Focusing attention on gravity-fed water-flow systems in medieval cities and monasteries, "Water Technology in the Middle Ages: Cities, Monasteries, and Waterworks after the Roman Empire" challenges the view that hydraulic engineering died with the Romans and remained moribund until the Renaissance. Roberta Magnusson explores the systems' technologies--how they worked, what uses the water served--and also the social rifts that created struggles over access to this basic necessity.

Mindful of theoretical questions about what hastens technological change and how society and technology mutually influence one another, the author supplies a thoughtful and instructive study. Archeological, historical, and literary evidence vividly depicts those who designed, constructed, and used medieval water systems and demonstrates a shift from a public-administrative to a private-innovative framework--one that argues for the importance of local initiatives.

"The following chapters attempt to chart a course between the Scylla and Charybdis of technological and social determinism. While writing them, I have tried to strike a balance between the technical and human aspects of medieval hydraulic systems, and to remember that beneath the welter of documents and diffusion patterns, configurations and components, ordinances and expenditures, lie the perceptions, the choices, and often the plain hard work of individual men and women." --from the Preface

Gone are the days when data was interlinked with related data by humans and to find insights coherently, human interpretation was required. Data is no more just data. It is now considered a Thing or Entity or Concept- to bring the meaning to it, so that a machine not only understands the concept but also extrapolates the way humans do. Data Science with Semantic Technologies: Deployment and Exploration volume of a two-volume handbook set provides a roadmap for the deployment of semantic technologies in the field of data science and enables the user to create intelligence through these technologies by exploring the opportunities and eradicating the challenges in the current and future time frame. In addition, this book offers the answer to various questions like What makes a technology semantic as opposed to other approaches to data science? What is knowledge data science? How does knowledge data science relate to other fields? This book explores the optimal use of these technologies to provide the highest benefit to the user under one comprehensive source and title. As there is no dedicated book available in the market on this topic at this time, this proposed new book becomes a unique and only resource for scholars, researchers, data scientists, professionals, and practitioners. This volume can serve as an important guide towards applications of data science with semantic technologies for the upcoming generation and thus becomes a unique resource for scholars, researchers, professionals, and practitioners in this field.

Differential equations play a noticeable role in engineering, physics, economics, and other disciplines. They permit us to model changing forms in both mathematical and physical problems. These equations are precisely used when a deterministic relation containing some continuously varying quantities and their rates of change in space and/or time is recognized or postulated. This book is intended to provide a straightforward introduction to the concept of partial differential equations. It provides a diversity of numerical examples framed to nurture the intellectual level of scholars. It includes enough examples to provide students with a clear concept and also offers short questions for comprehension. Construction of real-life problems is considered in the last chapter along with applications. Research scholars and students working in the fields of engineering, physics, and different branches of mathematics need to learn the concepts of partial differential equations to solve their problems. This book will serve their needs instead of having to use more complex books that contain more concepts than needed.

This book provides a clear understanding regarding the fundamentals of matrix and determinant from introduction to its real-life applications. The topic is considered one of the most important mathematical tools used in mathematical modelling. Matrix and Determinant: Fundamentals and Applications is a small self-explanatory and well synchronized book that provides an introduction to the basics along with well explained applications. The theories in the book are covered along with their definitions, notations, and examples. Illustrative examples are listed at the end of each covered topic along with unsolved comprehension questions, and real-life applications. This book provides a concise understanding of matrix and determinate which will be useful to students as well as researchers.

This book is for beginners who are struggling to understand and optimize non-linear problems. The content will help readers gain an understanding and learn how to formulate real-world problems and will also give insight to many researchers for their future prospects. It proposes a mind map for conceptual understanding and includes sufficient solved examples for reader comprehension. The theory is explained in a lucid way. The variety of examples are framed to raise the thinking level of the reader and the formulation of real-world problems are included in the last chapter along with applications. The book is self-explanatory, well synchronized and written for undergraduate, post graduate and research scholars.

