Estuaries are natural highly dynamic and rapidly changing systems, comprising a complex combination of physical processes on many different time- and space- scales. The research conducted a systematic study on the topic of fine sediment physical processes in a meso-tidal convergent alluvial estuary. By means of multi-approaches (field survey, laboratory experiment and numerical modeling) and from multi-angles (data-driven analysis and process-based modeling) we highlight that multiscale (including micro- and macro- scale) physical processes jointly characterize the current and sediment regime in a fine sediment estuarine system. The study presented in this book investigates micro- and macro- scale physical processes of a large-scale fine sediment estuarine system with a moderate tidal range as well as a highly seasonal-varying freshwater inflow. Based on a series of measured, experimented and modelled data, the research highlights that (i) along-channel fresh-salt gradient near an estuarine turbidity maximum zone is a key parameter controlling local density stratification and sedimentation in the channel; (ii) the salinity-induced baroclinic pressure gradient forces are a major factor impacting internal velocity and suspended sediment concentration (SSC) structures; (iii) vertical profiles of current, salinity and SSC within a river plume are dependent on a correct prediction of the development of turbulence; (iv) both suspended particulate matter availability and local residual flow regime are of critical importance for trapping probability of sediment and the occurrence of fluid mud; (v) river discharge impacts the horizontal and vertical distribution of residual current; (vi) seasonally varying wind effect alters the residual currents near the riverine limit; (vii) seasonally varied mean sea level and wind climate jointly shape the saltwater intrusion length near the estuarine front.

This book provides 1-page short biographies of scientists and engineers having worked in the areas of hydraulic engineering and fluid dynamics in the USA. On each page, a notable individual is highlighted by: (1) Exact dates and locations of birth and death; (2) Educational and professional details, including also awards received; (3) Reasons for inclusion in the book by highlighting key publications; (4) Short bibliography including both individual's own, and source literature such as Who's Who details, or origination details of the portrait; (5) In most cases, an illustrative portrait or photo showing, for example, a book cover of the individual, or photograph of a typical work such as a dam or a canal. This volume includes almost 1,000 individuals, of which there are only 2 women. The book also provides a detailed Index, and a 2-page list of individuals (normally born in Europe) listed in previous volumes (1 and 2), but having a relation to this volume 3. The book also contains a map of the USA highlighting the major American rivers, with a close relation to projects carried out by several of the individuals presented in the book. This book provides a beautiful overview of the many scientists and engineers having contributed to the current knowledge in hydraulic engineering and fluid mechanics. The author made every effort in compiling the most important hydraulicians of the USA in this work as it will become much more difficult in future decades to find biographical details on these, given the current policy that so few memoirs or necrologues are published.

Combines More Than 40 Years of Expert Experience Computational modelling and simulation methods have a wide range of applications in hydraulic and coastal engineering. Computational Modelling in Hydraulic and Coastal Engineering provides an introductory but comprehensive coverage of these methods. It emphasizes the use of the finite differences method with applications in reservoir management, closed-conduit hydraulics, free-surface channel and coastal domain flows, surface gravity waves, groundwater movement, and pollutant and sediment transport processes. It focuses on applications rather than lengthy theories or derivations of complex formulas and is supported by a wealth of hands-on numerical examples and computer codes written in MATLAB but available also in BASIC. PowerPoint presentations and learning assignment projects/quizzes, along with learning assessment rubrics, are included. A comprehensive study highlighting the infinite differences method, this book: Covers the fundamentals of flow in pressurized conduits Contains solutions for the classical Hardy Cross pipe network problem Designates the mathematical description of groundwater flow in confined and unconfined aquifers Provides numerical examples for one- and two-dimensional applications including saltwater intrusion Presents examples of transport of pollutants, sediment and air bubbles using Eulerian and Lagrangian solution methodologies Includes information on weighted residuals, the finite elements method, and the boundary integral method Computational Modelling in Hydraulic and Coastal Engineering suits senior-level undergraduates and graduate students as well as practitioners such as coastal and maritime engineers, environmental engineers, civil engineers, computer modellers, and hydro-geologists.

