A major global issue that the world is facing today is the upcoming depletion of fossil fuels and the energy crisis. In 1998, the global annual energy consumption was 12. 7 TW; of which 80% was generated from fossil fuels. This also translates into huge annual emissions of CO that leads to massive environmental problems, 2 particularly the global warming, which could be disastrous. Future global annual energy needs are also estimated to rise dramatically. A major challenge confronting the world is to ?nd an additional 14-20 TW by 2050 when our energy reserves based on fossil fuels are vanishing. The massive demand for energy would require materials and/or processes that would help to provide new sources of clean ren- able energy or to develop processes that would harvest energy or to better utilize energy in an ef?cient manner. The present monograph, WOLEDs and Organic Photovoltaics - Recent Advances and Applications, focuses on a very important and timely subject of topical interest that deals with the more ef?cient use of energy through white organic light-emitting diodes (WOLEDs) for solid-state lighting and the development of clean sources of renewable energy through the harvesting of light energy for conversion into electrical energy in organic photovoltaics. While LED solid-state lighting and photovoltaics have been dominated by inorganic semiconductor materials and silicon-based solar cells, there have been growing interests in the development of WOLEDs and organic photovoltaics.

Stressing common characteristics and real applications of the most used microcontrollers, this practical guide provides readers with hands-on knowledge of how to implement three families of microcontrollers (HC11, AVR, and 8051). Unlike the rest of the ocean of literature on individual chips, Microcontrollers in Practice supplies side-by-side comparisons and an overview that treats the systems as resources available for implementation. Packed with hundreds of practical examples and exercises to foster mastery of concepts and details, the guide also includes several extended projects. By treating the less expensive 8-bit and RISC microcontrollers, this information-dense manual equips students and home-experimenters with the know-how to put these devices into operation.

This book offers a complete revision for its introduction to the quantum theory of light, including notable developments as well as improvements in presentation of basic theory and concepts, with continued emphasis on experimental aspects. The author provides a thorough overview on basic methods of classical and quantum mechanical measurements in quantum optics, enabling readers to analyze, summarize, and resolve quantum optical problems. The broad coverage of concepts and tools and its practical, experimental emphasis set it apart from other available resources. New discussions of timely topics such as the concept of the photon and distinguishability bring the entire contents up to date. Key Features: Provides a complete update of a classic textbook for the field. Features many new topics, including optical coherence, coherent and incoherent imaging, turbulence-free interferometry. Includes new chapters for intensity fluctuation correlation and thermal light ghost imaging, and biphoton imaging. Offers a complete overhaul of the introductory theory to give a more coherent and thorough treatment. Expands on discussions of optical tests of quantum theory, Popper's experiment, Einstein's locality questions, and the delayed choice quantum eraser.

Introduces the physical principles and operational characteristics of high speed semiconductor devices. Intended for use by advanced students as well as professional engineers and scientists involved in semiconductor device research, it includes the most advanced and important topics in high speed semiconductor devices. Initial chapters cover material properties, advanced technologies and novel device building blocks, and serve as the basis for understanding and analyzing devices in subsequent chapters. The following chapters cover a group of closely related devices that includes MOSFETs, MESFETs, heterojunction FETs and permeable--base transistors, hot electron transistors, microwave diodes and photonic devices, among others. Each chapter is self--contained and features a summary section, a discussion of future device trend, and an instructional problem set.

The intersection of nanostructuredmaterials with photonics and electronics shows greatpotential for clinical diagnostics, sensors, ultrafast telecommunication devices, and a new generation of compact and fast computers. Nanophotonics draws upon cross-disciplinary expertise from physics, materials science, chemistry, electrical engineering, biology, and medicine to create novel technologies to meet a variety of challenges. This is the first book to focus onnovel materials and techniques relevant to the burgeoning areaofnanoscale photonics and optoelectronics, including novel-hybrid materials with multifunctional capabilities andrecent advancements in the understanding of optical interactions in nanoscale materials and quantum-confined objects. Leading experts provide a fundamental understanding of photonics and the related science and technology of plasmonics, polaritons, quantum dots for nanophotonics, nanoscale field emitters, near-field optics, nanophotonic architecture, and nanobiophotonic materials. "

How can you design good thermoelectric materials? This book covers thermoelectric material concepts and synthesis techniques in particular focusing methods for enhancing current materials designs to achieve the greatest thermoelectric efficiencies. This book is ideal for researchers and advanced students of materials science, physics, and energy.