This book is for those interested in number systems, abstract algebra, and analysis. It provides an understanding of negative and fractional numbers with theoretical background and explains rationale of irrational and complex numbers in an easy to understand format. This book covers the fundamentals, proof of theorems, examples, definitions, and concepts. It explains the theory in an easy and understandable manner and offers problems for understanding and extensions of concept are included. The book provides concepts in other fields and includes an understanding of handling of numbers by computers. Research scholars and students working in the fields of engineering, science, and different branches of mathematics will find this book of interest, as it provides the subject in a clear and concise way.

Knowledge management is far-reaching. It can dramatically reduce costs such as costs of office work repetition, human resource retirement, information reuse, etc. Rather than "reinventing the wheel" and having it be a costly and inefficient activity, systematic reuse of knowledge can show substantial cost benefits immediately. This book shows how to develop process-oriented methodologies, covers both interorganizational and enterprises models, discusses how knowledge management can dramatically reduce costs and increase speed of response, presents a wide range of quantitative methods applied to various knowledge engineering problems, and offers several graphical presentations of models and processes. Academicians and practitioners in the area of knowledge management and engineering, especially managers in industries will fine this book useful. The material might also be useful in knowledge management graduate studies.

This book presents the broad aspects of measurement, performanceanalysis, and characterization for materials and devices through advanced manufacturing processes. The field of measurement and metrology as a precondition for maintaining high-quality products, devices, and systems in materials and advanced manufacturing process applications has grown substantially in recent years. The focus of this book is to present smart materials in numerous technological sectors such as automotive, bio-manufacturing, chemical, electronics, energy, and construction. Advanced materials have novel properties and therefore must be fully characterized and studied in-depth so they can be incorporated into products that will outperform existing products and resolve current problems. The book captures the emerging areas of materials science and advanced manufacturing engineering and presents recent trends in research for researchers, field engineers, and academic professionals.

In Psychology and Human Performance in Space Programs: Extreme Application, operations experts from multiple space agencies, with support from spaceflight researchers, outline existing and proposed operations for selecting, training, and supporting space crews who currently live and work on the International Space Station, and who are preparing for future missions to the moon and Mars. Highlighting applied psychology in spaceflight whilst acknowledging real-world complexities that occur when integrating across an international, multi-agency collective, this volume provides both historical and current perspectives toward spaceflight operations, with expert contributions from NASA and international partners such as the Japanese Space Agency, Russian space researchers, and the Canadian Space Agency. Helpfully outlining the progress that has been made so far, this book includes topics such as the selection and hiring of astronauts, the process of training a crew for a mission to Mars, and workload and mission planning. Discussing operational psychology in space and on the ground, this book looks to the future of research and operational needs for future missions to Mars, with an essay from astronaut Dr. Don Pettit on his experiences in space and how the Mars mission will challenge us in new ways. This second of two volumes will be of interest to professionals in the field of human factors and psychology in extreme environments.

Grounded in the user-centered design movement, this book offers a broad consideration of how our civilization has evolved its technical infrastructure for human purpose to help us make sense of the contemporary world of information infrastructure and online existence. The author incorporates historical, cultural and aesthetic approaches to situating information and its underlying technologies across time in the collective, lived experiences of humanity. In today's digital information world, user experience is vital to the success of any product or service. Yet as the user population expands to include us all, designing for people who vary in skills, abilities, preferences and backgrounds is challenging. This book provides an integrated understanding of users, and the methods that have evolved to identify usability challenges, that can facilitate cohesive and earlier solutions. The book treats information creation and use as a core human behavior based on acts of representation and recording that humans have always practiced. It suggests that the traditional ways of studying information use, with their origins in the distinct layers of social science theories and models is limiting our understanding of what it means to be an information user and hampers our efforts at being truly user-centric in design. Instead, the book offers a way of integrating the knowledge base to support a richer view of use and users in design education and evaluation. Understanding Users is aimed at those studying or practicing user-centered design and anyone interested in learning how people might be better integrated in the design of new technologies to augment human capabilities and experiences.