Hydraulic research is developing beyond the borders of traditional civil engineering to meet increasing demands in natural hazards, structural safety assessment and also environmental research. Hydraulic Engineering III contains 62 technical papers from the 3rd Technical Conference on Hydraulic Engineering (CHE 2014, Hong Kong, 13-14 December 2014), including the 2014 Structural and Civil Engineering Workshop (SCEW 2014) and the 4th Workshop on Environment and Safety Engineering (WESE 2014). The contributions reflect recent advances, discuss problems and identify challenges associated with engineering applications in hydraulic engineering, and showcase recent developments in the areas of hydraulic engineering and environmental engineering, and other related fields. Hydraulic Engineering III includes a wide variety of topics: hydraulic engineering (river engineering and sediment transport, waterway engineering, flood hazards and innovative control measures, geotechnical aspects in hydraulic engineering, rainfall modelling, water resources and water treatment, hydraulic structures, modelling technology in hydraulic engineering), structural and civil engineering (mechanics in engineering, and new structural advances such as reinforced concrete beam by high titanium blast furnace slag), and environmental issues (environmental fluid dynamics, environmental hydraulics and hydrology, and the environmental prediction and control techniques in waste and pollution, water pollution and ecosystem degradation, coastal engineering). Hydraulic Engineering III will be invaluable to academics and professionals in both hydraulic and environmental engineering.

Natural ecosystems are heavily dependent on water, as it is essential to the development of life. The ecology and landscape play an important role in the quality and availability of water. It is no coincidence that exceptional hydrological phenomena are found in protected areas. Such is the case with, for example, the geothermic occurrences (principally, geysers) in America's Yellowstone National Park , the oldest park in the world. The Ramsar wetlands (where the ecosystem's dependency on water is strongly evident), The Iguacu Falls (on the border of Argentina and Brazil), or the Zapata Swamp (the largest of its kind on the Caribbean island of Cuba) further exemplify this point. However, in many cases, the conservation strategies for hydraulic resources in protected areas are ignored, or simply deprived of the attention they require. There are many types of suitable management strategies for planning and protecting our valuable treasures. Hydraulic resource management in protected areas is something that must not be separated from these conservation measures. The first Symposium for the Management of Hydraulic Resources in Protected Areas was intended to be a framework of communication about experiences with water resource management in protected areas. Advances in research and possible solutions to the problems within these areas were discussed. The contributions in this proceedings volume are grouped under seven main themes: Purification and reuse of wastewater in rural communities; Impact of public use on water resources; Vulnerability and risks associated with aquifers, Design and management water resources in protected areas; Research and monitoring of water resources in protected areas; Water and its importance as a source of renewable energy in protected spaces; and Geodiversity and conservation of areas with hydraulic heritage.

Provides a Balance between the Mathematical and Physical Aspects and the Engineering Applications Written for engineering and science students, Mechanics of Groundwater in Porous Media explains groundwater from both a mathematical and qualitative standpoint. The book builds up the theory of groundwater flow starting from basic physics and geometric intuition, and on to applied practice through real-world engineering problems. It includes graphical illustrations as well as solved illustrative problems throughout the text. Considers the Steady-State Motion of Groundwater The book starts off by introducing the overall picture of groundwater, its relationship with the hydrological cycle, and other terminology used in the mechanics of groundwater flow though porous means. It presents a synopsis of basic definitions, concepts, and the fundamental principles of fluid mechanics and soil mechanics, which are necessary prerequisites for an adequate understanding of the book's core material. The engineering applications are deducted from geometric and physical reasoning, with a minimum use of mathematical abstraction. Mechanics of Groundwater in Porous Media is written primarily to serve as a textbook for senior undergraduate and upper-level graduate students in civil and environmental engineering, environmental science, hydrogeology, and geology, as well as a resource for practicing engineers.

