Another point of special interest, illustrated in the fourth part, is the 'chaotic' be havior of various systems such as Josephson junctions and discrete lattices."

A good deal of the material presented in this book has been prepared by top experts in the field lecturing in January 1987 at the Winter School on Solitons in Tiruchirapalli, India. The lectures begin at an elementary level but go on to include even the most recent developments in the field. The book makes a handy introduction to the various facets of the soliton concept, and will be useful both to newcomers to the field and to researchers who are interested in developments in new branches of physics and mathematics

Provided here are the latest techniques of NMR as applied to the study of proteins, carbohydrates and nucleic acids.
The first chapters are devoted to an introduction to NMR and parameters related to molecular structure and molecular interactions. NMR experiments from basic 1D to 2D, 3D and 4D, used in combination with isotopically labelled molecules, are described and a general strategy is presented for biomacromolecular structure determination. Subsequent chapters deal with more advanced principles and techniques and their applications to structural and dynamic processes involving biomacromolecules in solution. Advanced results on peptide, protein, oligosaccharide and nucleic acid structure and recognition are presented.

This volume reviews recent advances in the development and application of the recursion method in computational solid state physics and elsewhere. It comprises the invited papers which were presented at a two-day conference at Imperial College, London during September 1984. The recursion method is based on the Lanczos algorithm for the tridiago nalisation of matrices, but it is much more than a straightforward numerical technique. It is widely regarded as the most elegant framework for a variety of calculations into which one may incorporate physical insights and a num ber of technical devices. The standard reference is Volume 35 of Solid State Physics, which contains all the early ideas of Heine, Haydock and others, upon which the method was established. The present volume provides the first review of subsequent developments. It also indicates where problems remain, or opinions differ, in the interpretation of the mathematical details or choice of practical techniques in applications. The field is still very li vely and much remains to be done, as the summary chapter clearly demonstra tes. We are grateful to the S. E. R. C. 's Collaborative Computational Project No. 9 on the electronic structure of solids and the Institute of Physics's Solid State Sub-committee for their sponsorship of the conference. We thank Angus MacKinnon for his help in conference organisation and Jacyntha Crawley for secretarial assistance. December 1984 David G. Pettifor Denis L. Weaire v Contents Part I Introduction Why Recur? By V."

The Symposium on "The Mechanics of Sound Generation in FLows" th st was held in Gottingen, Germany, 28 - 31 August 1979, at the joint initiative of the International Union of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics (IUTAM), the International Commission on Acoustics (ICA) and the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA). From the whole field of flow-acoustics the Symposium concen trated on prob lems of sound generation, while sound propagation and the creation of flows by sound were left in the ba- ground. 82 delegates from 12 countries attended the Symposium. 38 papers were given 5 of which were invited general lectures. Emphasis was placed on discussion, a plenary discussion closing the sym- sium. A s care had been taken to invite as many active workers in the field as possible with their most recent results the Symposium provided a momentary overview of the current state of the ra pidly developing field of flow-acoustics. Participants appreciated the meeting as a possibility to inform themselves, to discuss their own results and to obtain incentives for future efforts."

The present volume contains the texts of the invited talks delivered at the Fifth International Conference on Recent Progress in Many-Body Theories held in Oulu, Finland during the period 3-8 August 1987. The general format and style of the meeting followed closely those which had evolved from the earlier conferences in the series: Trieste 1978, Oaxtepec 1981, Altenberg 1983 and San Francisco 1985. Thus, the conferences in this series are in tended, as far as is practicable, to cover in a broad and balanced fashion both the entire spectrum of theoretical tools developed to tackle the quan tum many-body problem, and their major fields of. application. One of the major aims of the series is to foster the exchange of ideas and techniques among physicists working in such diverse areas of application of many-body theories as nucleon-nucleon interactions, nuclear physics, astronomy, atomic and molecular physics, quantum chemistry, quantum fluids and plasmas, and solid-state and condensed matter physics. A special feature of the present meeting however was that particular attention was paid in the programme to such topics of current interest in solid-state physics as high-temperature superconductors, heavy fermions, the quantum Hall effect, and disorder. A panel discussion was also organised during the conference, under the chair manship of N. W. Ashcroft, to consider the latest developments in the extreme ly rapidly growing field of high-T superconductors."

