that it is difficult for us to realize that their general acceptance in the transactions of commerce is a matter of only the last four centuries, and that they are unknown to a very large part of the human race today. It seems strange that such a laborsaving device should have struggled for nearly a thousand years after its system of place value was perfected before it replaced such crude notations as the one that the Roman conqueror made sustantially universal in Europe. Such, however, is the case, and there is probable no one who has not at least some slight passing interest in the story of this struggle. To the mathema tician and the student of civilization the interest is generally a deep one; to the teacher of the elements of knowlendge the interest may be less marked. This story has often been told in part, but it is a long time since any effort has been made to bring together the fragmentary narrations and to set forth the general problem of the origin and development of these numerals. In this little work the author has attempted to state the history of these forms in small compass, to place before the student materials for the investigation of the problems involved, and to express as clearly as possible the results of the labors of scholars who have studied the subject in different parts of the World.

This title features: Introduction Frequency distribution and measures of location, measures of dispersions, skewness & kurtosis moments of frequency distributions; Theory of probability; Discrete probability distributions; Special discrete probability distributions; Univariate continuous probability distributions; Special continuous probability distributions; Principle of least squares, fittings of curves & orthangonal polynomeals; Correlation and regression; Multiple and partial correlation; Theory of sampling; Exact sampling distributions; Tests of significance based on the T,F and Z distributions; Tests of significance based on the chi- square distribution; Statistical theory of point estimation; Testing of hypotheses, sequential analysis distribution; Free methods, statistical decision theory; Elements of stochastic processes orderstatistics; Appendices; Index; and, log tables.

It covers all the relevant topics along with the recent developments in the field. The book begins with an overview of operations research and then discusses the simplex method of optimization and duality concept along with the deterministic models such as post-optimality analysis, transportation and assignment models. While covering hybrid models of operations research, the book elaborates PERT (Programme Evaluation and Review Technique), CPM (Critical Path Method), dynamic programming, inventory control models, simulation techniques and their applications in mathematical modelling and computer programming. It explains the decision theory, game theory, queueing theory, sequencing models, replacement and reliability problems, information theory and Markov processes which are related to stochastic models. Finally, this well-organized book describes advanced deterministic models that include goal programming, integer programming and non-linear programming.

As the world of Indian journalism continues to grow, with print, television and electronic news constantly competing to outdo each other, veteran journalist Alok Mehta takes a close look at the lack of ethical journalism. In his essays, he makes a strong case for a journalistic code of conduct, similar to those in other countries such as the UK and USA, and outlines several recommendations Indian journalists must keep in mind to maintain their credibility and integrity in an increasingly corrupt environment. Not only must journalists expand the scope of their reporting, they must do so in a sensitive and aware manner, to maximise public awareness and to create and mould public opinion. Only then can their readers make informed choices and take strong stands on issues they believe in.

The subject matter of this book is to present the procedural steps required for modeling and simulating the basic dynamic system problems in SIMULINK (a supplementary part of MATLAB) which follow some definitive model. However, the key features of the text can be cited as follows: The book is on the whole a guiding tool for the undergraduate and graduate students of science and engineering who want to work out or simulate the classroom modeling problems using SIMULINK To check the understanding of SIMULINK output and deliberate the reliability on SIMULINK, analytical solutions of the model outputs are inserted in most chapters Since the text presents modeling ranging from elementary to advanced level, audience spectrum of the text includes engineers, teachers, researchers, and scientists who are beginners in using SIMULINK Know-how aspects of SIMULINK are covered in a made-easy way so that the average reader becomes benefited even if starting from the scratch Tabular block links at the end of each chapter required for a particular class of problems help the reader bring them in the model file and simulate quickly Over 300 classroom-modeling examples are simulated with clarity and systematic steps Appropriate for individual or classroom exercise There are ten chapters in the book bearing the following titles: Introduction to SIMULINK Modeling Mathematical Functions and Waves Modeling Ordinary Differential Equations Modeling Difference Equations Modeling Common Problems of Control Systems Modeling Some Signal Processing Problems Modeling Common Matrix Algebra Problems Modeling Common Statistics and Conversion Problems Fourier Analysis Problems Miscellaneous Modeling and Some Programming Issues