While most books examine only the classical aspects of hydrology, this three-volume set covers multiple aspects of hydrology, and includes contributions from experts from more than 30 countries. It examines new approaches, addresses growing concerns about hydrological and ecological connectivity, new quantitative and qualitative managing techniques and considers the worldwide impact of climate change. It also provides updated material on hydrological science and engineering, discussing recent developments as well as classic approaches. Published in three books, Fundamentals and Applications; Modeling, Climate Change, and Variability; and Environmental Hydrology and Water Management, the entire set consists of 87 chapters, and contains 29 chapters in each book. The chapters in this book contain information on: * The anthropocenic aquifer, groundwater vulnerability, and hydraulic fracturing, and environmental problems * Disinfection of water, environmental engineering for water and sanitation systems, environmental nanotechnology, modeling of wetland systems, nonpoint source and water quality modeling, water pollution control using low-cost natural wastes, and water supply and public health and safety * Environmental flows, river managed system for flood defense, stormwater modeling and management, tourism and river hydrology, and transboundary river basin management * The historical development of wastewater management, sediment pollution, and sustainable wastewater treatment * Water governance, scarcity, and security * The formation of ecological risk on plain reservoirs, modification in hydrological cycle, sustainable development in integrated water resources management, transboundary water resource management, and more Students, practitioners, policy makers, consultants and researchers can benefit from the use of this text.

Hydraulic Engineering contains 56 technical papers from the 2012 SREE Conference on Hydraulic Engineering (CHE 2012, Hong Kong, 21-22 December 2012, including the second SREE Workshop on Environment and Safety, WESE 2012). The conference served as a major forum for researchers, engineers and manufacturers to share recent advances, discuss problems, and identify challenges associated with engineering applications in hydraulic engineering, and the contributions showcase recent developments in the areas of hydraulic engineering and environmental engineering. The sections on hydraulic engineering mainly focus on flood prediction and control, hydropower design and construction technology, water and environment, comprehensive water treatment, and urban water supply and drainage, while the contributions related to environmental issues focus on environmental prediction and control techniques in environmental geoscience, environmental ecology, atmospheric sciences, ocean engineering, safety engineering and environmental pollution control. Hydraulic Engineering will be invaluable to academics and professionals in both hydraulic and environmental engineering.

The research presented in this work qualitatively investigates the morphodynamic response of a large tidal inlet/basin system to future relative sea level rise (RSLR) using the state-of-the-art Delft3D numerical model. Understanding the potential impacts of RSLR on these systems is a prerequisite for their sustainable management due to their rich bio-diversity and the increase in economic activities and local communities in recent decades. The adopted approach used a highly schematised model domain analogous to the Ameland inlet in the Dutch Wadden Sea. Model simulations were undertaken applying tidal and wave boundary forcings with three IPCC projected RSLR scenarios (no RSLR, low RSLR and high RSLR). Predicted inlet evolution indicated a channel/shoal pattern typically observed at the Ameland inlet. RSLR enhances the existing flood-dominance of the system leading to erosion on the ebb-tidal delta and accretion in the basin. Under the no RSLR case, resulting bed evolution of the process-based model (Delft3D) tends to agree with empirical-equilibrium relations of the ASMITA model. Application of the low RSLR scenario resulted in quite stable tidal flat evolution. Model simulations with the high RSLR scenario indicated disappearing the tidal flats over time and turning the system into a lagoon. Applying nourishment hardly compensated the RSLR induced sediment demand of tidal flat evolution.

This text covers the latest intelligent technologies and algorithms related to the state-of-the-art methodologies of monitoring and mitigation of mechanical engineering. It covers important topics including computational fluid dynamics for advanced thermal systems, optimizing performance parameters by Fuzzy logic, design of experiments, numerical simulation, and optimizing flow network by artificial intelligence. It will serve as an ideal reference text for graduate students and academic researchers in diverse engineering fields including industrial, manufacturing, computer, mechanical, and materials science. The book- Introduces novel soft computing techniques needed to address sustainable solutions for the issues related to materials and manufacturing process. Provides perspectives for the design, development, and commissioning of intelligent applications. Discusses the latest intelligent technologies and algorithms related to the state-of-the-art methodologies of monitoring and mitigation of sustainable engineering. Explores future generation sustainable and intelligent monitoring techniques beneficial for mechanical engineering. Covers implementation of soft computing in the various areas of engineering applications. This book introduces soft computing techniques in addressing sustainable solutions for the issues related to materials and manufacturing process. It will serve as an ideal reference text for graduate students and academic researchers in diverse engineering fields including industrial, manufacturing, thermal, fluid, and materials science.