Porous silicon is rapidly attracting increasing interest from various fields, including optoelectronics, microelectronics, photonics, medicine, sensor and energy technologies, chemistry, and biosensing. This nanostructured and biodegradable material has a range of unique properties that make it ideal for many applications. This book, the third of a three-volume set covering all aspects of porous silicon formation and applications, focuses on applications of porous silicon in optoelectronics, microelectronics, and energy technologies. The book highlights the features of fabrication and performance of several forms of technology that incorporate porous silicon, including: Photonic crystals Fuel cells Elements of integral optoelectronics Solar cells Electroluminescence devices (LEDs) Batteries Supercapacitors Cold cathodes Hydrogen generation and storage Porous silicon-based composites Porous Silicon: From Formation to Applications: Optoelectronics, Microelectronics, and Energy Technology Applications, Volume Three is an indispensable resource for scientists and engineers in industries and laboratories. It provides an updated, comprehensive, single source of information that was previously scattered across numerous journal articles. It contains a wealth of insights for designing and improving the performance of various porous silicon-based devices, and is also a significant reference for those interested in learning more about the unusual properties of porous materials and possible areas for their application.

The primary aim of this book is to discuss various aspects of nanoscale device design and their applications including transport mechanism, modeling, and circuit applications. . Provides a platform for modeling and analysis of state-of-the-art devices in nanoscale regime, reviews issues related to optimizing the sub-nanometer device performance and addresses simulation aspect and/or fabrication process of devices Also, includes design problems at the end of each chapter

Defects in Nanocrystals: Structural and Physico-Chemical Aspects discusses the nature of semiconductor systems and the effect of the size and shape on their thermodynamic and optoelectronic properties at the mesoscopic and nanoscopic levels. The nanostructures considered in this book are individual nanometric crystallites, nanocrystalline films, and nanowires of which the thermodynamic, structural, and optical properties are discussed in detail. The work: Outlines the influence of growth processes on their morphology and structure Describes the benefits of optical spectroscopies in the understanding of the role and nature of defects in nanostructured semiconductors Considers the limits of nanothermodynamics Details the critical role of interfaces in nanostructural behavior Covers the importance of embedding media in the physico-chemical properties of nanostructured semiconductors Explains the negligible role of core point defects vs. surface and interface defects Written for researchers, engineers, and those working in the physical and physicochemical sciences, this work comprehensively details the chemical, structural, and optical properties of semiconductor nanostructures for the development of more powerful and efficient devices.

Model-based development methods, and supporting technologies, can provide the techniques and tools needed to address the dilemma between reducing system development costs and time, and developing increasingly complex systems. This book provides the information needed to understand and apply model-drive engineering (MDE) and model-drive architecture (MDA) approaches to the development of embedded systems. Chapters, written by experts from academia and industry, cover topics relating to MDE practices and methods, as well as emerging MDE technologies. Much of the writing is based on the presentations given at the Summer School "MDE for Embedded Systems" held at Brest, France, in September 2004.

This handbook is a valuable resource for scientists, engineers, graduate students, managers, decision makers, and those who are interested in ionic liquids. Many industrial applications rely on the use of Ionic Liquid Mixtures, as in solar energy storage, waste recycling or batteries.Physicochemical Properties of Ionic Liquid Mixtures is a useful handbook that contains the following features: - the physicochemical properties and property models of mixtures containing ionic liquids - supplemented by a comprehensive database of properties listing ionic liquid systems collected from more than 800 dependable literature sources - over 60,000 data entries on 39 types of physicochemical properties for 1388 mixtures, including binary, ternary, quaternary and other mixtures.