In 1500 few Europeans considered nature an object worthy of study, yet within fifty years the first museums of natural history had appeared, chiefly in Italy. Vast collections of natural curiosities - including living human dwarves, "toad-stones", and unicorn horns - were gathered by Italian patricians as a means of knowing their world. The museums built around these collections became the center of a scientific culture that over the next century and a half served as a microcosm of Italian society and as the crossroads where the old and new sciences met. In Possessing Nature, Paula Findlen vividly recreates the lost world of late Renaissance and Baroque Italian museums and demonstrates its significance in the history of science and culture. Based on exhaustive research into natural histories, letters, travel journals, memoirs, and pleas for patronage, Findlen describes collections and collectors great and small, beginning with Ulisse Aldrovandi, professor of natural history at the University of Bologna. Aldrovandi, whose museum was known as the "eighth wonder" of the world, was a great popularizer of collecting among the upper classes. From the universities, Findlen traces the spread of natural history in the seventeenth century to other learned sectors of society: religious orders, scientific societies, and princely courts. There was, as Findlen shows, no separation between scientific culture and general political culture in Renaissance and Baroque Italy. The community of these early naturalists was, in many ways, a mirror of the humanist "republic of letters". Archival documents point to the currying of patrons and the hierarchical nature of the scientific professions, characteristicscommon to the larger world around them. Examining anew the society and accomplishments of the first collectors of nature, Findlen argues that the accepted distinction between the "old" Aristotelian, text-based science and the "new" empirical science during the period is false. Rather, natural history as a discipline blurred the border between the ancients and the moderns, between collecting in order to recover ancient wisdom and collecting in order to develop new scholarship. In this way, as in others, the Scientific Revolution grew from the constant mediation between the old form of knowledge and the new. Possessing Nature is a unique cross-disciplinary study. Not only does its detailed description of the earliest natural history collections make an important contribution to museum studies and cultural history, but by placing these museums in a continuum of scientific inquiry, it also adds to our understanding of the history of science.

This delightful and instructive history of invention shows why National Public Radio dubbed Tenner " the philosopher of everyday technology." Looking at how our inventions have impacted our world in ways we never intended or imagined, he shows that the things we create have a tendency to bounce back and change us.
The reclining chair, originally designed for brief, healthful relaxation, has become the very symbol of obesity. The helmet, invented for military purposes, has made possible new sports like mountain biking and rollerblading. The typewriter, created to make business run more smoothly, has resulted in wide-spread vision problems, which in turn have made people more reliant on another invention-- eyeglasses. As he sheds light on the many ways inventions surprise and renew us, Tenner considers where technology will take us in the future, and what we can expect from the devices that we no longer seem able to live without.

Sex in Development examines how development projects around the world intended to promote population management, disease prevention, and maternal and child health intentionally and unintentionally shape ideas about what constitutes "normal" sexual practices and identities. From sex education in Uganda to aids prevention in India to family planning in Greece, various sites of development work related to sex, sexuality, and reproduction are examined in the rich, ethnographically grounded essays in this volume. These essays demonstrate that ideas related to morality are repeatedly enacted in ostensibly value-neutral efforts to put into practice a "global" agenda reflecting the latest medical science.Sex in Development combines the cultural analysis of sexuality, critiques of global development, and science and technology studies. Whether considering the resistance encountered by representatives of an American pharmaceutical company attempting to teach Russian doctors a "value free" way to offer patients birth control or the tension between Tibetan Buddhist ideas of fertility and the modernization schemes of the Chinese government, these essays show that attempts to make sex a universal moral object to be managed and controlled leave a host of moral ambiguities in their wake as they are engaged, resisted, and reinvented in different ways throughout the world. Contributors. Vincanne Adams, Leslie Butt, Lawrence Cohen, Heather Dell, Vinh-Kim Nguyen, Shanti Parikh, Heather Paxson, Stacy Leigh Pigg, Michele Rivkin-Fish