Earthquakes and tsunamis are two major natural disasters, causing enormous life and material losses over the entire world, especially in the developing countries that are not well prepared. Since earthquakes and tsunamis are natural phenomena that cannot be prevented, a series of measures need to be taken to minimize the losses. Disaster mitigation covers a wide variety of activities involving numerous disciplines. Civil engineering makes probably the most effective contribution to the mitigation of life and material losses in earthquakes and tsunamis.

This volume contains 11 major contributions of distinguished experts from various areas of civil engineering, and aims at informing the civil engineering community about the recent progress in disaster mitigation concerning earthquakes and tsunamis. It is designed to address the standard practicing civil engineer with the aim of carrying the scientific research results to the engineering practice in simple engineering language.

This edition of its popular predecessor has been significantly revised to increase flexibility in the presentation and maintain greater continuity of the material. Combining both theory and practical applications of empirical equations the text contains expanded treatment of water quantity and quality control, a detailed presentation of basic principles and use in analysis and design, hydrograph topics including synthetic and convolution techniques, practical and realistic case studies relating to design problems, and additional end-of-chapter problems. It provides new computer programs to explain complex concepts and solve large data-based problems. An additional appendix offers suggestions for classroom or lab problems.

The performance, safety and stability of machines depends largely on their design, manufacturing and interaction with environment. Machine foundations should be designed in such a way that the dynamic forces transmitted to the soil through the foundation, eliminating all potentially harmful forces. This handbook is designed primarily for the practising engineers engaged in design of machine foundations. It covers basic fundamentals for understanding and evaluating dynamic response of machine foundation systems with emphasis is on detailed dynamic analysis for response evaulation. Use of commercially available Finite Element packages, for analysis and design of the foundation, is recommended. Theory is supported by results from practice in the form of examples.

Risk and Reliability: Coastal and Hydraulic Engineering sets out the methods which are increasingly being required by Government Agencies for river and sea defence design and flood defence system management. And it shows how to describe uncertainty in the performance of flood and erosion defences.

It introduces the key statistical concepts required for the implementation of a reliability analysis, and the analytical and the numerical methods are each described with worked examples. Example applications of the methods are given to illustrate their advantages and limitations, together with case studies drawn from the author s experience of academia and consultancy. It draws together scattered material and provides coastal and hydraulic engineers with an accessible entry to reliability analysis and thence to the cutting-edge literature.

This book suits advanced undergraduates and MSc students of flood and coastal defence. It also serves as a helpful source of information for consultants, practitioners and academics.

'This book bridges disciplines, previously confined to specialist journal publications, by providing a comprehensive overview of the systems analysis application to water resources. It is ideal for Masters-level courses in Water Resources Engineering where modern management techniques of optimization and modelling are highly important in the strategic management of a vital resource.' - Derek Clarke, University of Southampton, UK 'The great novelty of this book is that it presents in detail how fuzzy-set theory can be used in water resource system management. The author was one of the pioneers who opened up this new field and is considered to be one of the greatest experts in it.' - Rodolfo Soncini Sessa, Politecnico di Milano, Italy Water resources management is increasingly interdisciplinary and must take into account complex socioeconomic factors and environmental variables. This book describes the 'systems approach' and its application to contemporary water resources management, focusing on three main sets of tools: simulation, optimization and multi-objective analysis. This approach is presented within the context of sustainable planning and development under conditions of uncertainty. Managing Water Resources: Methods and Tools for a Systems Approach introduces system dynamic simulation as a tool for integrated modelling and contains coverage of the use of fuzzy sets for incorporating objective and subjective uncertainties. The book combines theory with many practical examples, as well as including programs and exercises on downloadable resources. It comprises both an advanced text for students of water resources and civil or environmental engineering and a practical guide for professionals. Published jointly with UNESCO and International Hydrological Programme

Expanding a port, deepening a navigation channel or creating new land for development, introduces changes to our physical, social, economic and political environment. Changes may result from events during the construction process, or relate to the nature of the completed structure. Changes can be positive or negative, short-term or long-term, and may affect the immediate vicinity of the project or a larger geographical area. Predicting and assessing all possible effects of a planned dredging activity in a scientifically-sound and reliable manner is essential, so that appropriate control measures can be taken to avoid or mitigate unwelcome impacts. This book provides guidance for a complete holistic environmental evaluation procedure and for the design and implementation of environmental control measures. The book is of particular interest to engineers, government agencies and port authorities, as well as civil engineering consultants and contractors involved in planning and designing dredging, maritime infrastructure and fluvial projects.