This book expounds the hydraulics of fine sediment which is almost ubiquitously found in coastal and estuarine waters, and in rivers, lakes, and reservoirs. Although the basic subject may be categorized as applied marine physics in shallow waters, several physicochemical and biological effects on particulate transport have been addressed.In this second edition most of the chapters have been substantially updated, rewritten, and expanded. Overall, a significant change has also been made throughout by replacing sediment concentration, a unit dependent quantity at the heart of numerous descriptions, measurements, and calculations, with the nondimensional sediment volume fraction. It marks a divergence in the manner in which fine sediment transport data and calculations are conventionally presented.The book is mainly written for civil engineering seniors and graduate students, to offer a comprehensive foundation in hydraulics of fine sediment. The book is also a useful reference for researchers interested in the effects of physical chemistry and biology on fine sediment transport in water and to an extent on coastal and estuarine morphodynamics, sediment transport, port and harbor engineering, and applied shallow watwer marine physics. The book is also recommended reading for those interested in understanding particle transport in water.

Product design is becoming increasingly challenging as product complexity increases dramatically with the advent of autonomous control and the need to achieve zero emissions. Companies continue to have poor product launches with significant numbers of recall campaigns and high after-sales warranties. It is important that potential product failures are identified and fixed during the design of a product. Failure modes found late after the design has matured are normally easy to find with some being identified by the customer but are often difficult and expensive to fix since modifying one part will often have a knock-on effect on other parts causing other problems. Discovering failure modes early in the design process is often difficult requiring rigorous and comprehensive analysis but once found such failure modes are usually easy and cheap to fix. This book presents an approach to product design based on Failure Mode Avoidance that utilizes a series of strongly interrelated engineering tools and interpersonal skills that can be used to discover failure modes early in the design process. The tools can be used across engineering disciplines. Despite engineering being largely a team activity, it is often the case that little attention is paid to the team process after the team membership has been identified, with membership normally being based on technical expertise. In addition to technical expertise, an effective engineering team requires individual engineers to work together efficiently. Good leadership is also required with the leader able to both manage change and encourage individual team members to work to the best of their ability. The book interweaves technical skills, team skills, and team leadership in a way that reflects their real-life interrelationship. The book tells the fictional story of a small engineering team and its leader as they implement the skills introduced in the book and follows their experiences reflecting individual difficulties, enthusiasm, humor, and skepticism in applying the methodologies and tools for the first time. In addition, the story tells of team members' interactions with their management and peers within a company that, having been very successful, finds itself in financial difficulties. It promotes constructivist learning through the reader empathizing with the characters in the book. These characters ask questions that are typical of those that learners will ask about the subject matter. Learning reinforcement is also integrated into the storyline as a natural and unobtrusive feature. The book is intended to be read like a novel from cover to cover with a storyline that motivates the reader to read on. While including in-depth technical examples the book is not intended as a seminal text on Failure Mode Avoidance or team skills but is intended to give the reader an understanding such that they are motivated to learn more. Having read the book, it can be treated more typically as a textbook by returning to some of the technical detail or looking to further reading such as that identified in the book.