Remarkable developments in bipolar technology over the past decade have seen the silicon-germanium heterojunction bipolar transistor (SiGe HBT) emerge from research labs to enter production in radio frequency technologies. These developments have allowed SiGe BiCMOS transistors to address high-frequency wireless and optical communications applications that were previously only possible in III/V and II/VI devices. This book brings together for the first time all the new developments and describes in a unified manner the physics, materials science and technology of silicon bipolar transistors and SiGe HBTs.

Featuring: Basic device physics concepts presented in a simple and concise way. All the key technology innovations in detail, including polysilicon emitters, selective implanted collectors, selective and differential SiGe(C) epitaxy, and technology case studies. Compact models of bipolar transistors, including Gummel Poon, Mextram and VBIC. Overall bipolar technology, device and circuit optimisation.

"SiGe Heterojunction Bipolar Transistors" is an essential tool for practising process engineers and integrated circuit designers in the semiconductor, optical communications and wireless communications industries. University researchers, scientists and postgraduates students in microelectronics, semiconductors and electronic engineering will find this book an invaluable reference.

Professor Ashburn has worked as an industrial engineer, a consultant and a university professor and has accumulated a wealth of practical knowledge for incorporation in this book.

Nanoscale devices attracted significant research effort from the industry and academia due to their operation principals being based on different physical properties which provide advantages in the design of certain classes of circuits over conventional CMOS transistors. Neuromorphic Circuits for Nanoscale Devices contains recent research papers presented in various international conferences and journals to provide insight into how the operational principles of the nanoscale devices can be utilized for the design of neuromorphic circuits for various applications of non-volatile memory, neural network training/learning, and image processing. The topics discussed in the book include: * Nanoscale Crossbar Memory Design * Q-Learning and Value Iteration using Nanoscale Devices * Image Processing and Computer Vision Applications for Nanoscale Devices * Nanoscale Devices based Cellular Nonlinear/Neural Networks

This book provides a comprehensive introduction to ferroics and frustrated materials. Ferroics comprise a range of materials classes with functionalities such as magnetism, polarization, and orbital degrees of freedom and strain. Frustration, due to geometrical constraints, and disorder, due to chemical and/or structural inhomogeneities, can lead to glassy behavior, which has either been directly observed or inferred in a range of materials classes from model systems such as artificial spin ice, shape memory alloys, and ferroelectrics to electronically functional materials such as manganites. Interesting and unusual properties are found to be associated with these glasses and have potential for novel applications. Just as in prototypical spin glass and structural glasses, the elements of frustration and disorder lead to non-ergodocity, history dependence, frequency dependent relaxation behavior, and the presence of inhomogeneous nano clusters or domains. In addition, there are new states of matter, such as spin ice; however, it is still an open question as to whether these systems belong to the same family or universality class. The purpose of this work is to collect in a single volume the range of materials systems with differing functionalities that show many of the common characteristics of geometrical frustration, where interacting degrees of freedom do not fit in a lattice or medium, and glassy behavior is accompanied by additional presence of disorder. The chapters are written by experts in their fields and span experiment and theory, as well as simulations. Frustrated Materials and Ferroic Glasses will be of interest to a wide range of readers in condensed matter physics and materials science.

A lively and thought-provoking look at the future of microelectronics

Nanotechnology has been named by the U.S. government as one of the most important areas of impending technology. It is a common view among leading professionals in microelectronics that current explosive developments in the field will likely lead to profound paradigm shifts in the near future. Identifying plausible scenarios for the forthcoming evolution of microelectronics presents a tremendous opportunity for constructive action today, especially since our economy and, indeed, our civilization seem destined to be irrevocably shaped by this technology.