The varied use of dredgers has led to the development of a variety of dredger types, from small ones appropriate to modest inshore projects, to very large sea-going dredgers for large-scale projects calling for the storage of dredged material within the ship. This book, which is the first book dedicated to dredging and its environmental impact in the widest sense, contains chapters on dredging operations in the Netherlands, Belgium, the UK, Spain, the US, China and Singapore. Additional chapters discuss more general aspects such as dredging techniques, monitoring of dredging operations, and the prospects of dredging in a changing environment. As well as providing information on dredging activities in different areas, it gives an insight into the activities and problems (environmental or other) involved in modern dredging. It will be of interest to professionals and students alike.

"Showcases the beneftis and potential advantages of water hydraulics over oil-based media. Interweaves examples and excercises throughout the text to illustrate critical concepts, with helpful appendices on abbreviations, symbols, conversion factors, and water contaminants, and glossary sections."

An examination of how silt has a major impact on the operation of hydropower projects in terms of the silting of reservoirs, with particular reference to India where one-third of the Earth's silt material originates. An effort is made to raise awareness of silt issues in the minds of hydropower engineers, considering silting problems in hydropower projects on the Indian sub-continent. Also under discussion are environmental and economic aspects of silt management; reduction of silt by implementing ISO 1400 for hilly projects; technical treatments of reservoir sedimentation, desilting and its economic optimization, damage mechanisms and their analysis, and design criteria. Although this book considers the problem of silting from several viewpoints, it focuses on the design of hydropower plants in India.

Provides a roadmap for advancing a pilot's aviation skill development towards a master-level. Discusses decision-making models, complex systems, and situational awareness. Includes real-world examples, situations, and pilot reports. Covers a wide range of airline flying challenges in extensive detail. Explores automation policy, benefits and limitations of automation, automation errors, and automation management techniques.

Challenges the paradigm that the measure of consequence (losses) is a good indicator of safety effort. Introduces three luck factors that determine the course of the accident sequence. Explains what causes accidents, their consequences, and how to prevent them. Discusses hazard identification, risk assessment, and flawed safety management system. Showcases accident immediate causes including high-risk (unsafe) acts and high-risk (unsafe) conditions.

Experiential Learning presents an evolving form of education that fundamentally involves "learning by doing" and having students reflect on the work. The book discusses these recent developments pertaining to the use of experiential learning in engineering education. Covering a range of innovations in experiential learning, the book explores development in laboratories, in-class and problem-based learning, project work, and society-based aspects, including indigenous elements in the curriculum. It includes case studies and examples sourced from institutions around the world. Focuses on recent and practical aspects of implementing experiential learning to help improve engineering education. Offers an examination of the undergraduate experience, which leads to professional certification. Includes a chapter on lessons in other professional education areas, such as medicine and health care, business, and social work. A broad readership will find value in this book, including faculty who teach undergraduate engineering courses; engineering education researchers; industry partners that provide co-op experience; and developers of training modules for practicing engineers.

A thorough knowledge of geology is essential in the design and construction of infrastructures for transport, buildings and mining operations; while an understanding of geology is also crucial for those working in urban, territorial and environmental planning and in the prevention and mitigation of geohazards.

Geological Engineering provides an interpretation of the geological setting, integrating geological conditions into engineering design and construction, and provides engineering solutions that take into account both ground conditions and environment.