The field of non-crystalline materials has seen the emergence of many challeng ing problems during its long history. In recent years, the interest in polymeric and biological disordered matter has stimulated new activities which in turn have enlarged the organic and inorganic glass community. The current research fields and recent progress have extended our knowledge of the rich phenomenol ogy of glassy systems, where the role of disorder is fundamental for the underlying microscopic dynamics. In addition, despite the lack of a unified theory, many interesting theoretical models have recently evolved. The present volume offers the reader a collection of topics representing the current state in the understanding of disorder effects as well as a survey of the basic problems and phenomena involved. The task of compiling a book devoted to disordered systems has benefited much from a seminar organized by the W.-E. Heraeus Foundation in Bad Honnef in April 1992, where we had the opportunity to discuss the project with most of the authors. Here we wish to thank the Heraeus Foundation for their support, and the authors and Springer-Verlag, especially Dr. Marion Hertel, for the pleasant cooperation."

Modem materials science is exploiting novel tools of solid-state physics and chemistry to obtain an unprecedented understanding of the structure of matter at the atomic level. The direct outcome of this understanding is the ability to design and fabricate new materials whose properties are tailored to a given device ap plication. Although applications of materials science can range from low weight, high strength composites for the automobile and aviation industry to biocompat ible polymers, in no other field has progress been more strikingly rapid than in that of electronic materials. In this area, it is now possible to predict from first principles the properties of hypothetical materials and to construct artificially structured materials with layer-by-Iayer control of composition and microstruc ture. The resulting superlattices, multiple quantum wells, and high temperature superconductors, among others, will dominate our technological future. A large fraction of the current undergraduate and graduate students in science and engi neering will be directly involved in furthering the revolution in electronic mate rials. With this book, we want to welcome such students to electronic materials research and provide them with an introduction to this exciting and rapidly de veloping area of study. A second purpose of this volume is to provide experts in other fields of solid state physics and chemistry with an overview of contemporary research within the field of electronic materials."

This is the second book in a new series - "Materials Research and Engineering" - devoted to the science and technology of materials. "Materials Research and Engineering" evolves from a previous series on "Reine und Allgemeine Metallkunde," which was edited by Werner KBster until his eightieth birthday in 1976. Although the present series is an outgrowth of the earlier one, it should not and cannot be regarded as a continuation. There had to be a shift of scope - and a change in presenta tion as well. Metallurgy is no longer an isolated art and science. Rather, it is linked by its scientific basis and technological implications to non-metallic and composite materials, as well as to processes for production, refining, shaping, surface treatment, and application. Thus, the new series, "Materials Research and Engineering," will present up-to-date information on scientific and technological pro gress, as well as on issues of general relevance within the engineering field and industrial society. Following the general position analysis of materials in the present world as given in volume 1, now volume 2 focuses on a special topic: It provides a thorough treatment of theoretical, experimental, and applied aspects of superplasticity."

Properties of thin films depend strongly upon the deposition technique and conditions chosen. In order to achieve the desired film, optimum deposition conditions have to be found by carrying out experiments in a trial-and error fashion with varying parameters. The data obtained on one growth apparatus are often not transferable to another. This is especially true for film deposition processes using a cold plasma because of our poor under standing of the mechanisms. Relatively precise studies have been carried out on the role that physical effects play in film formation such as sputter deposition. However, there are many open questions regarding processes that involve chemical reactions, for example, reactive sputter deposition or plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. Much further research is re quired in order to understand the fundamental deposition processes. A sys tematic collection of basic data, some of which may be readily available in other branches of science, for example, reaction cross sections for gases with energetic electrons, is also required. The need for pfasma deposition techniques is felt strongly in industrial applications because these techniques are superior to traditional thin-film deposition techniques in many ways. In fact, plasma deposition techniques have developed rapidly in the semiconductor and electronics industries. Fields of possible application are still expanding. A reliable plasma reactor with an adequate in situ system for monitoring the deposition conditions and film properties must be developed to improve reproducibility and pro ductivity at the industrial level."

In 1966, E.H. Lieb and D.C. r1attis published a book on "Mathematical Physics in One Dimension" Academic Press, New York and London] which is much more than just a collection of reprints and which in fact marked the beginnings of the rapidly growing interest in one-dimensional problems and materials in the 1970's. In their Foreword, Lieb and r attis made the observation that " ... there now exists a vast literature on this subject, albeit one which is not indexed under the topic "one dimension" in standard indexing journals and which is therefore hard to research ... ." Today, the situation is even worse, and we hope that these Proceedings will be a valuable guide to some of the main current areas of one-dimensional physics. From a theoretical point of view, one-dimensional problems have always been very attractive. Many non-trivial models are soluble in one dimension, while they are only approximately understood in three dimensions. Therefore, the corresponding exact solutions serve as a useful test of approximate ma thematical methods, and certain features of the one-dimensional solution re main relevant in higher dimensions. On the other hand, many important phe nomena are strongly enhanced, and many concepts show up especially clearly in one-dimensional or quasi -one-dimensional systems. Among them are the ef fects of fluctuations, of randomness, and of nonlinearity; a number of in teresting consequences are specific to one dimension."