Product design is becoming increasingly challenging as product complexity increases dramatically with the advent of autonomous control and the need to achieve zero emissions. Companies continue to have poor product launches with significant numbers of recall campaigns and high after-sales warranties. It is important that potential product failures are identified and fixed during the design of a product. Failure modes found late after the design has matured are normally easy to find with some being identified by the customer but are often difficult and expensive to fix since modifying one part will often have a knock-on effect on other parts causing other problems. Discovering failure modes early in the design process is often difficult requiring rigorous and comprehensive analysis but once found such failure modes are usually easy and cheap to fix. This book presents an approach to product design based on Failure Mode Avoidance that utilizes a series of strongly interrelated engineering tools and interpersonal skills that can be used to discover failure modes early in the design process. The tools can be used across engineering disciplines. Despite engineering being largely a team activity, it is often the case that little attention is paid to the team process after the team membership has been identified, with membership normally being based on technical expertise. In addition to technical expertise, an effective engineering team requires individual engineers to work together efficiently. Good leadership is also required with the leader able to both manage change and encourage individual team members to work to the best of their ability. The book interweaves technical skills, team skills, and team leadership in a way that reflects their real-life interrelationship. The book tells the fictional story of a small engineering team and its leader as they implement the skills introduced in the book and follows their experiences reflecting individual difficulties, enthusiasm, humor, and skepticism in applying the methodologies and tools for the first time. In addition, the story tells of team members' interactions with their management and peers within a company that, having been very successful, finds itself in financial difficulties. It promotes constructivist learning through the reader empathizing with the characters in the book. These characters ask questions that are typical of those that learners will ask about the subject matter. Learning reinforcement is also integrated into the storyline as a natural and unobtrusive feature. The book is intended to be read like a novel from cover to cover with a storyline that motivates the reader to read on. While including in-depth technical examples the book is not intended as a seminal text on Failure Mode Avoidance or team skills but is intended to give the reader an understanding such that they are motivated to learn more. Having read the book, it can be treated more typically as a textbook by returning to some of the technical detail or looking to further reading such as that identified in the book.

Materials and manufacturing techniques are a few of the vital processes in production industries. Most of the materials processing and manufacturing techniques currently used in industries are a major cause of environmental pollution and are hence unsustainable. This book provides in-depth knowledge about challenges faced during the processing of advanced materials and discusses possible ways to achieve sustainability in manufacturing. This book: Covers advances in cryogenic machining, optimization, and economical and energy assessment of machining; Provides case studies and numerical design with analysis using computational fluid dynamics of minimum quantity lubrication mist droplets; Reviews metalworking fluids, laser micro-texturing, materials and manufacturing in sustainability, biofuels additives, nano-materials, and additive manufacturing of waste plastic; Explores the use of artificial intelligence and machine learning-based manufacturing techniques; and Covers the latest challenges and future trends in sustainable manufacturing. Sustainable Materials and Manufacturing Technologies is primarily written for senior undergraduate and graduate students, as well as researchers in mechanical, manufacturing, industrial, and production engineering, and material science.

Applied Systems Analysis: Science and Art of Solving Real-Life Problems Subject Guide: Engineering - Industrial and Manufacturing Any activity is aimed at solving certain problems, which means transferring a system from an existing unsatisfactory problematic state to a desired state. The success or failure of the system depends on how its natural properties were implemented during the planning of improvement and intervention state. This book covers the theory and experience of successfully solving problems in a practical and general way. This book includes a general survey of modern systems analysis; offers several original results; presents the latest methodological and technological results of the theory of systems; introduces achievements; and discusses the transition from the ideology of the machine age to the ideology of the systems age. This book will be of interest to both professionals and academicians.

This book discusses the 3D printing of sensors, actuators, and antennas and illustrates how manufacturers can create smart materials that can be effectively used to prepare low-cost products. The book also includes how to select the appropriate process for your manufacturing needs. 3D Printing of Sensors, Actuators, and Antennas for Low-Cost Product Manufacturing offers the most recent developments in 3D printing of sensors, actuators, and antennas for low-cost product manufacturing; the book highlights some of the commercially available low-cost 3D printing processes that have higher efficiency and accuracy. Fundamental principles and working methodologies are presented with a critical review of the past work involved and current trends with future predictions. It covers composite and polymeric materials widely used and specifically focuses on low-cost elements. Recent breakthroughs and advantages in product manufacturing when printing smart materials are also discussed. Manufacturing engineers, product designers, manufacturing industries, as well as graduate students, and research scholars will find this book very useful for their work and studies.

This edited volume compares seven countries in North America and Europe on the highly topical issue of oil and gas development that uses hydraulic fracturing or "fracking." The comparative analysis is based on the Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF) and guided by two questions: First, in each country, what are current coalitions and the related policy output? Second, based on the current situation, what are the chances for future policy change? This book is the first to use a social science approach to analyze hydraulic fracturing debates and the first application of the ACF that is deliberately comparative. The contributions in this book advance our understanding about the formation of coalitions and development of public policy in the context of different forms of government and economically recoverable natural resources.