This textbook, extensively illustrated with working examples and a wealth of graphics, covers the subject area of geological engineering in four sections:

Fundamentals: soil mechanics, rock mechanics and hydrogeology

Methods: site investigations, rock mass characterization and engineering geological mapping

Applications: foundations, slope stability, tunnelling, dams and reservoirs and earth works

Geohazards: landslides, other mass movements, earthquake hazards and prevention and mitigation of geological hazards

As well as being a textbook for graduate and postgraduate students and academics, Geological Engineering serves as a basic reference for practicing engineering geologists and geological and geotechnical engineers, as well as civil and mining engineers dealing with design and construction of foundations, earth works and excavations for infrastructures, buildings, and mining operations.

Table of Contents

PART I. FUNDAMENTALS

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Geological Engineering

1.1 Definition and Importance of Geological Engineering

1.2 The Geological Environment and its Relation with Engineering

1.3 Geological Factors and Geotechnical Problems

1.4 Methods and Applications in Engineering Geology

1.5 Information Sources in Engineering Geology

1.6 How this Book is Structured

Recommended Reading/References

Chapter 2 – Soil Mechanics and Engineering Geology of Sediments

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Soil Description and Classification

2.3 Flow of Water through Soils

2.4 Effective Stress

2.5 Consolidation and Compressibility

2.6 Shear Strength of Soils

2.7 Influence of Mineralogy and Fabric on the Geotechnical Properties of Soils

2.8 Engineering Geology Characteristics of Sediments

2.9 Problematic Soils

Recommended Reading/References

Chapter 3 – ROCK MECHANICS

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Physical and Mechanical Properties of Rocks