Based on ideas and discussions arising from the third meeting in the Future Trends in Microelectronics (FTM) workshop series, held in the summer of 2001, this timely and intriguing contributed volume provides a unique forum for today’s leading experts in the semiconductor microelectronics field to discuss the future evolution of their profession. Demonstrating a diversity of opinions, leading professionals in industry, academia, and government address such provocative questions as:

• With CMOS scaling coming to an end, what kind of research does the silicon industry need to continue its expansion?
• What is the future beyond shrinking silicon devices?
• Is there practicality in the fashionable topics like quantum computing, molecular computing, spintronics, and similar research trends?
• What is the most likely future of microelectronics in the near and long term?

In this compilation of original research, contributors from academia, government, and industry provide assessments of important new ideas and approaches. The result is a lively, intelligent presentation of diverse points of view that should be required reading for professionals and students in both the microelectronic industry and academia.

Research into "smart rubbers", i.e. elastomeric materials that respond to external stimuli, has increased dramatically recently, predominantly due to the growing need for improved materials for new applications. This book aims to provide an overview over the field of smart rubber research. Examples of the various components involved in smart rubbers are highlighted and discussed. Different types of stimuli and numerous applications are explained.

This book provides a concise but comprehensive introduction to the fundamentals and current state of the art in thermoelectrics. Addressing an audience of materials scientists and engineers, the book covers theory, materials selection, and applications, with a wide variety of case studies reflecting the most up-to-date research approaches from the past decade, from single crystal to polycrystalline form and from bulk to thin films to nano dimensions. The world is facing major challenges for finding alternate energy sources that can satisfy the increasing demand for energy consumption while preserving the environment. The field of thermoelectrics has long been recognized as a potential and ideal source of clean energy. However, the relatively low conversion efficiency of thermoelectric devices has prevented their utility on a large scale. While addressing the need for thermal management in materials, device components, and systems, thermoelectrics provides a fundamental solution to waste heat recovery and temperature control. This book summarizes the global efforts that have been made to enhance the figure of merit of various thermoelectric materials by choosing appropriate processes and their influence on properties and performance. Because of these advances, today, thermoelectric devices are found in mainstream applications such as automobiles and power generators, as opposed to just a few years ago when they could only be used in niche applications such as in aeronautics, infrared imaging, and space. However, the continued gap between fundamental theoretical results and actual experimental data of figure of merit and performance continues to challenge the commercial applications of thermoelectrics. This book presents both recent achievements and continuing challenges, and represents essential reading for researchers working in this area in universities, industry, and national labs.

This book presents the fundamental scientific principles of long afterglow phosphorescent materials and a comprehensive review of both commercialized afterglow materials and the latest advances in the development of novel long afterglow materials. It is designed to supply much needed information about inorganic and organic afterglow materials, including detailed treatment of structure, classification, preparation techniques, characterization, surface modification chemistry, and optical measurements. Special attention is given to technological applications such as photovoltaics, photocatalytic reactions, and lighting and molecular sensing. Although traditional long afterglow phosphors have been widely investigated and used in industry, and significant efforts have recently been made toward the use of these materials for bioimaging, there is to date no scientific monograph dedicated to afterglow materials. This book not only provides a beginners' guide to the fundamentals of afterglow luminescence and materials, but also gives skilled researchers essential updates on emerging trends and efforts. The work provides a special focus on organic afterglow materials, which offer several advantages such as light-weight, flexible, and wide varieties; mild preparation conditions; and good processability. This book is aimed at postgraduate students, researchers, and technologists who are engaged in the synthesis, development, and commercialization of afterglow materials. It represents essential reading on interdisciplinary frontiers in the materials science, chemistry, photophysics, and biological aspects of afterglow materials.

Magnonics, a research field that uses spin waves, collective excitations of ordered magnetic materials, or magnons (their quanta) as a tool for signal processing, communication, and computation, has rapidly grown during the past decade because of the low-energy consumption and potential compatibility with next-generation circuits beyond CMOS electronics. The interest in 3D magnonic nanostructures follows the latest trend in conventional electronics based on expansion from 2D planar to 3D vertically integrated structures. To remain on the same technological level, a similar expansion should be realized in magnonics. Following this trend, this book provides an overview of recent developments in the exploitation of the third dimension in magnonics, with special focus on the propagation of spin waves in layered magnonic crystals, spin textures, curved surfaces, 3D nano-objects, and cavity magnonics.