This book provides a great collection of work design testimonies with transferable lessons across many industry sectors and domains. It discusses physiological and cognitive parameters, teamwork, social aspects, organizational, and broader factors that influence work design initiatives. It is important to learn from practitioner stories and real-world conditions that affect the theoretical applications of work design. Readers will benefit from understanding the struggles and successes of the authors. The chapters cover a wide spectrum of human factors and user needs, including decision making in (ab)normal and safety-critical situations, physical ergonomics, design-in-use modifications, and tailored training. The text examines holistic approaches that lead to improved work methods, worker engagement, and effective system-wide interventions. Ergonomic Insights: Successes and Failures of Work Design is primarily written for professionals and graduate students in the fields of ergonomics, human factors, and occupational health and safety. Educators will also benefit from using these case studies in class lessons.

This book presents decision support tools that can be used in the early design stage to analyze the feasibility of a product and its components for remanufacturing. It also covers how to design a product specifically for remanufacturing and offers supporting case studies. This is a comprehensive solutions guide for remanufacturing decision-making. The book illustrates an approach that can be used at the product End-of-Life (EOL) stage to generate optimized recovery plans for the returned products. Opportunities for Industry 4.0 to support remanufacturing along with case studies are included to showcase the decision-making tools. Remanufacturing and Remanufacturability Assessment for the Circular Economy: A Solutions Guide will be of interest to practitioners, business professionals, and researchers that work in the industrial and manufacturing sectors. Those involved with supply chain management and advanced technologies associated with Industry 4.0, sustainability, and integrated techniques of circular supply chains will also find this book very useful.

This text discusses recent research techniques in the field of microwave processing of engineering materials by utilizing microwave radiation in the form of microwave hybrid heating (MHH). It is useful for industrial and household applications including the joining of materials, casting of bulk metal alloy material, drilling of borosilicate glass materials, development of cladding of different materials for friction, wear, and corrosion. The book: Discusses the development of high-temperature resistant materials using microwave processing Covers the latest research development in microwave processing in the field of healthcare i.e. bio-medical implants Highlights concepts of microwave heating in joining, cladding, and casting of metallic materials Explains mechanisms of failure of materials and protection in a comprehensive manner Provide readers the knowledge of microwave processing of materials in major thrust areas of engineering applications This book extensively highlights the latest advances in the field of microwave processing for engineering materials. It will serve as an ideal reference text for graduate students and academic researchers in the fields of materials science, manufacturing engineering, industrial engineering, mechanical engineering, and production engineering.

This reference text discusses processing, structure, and properties of metal matrix composites, polymer matrix composites, and ceramic matrix composites for applications in high end engineering equipment, biomedical and nano-biotechnology areas. The text begins by discussing fundamentals, classification, designing and fabrication of composite materials, followed by ultrasonic vibration assisted machining of advanced materials, fabrication of transparent advanced composites, fabrication of composites via microwave sintering, and hybrid machining of metal-matrix composites. It covers important topics including fabrication of shape-memory polymers, additive manufacturing for the fabrication of composites, 3D printing processes for biomedical applications, and ultrasonic vibration assisted machining of advanced materials. The text will be useful for undergraduate, graduate students, and academic researchers in areas including materials science, mechanical engineering, manufacturing science, aerospace engineering, electronics and communication engineering The book- Covers processing, structure, and properties of metal matrix composites, polymer matrix composites, and ceramic matrix composites. Discusses nano materials and their potential applications in the area of biomedical and nano-biotechnology. Provides modern processing techniques to synthesize advance materials. Explores applicability of the materials using mechanical, chemical, thermal and electrical tests. Discussing advanced materials, their manufacturing techniques and applications in diverse areas including automotive, aerospace engineering, biomedical, this text will be useful for undergraduate, graduate students, and academic researchers in areas including materials science, mechanical engineering, manufacturing science, aerospace engineering, electronics and communication engineering. It will further discuss electro discharge machining of steels using chromium alloy-based electrodes, and advanced machining techniques for hard materials.