3.3 Stress and Strain in Rocks

3.4 Strenght and Deformability of Intact Rock

3.5 Discontinuities

3.6 Strenght and Deformability of Rock Masses

3.7 In situ Stress

3.8 Rock Mass Classifications

Recommended Reading/References

Chapter 4 - HYDROGEOLOGY

4.1 Hydrogeological Behaviour of Soils and Rocks

4.2 Hydrogeological Parameters

4.3 Flow. Darcy's Law and Fundamental Flow Equations in Porous Media

4.4 Evaluation Methods for Hydrogeological Parameters

4.5 Solution Methods

4.6 Chemical Properties of Water

Recommended Reading/References

PART II. METHODS

Chapter 5 – SITE INVESTIGATIONS

5.1 Planning and Design

5.2 Preliminary Investigations

5.3 Engineering Geophysics

5.4 Boreholes, Trial Pits, Trenches and Sampling

5.5 In situ Tests

5.6 Geotechnical Instrumentation

Recommended Reading/References

Chapter 6 - ROCK MASS DESCRIPTION AND CHARACTERISATION

6.1 Methodology

6.2 Description and Zoning

6.3 Intact Rock Characterisation

6.4 Description of Discontinuities

6.5 Rock Mass Parameters

6.6 Rock Mass Classification and Characterisation

Recommended Reading/References

Chapter 7 - ENGINEERING GEOLOGICAL MAPPING

7.1 Definition

7.2 Types of Maps

7.3 Mapping Methods

7.4 Data Collection

7.5 Applications

Recommended Reading/References

PART III. APPLICATIONS

Chapter 8 - FOUNDATIONS

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Shallow Foundations

8.3 Deep Foundations

8.4 Foundations in Rock

8.5 Foundations in Complex Geological Conditions

8.6 Site Investigation

Recommended Reading/References

Chapter 9 - SLOPES

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Site Investigations

9.3 Factors Influencing Slope Stability

9.4 Types of Slope Failure

9.5 Stability Analysis

9.6 Stabilization Measures

9.7 Monitoring and Control

9.8 Slope Excavation

Recommended Reading/References

Chapter 10 - TUNNELS

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Site Investigation

10.3 Influence of Geological Conditions

10.4 Geomechanical Design Parameters

10.5 Rock Mass Classifications for Tunneling

10.6 Tunnel Support Design using Rock Mass Classifications

10.7 Excavability

10.8 Tunnel Excavation and Support Methods in Rock

10.9 Tunnel Excavation and Support Methods in Soil

10.10 Geological Engineering during Tunnel Construction

Recommended Reading/References

Chapter 11 - DAMS AND RESERVOIRS

11.1. Introduction

11.2 Types of Dams and Auxiliary Structures

11.3 Site Investigation

11.4 Engineering Geology Criteria for Dam Selection

11.5 Geological Materials for Dam Construction

11.6 Reservoir Water Tightness

11.7 Permeability of Dam Foundations

11.8 Reservoir Slope Stability

11.9 Engineering Geological Conditions for Dam Foundations

11.10 Seismic Actions and Induced Seismicity

Recommended Reading/References

Chapter 12 - EARTH STRUCTURES

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Design Methodology

12.3 Materials

12.4 Implementation and Control

12.5 Embankments on Soft Soils

12.6 Embankments on Slopes

Recommended Reading/References

PART IV. GEOLOGICAL HAZARDS

Chapter 13 - LANDSLIDES AND OTHER MASS MOVEMENTS

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Slope Movements

13.3 Investigation of Landslides

13.4 Corrective Measures

13.5 Collapse and Subsidence

13.6 Prevention of Risks from Mass Movements

Recommended Reading/References

Chapter 14 - SEISMIC HAZARD

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Faults and Earthquakes

14.3 Seismicity Studies

14.4 Seismic Hazard Analysis

14.5 Seismic Site Response

14.6 Ground Effects Induced by Earthquakes

14.7 Applications to Geological Engineering

Recommended Reading/References

Chapter 15 - PREVENTION OF GEOLOGICAL HAZARDS

15.1 Geological Hazards

15.2 Hazard, Risk and Vulnerability

15.3 Safety Criteria in Geological Engineering

15.4 Prevention and Mitigation of Geological Hazards

15.5 Hazard and Risk Maps

Recommended Reading/References

Appendix A: Charts for Circular and Wedge Failure Analysis

Appendix B: Pressure Units Conversion Chart

Appendix C: Symbols and Acronyms

Appendix D: List of Boxes

Appendix E: Permissions to Reproduce Figures and Tables

Index

This book is an illustrative introduction to metamorphic rocks as seen in the field, designed for advanced high school to graduate-level earth science and geology students to jump-start their observational skills. In addition to photographs of rocks in the field, there are numerous line diagrams and examples of metamorphic features shown in thin section. The thin section photos are all at a scale and in a context that can be related to views seen in the field through a hand lens.

Table of Contents

Preface

About the author

Acknowledgements

A matter of scale

1 Introduction

The basics

Pressure, temperature, and metamorphic grade

Movement of rocks through P-T space

Preserving the prograde assemblage

Metamorphic field gradient

Rock strain: foliation and lineation

Chemical flux

Recrystallization

Summary and introduction to the following chapters

Part 1: Metamorphic rock types

2 Pelitic rocks

3 Quartzites

4 Marbles

5 Calc-silicate rocks

6 Mixed sedimentary rocks

7 Conglomerates and breccias

8 Gneisses

9 Basaltic rocks, low and intermediate pressure

10 Blueschists

11 Eclogites

12 Ultramafic rocks

13 Contact metamorphic rocks

14 Rocks in fault zones

Part 2: Metamorphic features

15 Foliation, cleavage, lineation

16 Folds

17 Porphyroblasts, porphyroclasts, and augen

18 Boudins

19 Veins and hydrothermal alteration

20 Metasomatism

21 Partial melting and migmatites

22 Retrograde metamorphism

Part 3: Relict pre-metamorphic features

23 Relict sedimentary features

24 Fossils in metamorphic rocks

25 Relict igneous features

References

Glossary of terms, rock types, and minerals

Glossary of terms

Glossary of rock types

Glossary of minerals

Index

Freeze Drying of Pharmaceutical Products provides an overview of the most recent and cutting-edge developments and technologies in the field, focusing on formulation developments and process monitoring and considering new technologies for process development. This book contains case studies from freeze dryer manufacturers and pharmaceutical companies for readers in industry and academia. It was contributed to by lyophilization experts to create a detailed analysis of the subject matter, organically presenting recent advancements in freeze-drying research and technology. It discusses formulation design, process optimization and control, new PAT-monitoring tools, multivariate image analysis, process scale-down and development using small-scale freeze-dryers, use of CFD for equipment design, and development of continuous processes. This book is for industry professionals, including chemical engineers and pharmaceutical scientists.