This book brings together more closely researchers working in the two fields of quantum optics and nano-optics and provides a general overview of the main topics of interest in applied and fundamental research. The contributions cover, for example, single-photon emitters and emitters of entangled photon pairs based on epitaxially grown semiconductor quantum dots, nitrogen vacancy centers in diamond as single-photon emitters, coupled quantum bits based on trapped ions, integrated waveguide superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors, quantum nano-plasmonics, nanosensing, quantum aspects of biophotonics and quantum metamaterials. The articles span the bridge from pedagogical introductions on the fundamental principles to the current state-of-the-art, and are authored by pioneers and leaders in the field. Numerical simulations are presented as a powerful tool to gain insight into the physical behavior of nanophotonic systems and provide a critical complement to experimental investigations and design of devices.

The application of MEMS (micro-electro-mechanical systems) in such diverse fields as intelligent microsensors, data storage, biomedical engineering and wireless communication is booming. Focusing on microstereolithography, this timely work provides insight into state-of-the-art microfabrication techniques for 3D microstructures, microdevices and MEMS.

• A unique and accessible overview of micro-system manufacture using the latest semiconductor processing techniques
• Coverage of the developmental history of MEMS, micro-sensors, actuators and signal processing units.
• Insight to a range of microfabrication techniques from laser ablation to x-ray lithography, silicon micro-machining and micro-moulding.
• Describes the latest fabrication prototypes and applications, including thin-film transistors, antennas, wireless telemetry systems and transducers

This book provides a comprehensive review of the current state of the art in silicon compounds for thermoelectric applications. Silicides are materials with good initial thermoelectric properties, which can be enhanced through tuning of their micro- and macrostructure. These compounds present various conduction mechanisms and complex band structures. Moreover, some are isotropic, and others anisotropic, which is highly beneficial for device tailoring. Silicides are a particularly attractive material for sensors, thermoelectric generators, and other applications because they are environmentally friendly, abundant, and low cost. This concise volume covers fundamentals and applications for an audience of materials scientists, chemists, solid-state physicists, and engineers.

Charge Transport in Organic Semiconductors, by Heinz Bassler and Anna Kohler. Frontiers of Organic Conductors and Superconductors, by Gunzi Saito and Yukihiro Yoshida. Fullerenes, Carbon Nanotubes, and Graphene for Molecular Electronics, by Julio R. Pinzon, Adrian Villalta-Cerdas and Luis Echegoyen. Current Challenges in Organic Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conversion, by Cody W. Schlenker and Mark E. Thompson.- Molecular Monolayers as Semiconducting Channels in Field Effect Transistors, by Cherie R. Kagan. Issues and Challenges in Vapor-Deposited Top Metal Contacts for Molecule-Based Electronic Devices, by Masato M. Maitani and David L. Allara. Spin Polarized Electron Tunneling and Magnetoresistance in Molecular Junctions, by Greg Szulczewski."

This volume contains the proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Simulation of Semiconductor Processes and Devices, SISPAD 2007, held September 2007 in Vienna, Austria. It provides a global forum for the presentation and discussion of recent advances and developments in the theoretical description, physical modeling and numerical simulation and analysis of semiconductor fabrication processes, device operation and system performance.

The history of information and communications technologies (ICT) has been paved by both evolutive paths and challenging alternatives, so-called emerging devices and architectures. Their introduction poses the issues of state variable definition, information processing, and process integration in 2D, above IC, and in 3D. This book reviews the capabilities of integrated nanosystems to match low power and high performance either by hybrid and heterogeneous CMOS in 2D/3D or by emerging devices for alternative sensing, actuating, data storage, and processing. The choice of future ICTs will need to take into account not only their energy efficiency but also their sustainability in the global ecosystem.