1) Covers different types of cranes including bridge cranes, tower cranes, aerial cranes and dual cranes 2) Provides different industrial applications 3) Demonstrates how to reduce unwanted vibrations to ensure safe and effective operations 4) Discusses how to use advanced control methods in order to reduce vibration

This book will change the way you think about problems. It focuses on creating solutions to all sorts of complex problems by taking a practical, problem-solving approach. It discusses not only what needs to be done, but it also provides guidance and examples of how to do it. The book applies systems thinking to systems engineering and introduces several innovative concepts such as direct and indirect stakeholders and the Nine-System Model, which provides the context for the activities performed in the project, along with a framework for successful stakeholder management. A list of the figures and tables in this book is available at https://www.crcpress.com/9781138387935. FEATURES * Treats systems engineering as a problem-solving methodology * Describes what tools systems engineers use and how they use them in each state of the system lifecycle * Discusses the perennial problem of poor requirements, defines the grammar and structure of a requirement, and provides a template for a good imperative construction statement and the requirements for writing requirements * Provides examples of bad and questionable requirements and explains the reasons why they are bad and questionable * Introduces new concepts such as direct and indirect stakeholders and the Shmemp! * Includes the Nine-System Model and other unique tools for systems engineering

Ever since the publication in 1997 the original Scour Manual has helped many practising hydraulic engineers to deal with scour processes near hydraulic structures. In recent years new insights, such as probabilistic calculations, offered new opportunities to design structures more economically. These new insights are included in this update of the original Scour Manual, which is focussing entirely on current-related scour. This manual provides the engineer with useful practical methods to calculate the dimensions of scour holes in the pre-feasibility and preliminary stages of a project, and gives an introduction to the most relevant literature. This updated Scour Manual contains guidelines that can be used to solve problems related to scour in engineering practice and also reflects the main results of all research projects in the Netherlands in recent decades. The so-called Breusers equilibrium method has a central role, which can basically be applied to all situations where local scour is expected. The method allows to predict the scour depth as a function of time, provided that the available knowledge about scour at the specific structure is sufficient. For structures with insufficient knowledge available, alternative scour prediction rules are presented. The treatment of local scour is classified according to the different types of structures. Each type of structure is necessarily schematised to a simple, basic layout. The main parameters of a structure and the main parts of the flow pattern near a structure are described briefly insofar they are relevant to the description of scour phenomena. New scour formulas for the equilibrium scour have been elucidated. Evaluating a balance of forces for a control volume, it is possible to develop scour equations for different types of flow fields and structures, i.e. jets, abutments and bridge piers. As many scour problems are still not fully understood, attention is paid to the validity ranges and limitations of the formulas, as well as to the accuracy of the scour predictions. This information can also be used to carry out a risk assessment using a safety philosophy based on a probabilistic analysis or an approach with a safety factor. Moreover, the information on the strength of soils is extended and aspects are addressed such as scour due to shear failures or flow slides, that can progressively damage the bed protection which might lead to the failure of hydraulic structures. This updated Scour Manual presents scour prediction methods and deals with practically related scour problems. Consultants and contractors were invited to provide case studies of realized projects, including the methods that were followed. These case studies will help with grasping the concept of scour by the flow of water. This manual provides the engineer with the latest knowledge and with case studies that show how to apply the formulas and their limitations.

Applied Attention Theory, Second Edition provides details concerning the relevance of all aspects of attention to the world beyond the laboratory. Topic application areas include the design of warning systems to capture attention; attention distractions in the workplace; failures of dividing attention while driving; and the measurement of mental workload while flying. This new edition discusses the implications of VR and AR for human attention. It also covers the treatment of attention-based pedagogical methods used to enhance learning and presents attentional issues in interacting with automation and AI. New chapters include applications of attention to healthcare, education pedagogy, highway safety, and human interaction with autonomous vehicles and other AI systems. The readership for this book is the professional, the researcher, and the student.