Density Functional Theory (DFT) has firmly established itself as the workhorse for atomic-level simulations of condensed phases, pure or composite materials and quantum chemical systems. This work offers a rigorous and detailed introduction to the foundations of this theory, up to and including such advanced topics as orbital-dependent functionals as well as both time-dependent and relativistic DFT. Given the many ramifications of contemporary DFT, the text concentrates on the self-contained presentation of the basics of the most widely used DFT variants: this implies a thorough discussion of the corresponding existence theorems and effective single particle equations, as well as of key approximations utilized in implementations. The formal results are complemented by selected quantitative results, which primarily aim at illustrating the strengths and weaknesses of particular approaches or functionals. The structure and content of this book allow a tutorial and modular self-study approach: the reader will find that all concepts of many-body theory which are indispensable for the discussion of DFT - such as the single-particle Green's function or response functions - are introduced step by step, along with the actual DFT material. The same applies to basic notions of solid state theory, such as the Fermi surface of inhomogeneous, interacting systems. In fact, even the language of second quantization is introduced systematically in an Appendix for readers without formal training in many-body theory.

The Second International Conference on Phonon Scattering in Solids was held at the University of Nottingham from August 27th - 30th 1975. It was attended by 192 delegates from 24 countries who were accompanied by 43 members of their families. Eleven invited papers were read and 96 contributed papers; the contributed papers were in two parallel sessions. The Conference included the topics of the two International Conferences held in France in 1972, in Paris and at Ste Maxime. The Conference brought together workers concerned with many aspects of phonon scattering in solids and liquid helium. Some of the work reported were studies of the intrinsic properties of diel ectric materials such as the effects of anharmonicity, dispersion and anisotropy on phonon propagation and the conditions for the existence of zero sound and second sound modes. Work was also pres ented on various aspects of phonon interaction with free electrons in metals and semiconductors. A substantial part of the Conference was devoted to phonon spectroscopy - investigations of the energy levels of ions or neutral impurities by observing the resonant absorp tion or scattering of phonons. The materials being studied include paramagnetic and parae1ectric solids, amorphous systems in which the 'impurities' appear to be intrinsic, and semiconductors. Work was reported on the use of phonons to observe phase transitions; in some cases the cooperative phase also arises through strong spin phonon coupling. One of the intriguing unsolved problems discussed in detail at the Conference is the Kapitza conductance problem."

The triennial International Alloy Conferences (lACs) aim at the identification and promotion of the common elements developed in the study, either experimental, phenomenological, or theoretical and computational, of materials properties across materials types, from metals to minerals. To accomplish this goal, the lACs bring together scientists from a wide spectrum of materials science including experiment, theory, modeling, and computation, incorporating a broad range of materials properties. The first lAC, lAC-I, took place in Athens, Greece, June 16-21, 1996. The present volume of proceedings contains the papers presented at IAC-2, that took place in Davos, Switzerland, August 8-13, 1999. The topics in this book fall into several themes, which suggest a number of different classification schemes. We have chosen a scheme that classifies the papers in the volume into the categories Microstructural Properties; Ordering, Kinetics and Diffusion; Magnetic Properties and Elastic Properties. We have juxtaposed apparently disparate of revealing the dynamic character approaches to similar physical processes, in the hope of the processes under consideration. We hope this will invigorate new kinds of discussion and reveal challenges and new avenues to the description and prediction of properties of materials in the solid state and the conditions that produce them.

Liquid-crystalline phases are now known to be formed by an ever growing range of quite diverse materials, these include those of low molecular weight as well as the novel liquid-crystalline polymers, such phases can also be induced by the addition of a solvent to amphiphilic systems leading to lyotropic liquid crystals. Irrespective of the structure of the constituent molecules these numerous liquid-cl)'Stailine phases are characterised by their long range orientational order. In addition certain phases exhibit elements of long range positional order. Our understanding, both experimental and theoretical, at the molecular level of the static behaviour of these fascinating and important materials is now well advanced. In contrast the influence of the long range order; both orientational and positional, on the molecular dynamics in liquid Cl)'Stais is less well understood. In an attempt to address this situation a NATO Advanced Study Institute devoted to liquid ctystal dynamics was held at n Ciocco, Barga, Italy in September 1989. This brought together experimentalists and theoreticians concerned with the various dynamical processes occurring in all liquid crystals. The skills of the participants was impressively wide ranging; they spanned the experimental techniques used in the study of molecular dynamics, the nature of the systems investigated and the theoretical models employed to understand the results. While much was learnt it was also recognised that much more needed to be done in order to advance our understanding of molecular dynamics in liquid Cl)'Stais.